京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22447号 / 工博第4708号 / 新制||工||1735(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科電子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木本 恒暢, 教授 山田 啓文, 准教授 船戸 充 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is an ideal photosensitive material for recording phase volume holograms. It is a homogeneous multi-component silicate glass that demonstrates all the advantages of optical glass: thermal stability, high laser damage threshold, and a wide transparency range. Moreover the ability to record phase patterns (i.e. spatial refractive index variations) into PTR glass has resulted in the fabrication of volume holograms with diffraction efficiency greater than 99%. The conventional method of recording a hologram in PTR glass relies on exposure to continuous-wave ultraviolet laser radiation. In this dissertation the interaction between infrared ultrashort laser pulses and PTR glass is studied. It is shown that photosensitivity in PTR glass can be extended from the UV region to longer wavelengths (near-infrared) by exposure to ultrashort laser pulses. It is found that there exists a focusing geometry and laser pulse intensity interval for which photoionization and refractive index change in PTR glass after thermal development occur without laser-induced optical damage. Photoionization of PTR glass by IR ultrashort laser pulses is explained in terms of strong electric field ionization. This phenomenon is used to fabricate phase optical elements in PTR glass. The interaction between ultrashort laser pulses and volume holograms in PTR glass is studied in two laser intensity regimes. At intensities below ~10^12 W/cm^2 properties such as diffraction efficiency, angular divergence, selectivity, and pulse front tilt are shown to agree with the theory of linear diffraction for broad spectral width lasers. A volume grating pair arrangement is shown to correct the laser pulse distortions arising from pulse front tilt and angular divergence. At higher intensities of irradiation, nonlinear generation and diffraction of third harmonic is observed for three types of interactions: sum-frequency generation, front-surface THG generation, and THG due to phase-matching with a grating formed by modulation of the nonlinear refractive index of PTR glass.

The imaginary part of the retarded self energy is of particular interest as it contains a lot of physical information about particle interactions. In higher order loop diagrams the calculation become extremely tedious and if we have to do the same at finite temperature, it includes an extra dimension to the difficulty. In such a condition we require to switch between bases and select the best basis for a particular diagram. We have shown in our calculation that in higher order loop diagrams, at finite temperature, the R/A basis is most convenient on summing over the internal vertices and very efficient on calculating some particular diagrams while the result is most easily interpretable in the Keldysh basis for most other complex diagrams. / February 2010

Un conducteur quantique est bien caractérisé par sa conductance donnée par la formule de Landauer. Mais le bruit contient davantage d'informations que la conductance : il mesure les fluctuations temporelles du courant autour de sa valeur moyenne. De plus, le signe des corrélations de bruit est lié à la statistique des porteurs de charge. Dans une jonction entre un métal normal et un supraconducteur, le bruit présente une singularité à la fréquence Josephson, signature de la charge 2e des paires de Cooper impliquées dans le transport. Lorsque la tension appliquée est supérieure au gap du supraconducteur, la courbe du bruit exhibe des singularités à plusieurs fréquences auxquelles on peut associer un processus de réflexion ou de transmission. L'analogue fermionique de l'expérience d'Hanbury-Brown et Twiss avec un supraconducteur permet d'observer à la fois des corrélations positives et négatives dans un même système. Maintenir une différence de potentiel entre les deux extrémités d'un fil crée une situation relevant de la thermodynamique hors de l'équilibre. Formellement, on peut se ramener à un calcul à l'équilibre et écrire une théorie des perturbations grâce à la méthode de Keldysh. La théorie des liquides de Luttinger décrit les systèmes unidimensionnels d'électrons en interaction. Le Hamiltonien peut se mettre sous forme quadratique grâce à la bosonisation. D'autre part, un liquide de Luttinger chiral constitue un bon modèle des états de bord de l'effet Hall quantique fractionnaire. Grâce au formalisme de Keldysh, on peut retrouver une formule de type Schottky et identifier la charge des quasiparticules de Laughlin.

Le point central de cette thèse est la physique du bruit: la transformée de Fourier de la function de correlation temporelle courant-courant. Nous examinons des situations dans lesquelles le bruit généré par un circuit mésoscopique donné affecte le comportement d'un autre circuit mésoscopique. Dans une première partie, la source de bruit est inconnue, et le circuit mésoscopique qui lui est couplé de manière capacitive se comporte comme un détecteur de bruit à haute fréquence. Dans notre cas, le détecteur est constitué d'une jonction métal normal-supraconducteur, où le transport électronique est du au transfert de<br />quasiparticules, ou, de manière plus intéressante, est du à la réflexion d'Andreev. La théorie du blocage de Coulomb dynamique est utilisée pour calculer le courant continu qui passe dans le circuit de détection, procurant ainsi une information sur le bruit à haute fréquence. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse, la source de bruit est connue : elle provient d'une barre de Hall avec un contact ponctuel, dont les caractéristiques de courant-tension et de bruit sont bien établies dans le régime de l'effet Hall<br />quantique fractionnaire. Un point quantique connecté à des bornes source et drain, qui est placé au voisinage du<br />contact ponctuel, acquière une largeur de raie finie lorsque le courant fluctue, et se comporte comme un<br />détecteur de bruit de charge. Nous calculons le taux de déphasage du point quantique dans le régime de<br />faible et de fort rétrodiffusion, tout en décrivant l'effet de l'écrantage faible ou fort de l'interaction<br />Coulombienne entre la barre de Hall et le point quantique.

The imaginary part of the retarded self energy is of particular interest as it contains a lot of physical information about particle interactions. In higher order loop diagrams the calculation become extremely tedious and if we have to do the same at finite temperature, it includes an extra dimension to the difficulty. In such a condition we require to switch between bases and select the best basis for a particular diagram. We have shown in our calculation that in higher order loop diagrams, at #12;finite temperature, the R/A basis is most convenient on summing over the internal vertices and very efficient on calculating some particular diagrams while the result is most easily interpretable in the Keldysh basis for most other complex diagrams.

In 2010 high harmonic generation (HHG) in solids was first observed where high order harmonics of a strong laser field's frequency were observed. HHG in solids is now a rapidly developing field that allows for exciting applications like fully solid state attosecond XUV sources and new ultrafast resolution imaging techniques for quantum dynamics in solids. HHG in solids has been explained by two mechanisms: an interband mechanism, due to polarization associated with separate energy bands, and an intraband mechanism that results from nonlinearities and population changes associated with each individual band. While interband HHG has been seen in wide bandwidth semiconductors, intraband HHG has been observed in narrow bandwidth dielectrics. There has not yet been an explanation of the alternation of mechanisms with material differences. The main goal of this thesis is to attempt to provide a better understanding of the most important mechanisms and where they prevail. Although numerical modelling of HHG requires consideration of multiple energy bands, a two-band model consisting only of a valence band and a single conduction band can explain the most important mechanisms. This model requires a given material's band gap between its valence and conduction bands as well as dipole matrix elements between the bands. In this thesis we follow the Kronig-Penney model to develop a 1D delta-function potential model of solids to obtain these properties required of the two-band model. We implement this in a Wannier quasi-classical (WQC) model of interband HHG in semiconductors that explains the dominant dynamics leading to such through quasi-classical real space electron-hole pair trajectories. Although HHG in solids can be explained to be the result of a resonant process in which an electron-hole pair is generated in the first step, there are also virtual transition processes that lack consideration. These processes do not conserve energy and correspond to transitions to conduction bands resulting from field induced distortions of the ground state. We use methodology introduced by Keldysh for optical field ionization of atoms and solids along with the 1D delta-function potential model to quantify how both resonant and virtual transitions lead to HHG in solids for wide and low bandwidth solids.

The vacuum, as described by Quantum Field Theory, is not as empty as classical physics once led us to believe. In fact, it is characterised by an infinite energy stored in the ground state of its constituent fields. This infinite energy has real, tangible effects on the macroscopic clusters of matter that make up our universe. Moreover, the configuration of these clusters of matter within the vacuum in turn influences the form of the vacuum itself and so forth. In this work, we shall consider the changes to the quantum vacuum brought about by the presence of time-dependent dielectrics. Such changes are thought to be responsible for phenomena such as the simple and dynamical Casimir effects and Quantum Friction. After introducing the physical and mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum, we will begin by discussing some of the basic quasi-static effects that stem directly from the existence of an electromagnetic ground state energy, known as the \textit{zero-point energy}. These effects include the famous Hawking radiation and Unruh effect amongst others. We will then use a scenario similar to that which exhibits Cherenkov radiation in order to de-mystify the 'negative frequency' modes of light that often occur due to a Doppler shift in the presence of media moving at a constant velocity by showing that they are an artefact of the approximation of the degrees of freedom of matter to a macroscopic permittivity function. Here, absorption and dissipation of electromagnetic energy will be ignored for simplicity. The dynamics of an oscillator placed within this moving medium will then be considered and we will show that when the motion exceeds the speed of light in the dielectric, the oscillator will begin to absorb energy from the medium. It will be shown that this is due to the reversal of the 'radiation damping' present for lower velocity of stationary cases. We will then consider how the infinite vacuum energy changes in the vicinity, but outside, of this medium moving with a constant velocity and show that the presence of matter removes certain symmetries present in empty space leading to transfers of energy between moving bodies mediated by the electromagnetic field. Following on from this, we will then extend our considerations by including the dissipation and dispersion of electromagnetic energy within magneto-dielectrics by using a canonically quantised model referred to as 'Macroscopic QED'. We will analyse the change to the vacuum state of the electromagnetic field brought about by the presence of media with an arbitrary time dependence. It will be shown that this leads to the creation of particles tantamount to exciting the degrees of freedom of both the medium and the electromagnetic field. We will also consider the effect these time-dependencies have on the two point functions of the field amplitudes using the example of the electric field. Finally, we will begin the application of the macroscopic QED model to the path integral methods of quantum field theory with the purpose of making use of the full range of perturbative techniques that this entails, leaving the remainder of this adaptation for future work.