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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-10-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 wisiak_m_me_rcla.pdf: 1101847 bytes, checksum: f7822a8459a41a9f538cc34d76466ce5 (MD5) / Fundação para o Desenvolvimento da UNESP (FUNDUNESP) / As cobranças de pênaltis podem apresentar um papel decisivo no resultado de uma partida e principalmente em grandes competições do Futebol. Mesmo sendo conhecida sua importância no esporte, é pequena a atenção desenvolvida pela literatura científica e técnica acerca desse evento. Portanto, é necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a análises das cobranças para obter informações que possam explicar fatores que proporcionam o sucesso dos goleiros frente às cobranças. O presente estudo realizou análise cinemática da velocidade da bola (VB), velocidade média dos cobradores (VC), distância da corrida (DC) e tempo de antecipação dos goleiros (TA) entre as cobranças convertidas em gol (CG) e defendidas (CD) em cobranças de pênaltis. Participaram do estudo 12 atletas de futebol de campo profissional da equipe Rio Claro Futebol Clube, divididos em 3 equipes por sorteio. Cada equipe era composta por 1 goleiro e 3 cobradores. Foram filmadas disputas alternadas entre as equipes totalizando 44 cobranças. As imagens foram armazenadas em um computador por uma placa de captura. Foi utilizado o software Dvideow para obter as coordenadas bidimensionais dos atletas e tridimensionais da bola em função do tempo. Para verificar a correlação entre as variáveis de VB e da corrida dos cobradores, foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson. Para verificar diferenças entre as variáveis do estudo, foi utilizado o Boxplot e os dados foram representados pela respectiva mediana. Obteve-se a seguinte classificação: 25 CG (57%), 14 CD (32 %), 4 na trave (9%) e 1 para fora do gol (2%). Não foram verificadas correlações entre as VC em relação às VB entre as CG e CD (r=-0.0678, r2=0.0046, p=0.6817) e v entre as VC com as respectivas AC (r=0.2651, r2=0.0703, p=0.1028). Não existem diferenças significativas entre os valores das VB nas CG (98.5 km/h) e CD (94.6 Km/h)... / The penalty kicks can present a decisive aspect in the result of a match and mainly in great competitions of soccer. Even being known its importance in the sport, it is small the attention developed by the scientific literature and technique concerning this event. Therefore, it is necessary the development of studies to analyze penalty kicks to get information that can explain some factors that provide to the success of the goalkeepers front to the penalty kicks. The present study analyze the penalty kicks kinematics in order to verify differences in the variables of the speed of the ball (SB), average speed of the kickers (SK), distance of the kicker race (DR) and time of anticipation of the goalkeeper (TA) between the penalty kicks converted into goal (CG) and defended (D). Have participated of this study 12 athletes of professional soccer players of the Rio Claro Futebol Club team, divided randomly into 3 teams. Each team was composed for 1 goalkeeper and 3 kickers. They have been filmed forty four penalty kicks in alternated disputes between the teams. The images have been stored by the capture plate in a computer. After that, it was used the Dvideow software to get the 2D coordinates of the speed ball and 3D coordinates of the athletes in function of the time. To verify the correlation between the SB variables and of the race of the kickers, it was used the Pearson test. To verify differences between the variables of the study, the method of analysis for 78 boxplot was adopted and the data had been represented by its respective median. It was not verified correlation between the SK and SB of the CG and D (r=-0.0678, r2=0.0046, p=0.6817) and between the SK and its respective DR (r=0.2651, r2=0.0703, p=0.1028). Differences between the values of the SB between the CG (98,5 km/h) and D do not exist (94,6 Km/h), as well as of the DR (CG 4,4 x D 4.4 m), SK (CG 2,5 x D 2,1 m/s)... Complete abstract, click electronic address below)

Orientador: Sergio Augusto Cunha / Banca: Luciano Allegretti Mercadante / Banca: Claudio Alexandre Gobatto / Resumo: As cobranças de pênaltis podem apresentar um papel decisivo no resultado de uma partida e principalmente em grandes competições do Futebol. Mesmo sendo conhecida sua importância no esporte, é pequena a atenção desenvolvida pela literatura científica e técnica acerca desse evento. Portanto, é necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos voltados a análises das cobranças para obter informações que possam explicar fatores que proporcionam o sucesso dos goleiros frente às cobranças. O presente estudo realizou análise cinemática da velocidade da bola (VB), velocidade média dos cobradores (VC), distância da corrida (DC) e tempo de antecipação dos goleiros (TA) entre as cobranças convertidas em gol (CG) e defendidas (CD) em cobranças de pênaltis. Participaram do estudo 12 atletas de futebol de campo profissional da equipe Rio Claro Futebol Clube, divididos em 3 equipes por sorteio. Cada equipe era composta por 1 goleiro e 3 cobradores. Foram filmadas disputas alternadas entre as equipes totalizando 44 cobranças. As imagens foram armazenadas em um computador por uma placa de captura. Foi utilizado o software Dvideow para obter as coordenadas bidimensionais dos atletas e tridimensionais da bola em função do tempo. Para verificar a correlação entre as variáveis de VB e da corrida dos cobradores, foi utilizado o teste de correlação de Pearson. Para verificar diferenças entre as variáveis do estudo, foi utilizado o Boxplot e os dados foram representados pela respectiva mediana. Obteve-se a seguinte classificação: 25 CG (57%), 14 CD (32 %), 4 na trave (9%) e 1 para fora do gol (2%). Não foram verificadas correlações entre as VC em relação às VB entre as CG e CD (r=-0.0678, r2=0.0046, p=0.6817) e v entre as VC com as respectivas AC (r=0.2651, r2=0.0703, p=0.1028). Não existem diferenças significativas entre os valores das VB nas CG (98.5 km/h) e CD (94.6 Km/h)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The penalty kicks can present a decisive aspect in the result of a match and mainly in great competitions of soccer. Even being known its importance in the sport, it is small the attention developed by the scientific literature and technique concerning this event. Therefore, it is necessary the development of studies to analyze penalty kicks to get information that can explain some factors that provide to the success of the goalkeepers front to the penalty kicks. The present study analyze the penalty kicks kinematics in order to verify differences in the variables of the speed of the ball (SB), average speed of the kickers (SK), distance of the kicker race (DR) and time of anticipation of the goalkeeper (TA) between the penalty kicks converted into goal (CG) and defended (D). Have participated of this study 12 athletes of professional soccer players of the Rio Claro Futebol Club team, divided randomly into 3 teams. Each team was composed for 1 goalkeeper and 3 kickers. They have been filmed forty four penalty kicks in alternated disputes between the teams. The images have been stored by the capture plate in a computer. After that, it was used the Dvideow software to get the 2D coordinates of the speed ball and 3D coordinates of the athletes in function of the time. To verify the correlation between the SB variables and of the race of the kickers, it was used the Pearson test. To verify differences between the variables of the study, the method of analysis for 78 boxplot was adopted and the data had been represented by its respective median. It was not verified correlation between the SK and SB of the CG and D (r=-0.0678, r2=0.0046, p=0.6817) and between the SK and its respective DR (r=0.2651, r2=0.0703, p=0.1028). Differences between the values of the SB between the CG (98,5 km/h) and D do not exist (94,6 Km/h), as well as of the DR (CG 4,4 x D 4.4 m), SK (CG 2,5 x D 2,1 m/s)... Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Mestre

BACKGROUND: Fetal movement count (FMC) is a non-invasive tool used to evaluate fetal well-being and prevent stillbirth. FMC decrease the chances of stillbirth occurrence (Tveit et al., 2009), but in other countries, research shows that women are not taught about the benefits of FMC (Berndl, O'Connel, & Mcload, 2013). The purposes of this study were to discover 1) the knowledge of pregnant women in their third trimester about FMC and 2) sources through which women learn about FMC. METHODOLOGY: The study is a quantitative descriptive design. An original survey consisting of 12 questions was created for the study. Inclusion criteria included women who were in their third trimester (28 weeks of gestation or more), were 18 years old or older, and speak and read English fluently. Consent to take the anonymous survey was implied by completing and returning the survey. Participants were recruited from childbirth and newborn parenting classes. RESULTS: The investigator surveyed 36 women. Eighty-three percent of women (N=30) know what FMC is. All women were seen by a physician, and 50% of them (N=18) were taught about FMC by their providers. In spite of knowing what FMC is, 50% women (15 of the 30) responded incorrectly to specific questions about FMC. DISCUSSION: Women have misconceptions about fetal movement, and about the importance of FMC. This misconception can lead women to less benefit from using FMC tools. Providers need to improve their method of transmitting information about FMC and provide detailed education about fetal movement.

Football penalty kicks are having increasing influence in today’s professional game. Despite this, little scientific evidence currently exists to ascertain the mechanisms behind performance failure in this task and/or the efficacy of training designed to improve penalty shooting. In a football penalty kick it has been reported that the majority of kickers do not look to the area they wish to place the ball; preferring to focus on the ‘keeper and predict anticipatory movements before shooting. Such a strategy seems counterproductive and contradictory to current research findings regarding visually guided aiming. Coordination of eye and limb movements has been shown to be essential for the production of accurate motor responses. A disruption to this coordination not only seems to negatively affect performance, but subsequent motor responses seem to follow direction of gaze. Thus, where the eyes lead actions tend to follow. In study 1, ten participants were asked to kick a standard sized football to alternate corners of a goal, whilst looking centrally and whilst looking where they intended to hit. This disruption of eye-limb coordination brought about a 15% reduction in kicking accuracy. When participants were asked to fixate centrally, their shots hit more centrally (17cm) than when they were allowed to look where they intended to hit. These results were in spite of no significant differences between the number of missed shots, preparation time and ball speed data across conditions. We concluded that centrally focused fixations dragged resultant motor actions inwards towards more central target locations. Put simply, where the eyes looked shots tended to follow. The second study sought to test the predictions of attentional control theory (ACT) in a sporting environment in order to establish how anxiety affects performance in penalty kicks. Fourteen experienced footballers took penalty kicks under low- and high-threat counterbalanced conditions while wearing a gaze registration system. Fixations to target locations (goalkeeper and goal area) were determined using frame-by-frame analysis. When anxious, footballers made faster first fixations and fixated for significantly longer toward the goalkeeper. This disruption in gaze behaviour brought about significant reductions in shooting accuracy, with shots becoming significantly centralized and within the goalkeeper’s reach. These findings support the predictions of ACT, as anxious participants were more likely to focus on the “threatening” goalkeeper, owing to an increased influence of the stimulus-driven attentional control system. A further prediction of ACT is that when anxious, performers are more likely to be distracted, particularly if the distracter is threat related. When facing penalty kicks in football (soccer), goalkeepers frequently incorporate strategies that are designed to distract the kicker. However, no direct empirical evidence exists to ascertain what effect such visual distractions have on the attentional control, and performance, of footballers. In the third study, eighteen experienced footballers took five penalty kicks under counterbalanced conditions of threat (low vs. high) and goalkeeper movement (stationary vs. waving arms) while wearing eye-tracking equipment. Results suggested that participants were more distracted by a moving goalkeeper than a stationary one and struggled to disengage from a moving goalkeeper under situations of high threat. Significantly more penalties were saved on trials when the goalkeeper was moving and shots were also generally hit closer to the goalkeeper (centrally) on these trials. The results provide partial support for the predictions of attentional control theory and implications for kickers and goalkeepers are discussed. The previous studies showed that anxiety can disrupt visual attention, visuomotor control and subsequent shot location in penalty kicks. However, optimal visual attention has been trained in other far aiming skills, improving performance and resistance to pressure. In study 4, we therefore asked a team of ten university soccer players to follow a quiet eye (QE; Vickers, 1996) training program, designed to align gaze with aiming intention to optimal scoring zones, over a seven week period. Performance and gaze parameters were compared to a placebo group (ten players) who received no instruction, but practiced the same number of penalty kicks over the same time frame. Results from a retention test indicated that the QE trained group had more effective visual attentional control; were significantly more accurate; and had 50% fewer shots saved by the goalkeeper than the placebo group. Both groups then competed in a penalty shootout to explore the influence of anxiety on attentional control and shooting accuracy. Under the pressure of the shootout the QE trained group failed to maintain their accuracy advantage, despite maintaining more distal aiming fixations of longer duration. The results therefore provide only partial support for the effectiveness of brief QE training interventions for experienced performers. This series of studies are the first to explore the gaze behaviour of football penalty takers in a quest to uncover and understand anxiety’s negative influence on attentional control and performance. They are also the first to explore the efficacy of goalkeeper distractions and training in improving performance from both the goalkeeper’s and kicker’s perspective. The results of these studies conclude that when anxious, penalty takers show an attentional bias toward the ‘threatening’ goalkeeper that can be increased and utilised by a goalkeeper employing distraction techniques and that penalty takers do benefit, to some extent, from a gaze-based pre-shot routine

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Correa Abuchacra.pdf: 903654 bytes, checksum: bd2be7d5bb3d97ab8913c4f3dc3024c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-26 / The present study aims to investigate the influence of a conditioned reinforcement on the performance of base categories soccer players at the behavior of completion of the goal. To measure the accuracy of the kicks, the goal will be divided into four targets (lower right, lower left, upper right and upper left), according to the Battery of tests Mor-Christian. . Investigation of the performance of the participants will be held through a multiple base line design, consisting of a baseline and a subsequent step of conditioned reinforcement. At the end of the sections in the second phase, the participants can exchange the points accumulated on the task for money. Data obtained by each participant in each stage of the research will be analyzed and compared, in order to check the influence of the conditioned reinforcement on the performance of participants regarding the amount of hits to established targets / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar a influência de um reforço condicionado sobre a precisão do comportamento de "chute no gol" em jogadores de futebol em formação. Para medir a precisão dos chutes, o gol será dividido em quatro alvos (inferior direito, inferior esquerdo, superior direito e superior esquerdo) de acordo com a "Bateria de testes de Mor-Christian . O experimento compreenderá duas fases: 1) linha de base e 2) reforço condicionado. Na fase do reforço condicionado, será empregado um delineamento de base múltipla entre os alvos. Ao final das sessões realizadas na etapa dois, os participantes poderão trocar os pontos acumulados na tarefa por dinheiro. Os dados obtidos por cada participante, em cada etapa da pesquisa, serão analisados e comparados entre si, com o objetivo de verificar a influência do reforço condicionado no desempenho dos participantes em relação a quantidade de acertos aos alvos estabelecidos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:18:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3542.pdf: 2125981 bytes, checksum: dc4d268edf82cba3471e3345587f4cb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-22 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / This study aimed to describe the method used for the kinematic analysis of kicking movements in infants and to determine the effect of additional weighting in the pattern of the kicking movements of infants in the first four months of life. For this, two studies are presented. The first study describes the method used for the kinematic analysis of kicking movements in infants. In the study, four infants were longitudinally videotaped at ages from one to six months and analysis was performed on the Dvideow system. It was verified that the use four video cameras was required. Moreover, six plumb lines were used to calibrate the system and ensure an accuracy of 2 mm. It was concluded, based in the first estudy that the use of the Dvideow system to perform kinematic analysis of the kicking movement in infants proved to be appropriate and feasible. The second study aimed to verify the influence of weights of 1/10 e 1/3 the mass of lower limb in the pattern of the kicking movements of infants in the first four months of life. Fourteen healthy infants participated in the study, longitudinally videotaped. Kicking frequency, foot/panel contact frequency, intralimb coordination pattern, movement time, average speed and straightness index were analyzed. Comparing the ages, we found differences in the kicking frequency, foot/panel contact frequency, movement time, and average speed. Comparing the weighting conditions, we found changes in the kicking frequency and foot/panel contact frequency; the kinematic variables remained unchanged. Therefore, we suggest that during the first four months of life, infants change the kicking frequency according to their ages, the intra-session training and additional weighting. These features are probably the result of intrinsic factors such as increased mass and muscle strength, behavior status of infants, maturation of the Central Nervous System and extrinsic factors such as the weight and the interest in the environment and in performing the proposed task. / Este trabalho teve por objetivos descrever o método utilizado para análise cinemática dos chutes e verificar os efeitos do peso adicional no padrão dos chutes nas idades de um a quatro meses de vida. Para tanto, são apresentados dois estudos. O primeiro estudo descreve o método empregado para análise da cinemática dos movimentos de chutes de lactentes. Neste estudo, quatro lactentes foram filmados longitudinalmente nas idades de um a seis meses e a análise foi realizada no sistema Dvideow 6.3. Foi verificado que o uso de quatro câmeras de vídeo é necessário. Além disso, utilizamos seis fios de prumo para calibrar o sistema e garantir uma precisão de 2mm. Portanto, concluímos, com base no primeiro estudo, que a utilização do sistema Dvideow para realizar a análise cinemática dos chutes de lactentes mostrou-se adequada e viável. O segundo estudo teve por objetivo verificar a influência de pesos de 1/10 e 1/3 da massa do membro inferior no padrão dos chutes de lactentes de um a quatro meses de vida. Participaram deste estudo 14 lactentes, filmados longitudinalmente. Foram analisadas as variáveis frequência de chutes, freqüência de contato do pé com o painel, padrão de coordenação intramembro, tempo de movimento, velocidade média e índice de retidão. Quando consideramos as idades, verificamos diferença na freqüência de chutes, na freqüência de contatos do pé com o painel, no tempo do movimento e na velocidade média. Quando comparamos as condições de peso, verificamos alteração da freqüência de chutes e da freqüência de contatos do pé com o painel; as variáveis cinemáticas mantiveram-se inalteradas. Portanto, podemos sugerir que no decorrer dos quatro primeiros meses de vida, os lactentes alteram a freqüência dos chutes em função das suas idades, do treinamento intra-sessão e do peso adicional. Essas características são, provavelmente, resultado de fatores intrínsecos, como aumento da massa e força musculares, estado comportamental dos lactentes, maturação do Sistema Nervoso Central e fatores extrínsecos como o peso e o interesse pelo ambiente e em realizar a tarefa.

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