The dissertation is ccncemed with the values iasue in the South African context, a multicultural education situation. South Africa is a plu~Hstfc society. Being pluralistic, means that 1he country is rich in different cultures, belief· and value systems. Different cultures haw different value systems. If an Institution is practising multicultural education, the question is, which values are to be used? If we say Ule institution should use the values of the majority culture, wiU 1hat not disadvantage minority cultures? ff minority cultures are undennined by neglecting their cultures won't that cause conflict between minority cultures and the majority culture? Each society that Is implementing multicultural education should consider that there are common human values and partia.dar values. In multicultural education particular values are important because they show how a particulat group behaves and what its beliefs and culture are. Common values dewlap from particular values and teachers must emphasise common values without neglecting particular values, to encourage tolerance and acceptance between different groups. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education))

Preferences are fundamental to decision making and play an important role in artificial intelligence. Our research focuses on three group of problems based on the preference formalism Answer Set Optimization (ASO): preference aggregation problems such as computing optimal (near optimal) solutions, strategic behaviors in preference representation, and learning ranks (weights) for preferences. In the first group of problems, of interest are optimal outcomes, that is, outcomes that are optimal with respect to the preorder defined by the preference rules. In this work, we consider computational problems concerning optimal outcomes. We propose, implement and study methods to compute an optimal outcome; to compute another optimal outcome once the first one is found; to compute an optimal outcome that is similar to (or, dissimilar from) a given candidate outcome; and to compute a set of optimal answer sets each significantly different from the others. For the decision version of several of these problems we establish their computational complexity. For the second topic, the strategic behaviors such as manipulation and bribery have received much attention from the social choice community. We study these concepts for preference formalisms that identify a set of optimal outcomes rather than a single winning outcome, the case common to social choice. Such preference formalisms are of interest in the context of combinatorial domains, where preference representations are only approximations to true preferences, and seeking a single optimal outcome runs a risk of missing the one which is optimal with respect to the actual preferences. In this work, we assume that preferences may be ranked (differ in importance), and we use the Pareto principle adjusted to the case of ranked preferences as the preference aggregation rule. For two important classes of preferences, representing the extreme ends of the spectrum, we provide characterizations of situations when manipulation and bribery is possible, and establish the complexity of the problem to decide that. Finally, we study the problem of learning the importance of individual preferences in preference profiles aggregated by the ranked Pareto rule or positional scoring rules. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm that finds a ranking of preferences such that the ranked profile correctly decided all the examples, whenever such a ranking exists. We also show that the problem to learn a ranking maximizing the number of correctly decided examples is NP-hard. We obtain similar results for the case of weighted profiles.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of the present study was to investigate if and how pre-school teachers reach the objectives in the national curriculum concerning the environmental issues.</p><p>Another angle of this study is to find out if there are any involvement amongst the preschools regarding the environmental issues and if the teachers encourage the children to join in and make them a part of discussion.</p><p>I have randomly chosen 10 preschools throughout Sweden and interviewed one staff-member from each school. Most of the preschools were well aware of the goals to follow according to the national curriculum.</p><p>After comparing the answers my conclusion is that preschools act quite differently concerning environmental issues. Some worked almost exclusively with the children involved. Others occasionally involved the children whereas a few didn’t include the children at all.</p><p>In every case the teachers would want to dedicate more time to environmental issues. However, lack of time is one big reason they can’t do that. Many of the teachers wanted to learn more about how to best educate and involve the children.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om och i så fall hur pedagoger i förskolan uppfyller målen i förskolans läroplan, Lpfö98, om natur och miljö. Jag vill även se om det finns intresse och engagemang för miljövård i förskolan och om detta utförs tillsammans med barnen.</p><p>Jag har intervjuat tio förskolelärare på tio slumpvis utvalda förskolor runt om i Sverige och de flesta var väl medvetna om det mål som står att följa i Lpfö 98.</p><p>Det arbetades ganska så olika då det gäller miljövård i förskolan, vissa arbetade mycket med miljö tillsammans med barnen i verksamheten, andra arbetade desto mindre eller i princip nästan inget alls.</p><p>Det fanns intresse hos samtliga pedagoger att arbeta mer med miljö men pga av tidsbrist blir det svårt för personalen att hinna med. De skulle även vilja ha mer utbildning inom ämnet, detta för att lättare veta hur man skall arbeta med miljö i förskolan tillsammans med barnen.</p>

<p>Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to increase the understanding of two early internationalizing firms (Born Globals) brand building efforts. By performing case studies on these companies we wished to discover similarities and differences in their marketing efforts. The companies that we studied were CTEK Sweden AB, a battery charger manufacturer and POC Sweden AB, who designs advanced protective gear for the alpine ski market.</p><p>The theoretical framework was divided according to the four 4Ps (Product, Price, Promotion and Place) as previous studies had shown all four factors were important in the efforts of building a strong brand. Classical marketing mix theories have been augmented with theories on brand-building as well as international marketing to give further depth to the theory section.</p><p>Interviews were conducted with key people in each company, who we believed would have good insight into the strategies that these had pursued. After analyzing our empirical data, we drew the conclusion that the companies had many similar traits when it came to their brand-building efforts. The foundation for rapid brand building was laid by having an innovative product. A standardized promotion strategy was used by both companies in all target markets. The ability to disregard lucrative short-term gains in order to secure long-term benefits for the brands was also a common trait in the building of their brands.</p><p>Keywords: Brand-building, Branding Strategies, Born Globals, 4Ps</p>

Tikslas Išanalizavus internetinių puslapių antraštės struktūrą ištirti juose naudojamų metaduomenų įtaką indeksavimui. Tyrimo objektas Internetiniame puslapyje aprašoma antraštė, jos metaduomenys. Problema Randama daug literatūros ir straipsnių apie metaduomenų panaudojimą bei reikšmę internetinių puslapių kūrimui bei žiniatinklio indeksavimui, tačiau sutinkama skirtingų nuomonių šiuo klausimu, vieni teigia, kad mataduomenys turi mažai įtakos žiniatinklio indeksavimui, kiti teigia priešingai. Deja, visa medžiaga apie metaduomenų įtaką pateikiama tik teorinė, o realių pavyzdžių beveik nėra, todėl atlikus tyrimą įsitikinama metažymių naudingumu ir suformuluojamas taisyklingas antraštės aprašymas. Tyrimo metodologija Teoriniai tyrimo metodai: paieškos variklio veikimo apžvalga, paieškos variklių optimizavimą įtakojančių faktorių apžvalga, metažymių aprašymo ir panaudojimo analizė. Praktiniai tyrimo metodai: internetinio puslapio antraštės analizavimas, antraštėje talpinamų duomenų apie metažymes surinkimas, metažymėse aprašomų raktažodžių reikšmių surinkimas, paieškos rezultatų pagal raktažodžius ir puslapio pavadinimą stebėjimas. Naudotos priemonės „Mozila Firefox“ 3.5.9 – žiniatinklio naršyklė „Macromedia Dreamweaver“ 8.0 – internetinių puslapių kūrimo programa. Tyrimo apimtis Indeksavimo našumas palygintas taikant paieškos užklausų pateikimą keliems paieškos varikliams tuo pačiu metu. Tyrimo eksperimentas apima šiuos realizacijos atvejus: paieškos užklausos pagal raktažodžių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of this bachelor’s paper is to carry out deep research on web indexing which depends from headings. The reason why have been decided to do this research were the numerous information about methods, which increases the better way of web indexing, however, there is no information on practical examples. Very important is high page rank in search engine, because it is main way to the success and popularity. There is possibility to increase page rank by integration of metatags into the page’s headings, however, literature sources gives different articles about metatags operation and their influence to the web indexing, this is the reason which stimulated to research, its proves how the search engine assess heading’s metadata. The research has been made by three search’s engines. The main research object is described in internet’s page headings and its metadata. The theoretical part which has been analysed includes information about operations in search engine, and about the main search engine’s optimization factors, in the internet’s pages heading have been used metatags structure and the value. The research have been done by analysing heading structure and in the heading have been used metadata, where had been investigated the keyword use of metatag and title tag’s influence to the web indexing. The work produced rightful example of headings how should be filled, and recommendations to improve the web indexing. The research which has been... [to full text]

ABSTRACT This study focuses on immigrant women in Sweden and how their perceptions of resource loss may affect their motivation to learn Swedish. Focus group discussions were conducted with immigrant women who partake in a Swedish language learning project. Their Swedish language skills were very limited, and all of them had no or very few years of elementary level education. Results of the study suggest that the strongest motivator to learn Swedish is its potential role in facilitating everyday activities.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av bemötande, kommunikationen och omvårdnad kring patienter vars språk inte hanteras av sjuksköterskan. Metod: En deskriptiv intervjustudie genomfördes med sju sjuksköterskor på kirurgiska vårdavdelningar på ett universitetssjukhus för att kunna beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser som svarade på studiens syfte. Materialet analyserades deduktivt i enlighet med Graneheim&amp; Lundmans kvalitativa innehållsanalys (2004). Resultat: Respondenterna upplevde att kommunikationssvårigheter beroende på språkliga skillnader ofta leder till problem efter första mötet med patienten, som information kring vården som bedrivs, utförande av omvårdnadsåtgärder och patientens möjlighet att delta i sin egen vård. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskor upplevde att omvårdnaden kring patienter som de ej delar språk med påverkas negativt, patientdelaktigheten och autonomin kränks och att en mer generös rutin kring tolkanvändning behövs. Det förekommer dock att en kreativ inställning påverkar förmågan att kommunicera positivt. / Purpose: To investigate nurses' experiences of how communication influence the nursepatient relationship, care and nursing with a patient whose languageisn’t handled by the nurse. Method: A descriptive interview study was performed on seven nurses in the surgical care units on a university hospital to describe nursesexperiences to answer the purpose of the study in detail. The material was analyzed deductively according to Graneheim&amp;Lundmans qualitative content analysis (2004). Results: Respondents urged that communication difficulties due to language differences often lead to problems after the first meeting with the patient, as information on health care conducted, the performance of nursing interventions and patient the opportunity to participate in their own care. Conclusion: Nurses experienced that care about the patientsthey do not share the language with to be negatively affected, patient participation and autonomy was violated and that a more generous routine with interpreters is needed. There is however, that a creative approach affects the ability to communicate positively.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett stort problem som drabbar människor i hela världen. Våldet mot kvinnor är det vanligaste våldet och var tredje kvinna är eller har blivit utsatt för våld. Hälso-och sjukvården har ett ansvar att identifiera dessa utsatta kvinnor för att upptäcka våldet och kunna erbjuda hjälp. Syfte: I den här studien var syftet att undersöka i vilken utsträckning sjuksköterskor frågar om våld i nära relationer till kvinnliga patienter. Studien undersökte även vilka faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskor att ställa frågan om våld och deras bemötande av våldsutsatta kvinnor. Metod: Studien var en kvantitativ tvärsnittsstudie och data samlades in med en enkätundersökning. Det var 46 sjuksköterskor som deltog från två vårdavdelningar på Akademiska sjukhuset i Uppsala. Svarsfrekvensen var 65 %. Resultat: En majoritet av sjuksköterskorna ställde sällan eller aldrig frågan om våld i nära relationer till kvinnliga patienter. Tidsbrist, okunskap, kommunikationssvårigheter och svårigheter att få tillgång till enskildhet var faktorer som påverkar ifall frågan ställs eller inte. Det var 65 % av sjuksköterskorna som upplevde att de i viss mån vet hur det ska bemöta en våldsutsatt kvinna. Att ha frågan om våld i nära relationer som standardfråga i ett inskrivningsformulär, ha mer tid för patienten samt få mer utbildning i ämnet skulle enligt sjuksköterskorna öka chanserna för att frågan skulle ställas. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskorna i studien frågade i liten utsträckning kvinnliga patienter om våld i nära relationer. Därmed missade de sannolikt flertalet utsatta kvinnor. Bättre rutiner på avdelningen skulle troligtvis öka chansen att sjuksköterskor skulle ställa frågan om våld i nära relationer. Till exempel vid ankomstsamtal, så som att ha en fråga om våld i inskrivningsformuläret och att ha samtal utan att patientens anhöriga är närvarande. Förändrade arbetsrutiner som minskar tidspress i arbetet och mer utbildning om våld i nära relationer kan möjligen påverka att fler frågor om våld ställs. / Background: Intimate partner violence, IPV, is a major problem that affects people worldwide. Violence against women is the most common violence and every third woman is or has been a victim of violence. Health services have a responsibility to identify these women and detect violence and offer to help. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of nurses asking about intimate partner violence to female patients. The study also investigated different factors that influenced the meeting with the female patient. Method: A quantitative cross-sectional study with data collected from a questionnaire. There were 46 nurses that attended from two patient wards at the Akademiska sjukshuset in Uppsala. The response rate was 65%. Results: Nurses did rarely or never ask female patient about intimate partner violence. Lack of time, lack of knowledge, communication difficulties and access to privacy were factors that influence whether the question were asked or not. Nurses felt that they some how knew how to respond to the victims of the violence. If the question of intimate partner violence was a standard question in the enrolment form and the nurses were offered more education, the chances are that nurses would ask the questions about intimate partner violence more often to female patients. Conclusion: Nurses in this study didn't or rarely ask female patients about intimate partner violence. Because of that they probably missed out of finding several women that are victims. Better routines at the department during the enrolment, as having the question about intimate partner violence in the enrolment form but also having a private conversation, would probably increase the chances of asking question about intimate violence. Changed routines in the working environment that decrease stress but also offer more education in intimate partner violence could hopefully increase the possibility to ask more questions about intimate partner violence.

According to the statutes of the United Nations everyone has the right to know his own history, but many family trees have branches which have not yet seen the light of day because of lack of documentation.  The survey is about the emigration from the south of Sweden to Denmark and Germany which took place in the shadow of the great emigration to America, which has been thoroughly documented. The survey illuminates a large amount of different sources and theories about the so called forgotten emigration. It describes the motives for the emigration, what their route looked like, where they went and what their lives developed into. The survey shows the way the mobility and rootlessness of people is viewed from a perspective of morality and what it would mean to men and women, married and unmarried, children and adults. The study also shows the effect of the powers that be on the women’s organizations, emigrant agents and immigration, in the different areas of emigration and reception. Among other things it illuminates how the structures of society on different levels handled the situation of the poor lower class. Cheap labor was set against the wish for a better life of the individual. This created a mobile seasonal work force which was not documented by the authorities. Many people stayed abroad and eventually became German and Danish citizens. It is however very difficult to map these historical seasonal travels and neutralizations due to the poor documentation of the hundreds of thousands people between Sweden and Denmark and Germany. Through different types of empirical studies this survey shows that unregistered people from Blekinge can be found in Denmark and Germany. Lastly a contemptuous view on these travelers to Denmark and Germany can be ascertained in the source material which illustrates the perspective of the powers that be.

The aims of this work are to determine how the education affects attitude to parenthood, real behavior and the way how affects the attitude to parenthood and real behavior in the context of education in last two decades. The theoretical part summarizes knowledge of Czech sociologists. Answers questions how and why the parenthood in Czech society has been changed and influenced by accomplishments of individuals. According to Czech scientists since 1989 the economical change of society, the change of personal values and combinations of this two factors are causing differences in parenthood. The first analytical part is description of real development in birthrate complemented by diagrams. Second analytical part takes a look on female education according to family behavior.The analysis explains that the different family behavior of women is divided according to their education, resulting to the number of children, and in some extent, to their marital status. The third analytical part is based on a quantitive data analysis and is focused on attitudes of different education groups. In this analysis were used data from the ISSP Family (1994, 2002, 2012). It use the percent chance frequency and contingency tables, factor analysis and multivariate regression. The main topic investigates the development of...