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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Barriers to Medication Adherence Following Pediatric Renal Transplantation: The Utility of Independent and Interrelated Parent and Child Reports

Perazzo, Lauren January 2011 (has links)
No description available.
22

Terapia antirretroviral em pacientes infectados pelo HIV submetidos a transplante renal metanálise de série de casos /

Teixeira, Danilo Galvão. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Ricardo Augusto Monteiro de Barros Almeida / Resumo: Introdução: Até há cerca de uma década, a infecção pelo HIV era considerada contraindicação absoluta para transplantes de órgãos. Estudos recentes sugerem que o transplante renal (TxR) é viável para pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHA) adequadamente selecionadas. Apesar de bastante efetivos, os TxRs em PVHA apresentam dificuldades importantes. A maioria dos estudos relatam incidências mais elevadas de rejeição aguda, chegando a mais de 50%. Fatores imunológicos e farmacológicos teriam grande influência. A literatura atual mostra que o melhor esquema antirretroviral (ARV) para os TxRs em PVHA ainda não foi identificado. Objetivo: Devido à relevância do tema e à ausência de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs), o objetivo do estudo foi identificar, através de metanálise proporcional de série de casos, os esquemas de ARVs mais efetivos e seguros para PVHA submetidas ao TxR. Métodos: Foram incluídos estudos de relato e série de casos que tivessem avaliado qualquer esquema ARV utilizado em PVHA submetidas ao TxR e que fornecessem dados relacionados aos desfechos de interesse, que foram mortalidade, sobrevida do enxerto, episódios de rejeição aguda, função renal e curso clínico e laboratorial da infecção pelo HIV. A pesquisa em bases de dados foi realizada através das fontes: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus e LILACS (até dezembro de 2014). Dois revisores independentemente selecionaram os estudos identificados pelas bases de dados. Foram realizadas metanálises proporcionais de série de casos comparando a ocorrência dos desfechos em diferentes esquemas ARVs por meio do software StatsDirect. A heterogeneidade estatística foi avaliada utilizando o teste estatístico I2 . Resultados e discussão: Dos 2841 estudos inicialmente identificados pela pesquisa bibliográfica, 24 respeitaram os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, totalizando 57 pacientes. Não houve diferença... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction: Until about a decade ago, HIV infection was considered absolute contraindication for organ transplants. Recent studies suggest that kidney transplantation (KTx) is feasible for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in select cases. Although highly effective, the KTx in PLWHA presents major difficulties. Most studies report higher incidences of acute rejection, reaching more than 50%. Immunological and pharmacological factors have great influence. Current literature shows that the best antiretroviral (ARV) regimen for KTx in PLWHA has not been identified. Objectives: Due to the relevance of the subject and the absence of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the objective of the study was to identify, the most effective and safest ARV regimens for PLWHA submitted to KTx. Methods: Case series studies that have evaluated any ARV regimen used in PLWHA submitted to KTx and that provided data related to the outcomes of interest - mortality, graft survival, acute rejection, renal function and clinical and laboratory course of HIV infection - were included. Research in databases was performed using the sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and LILACS (until December 2014). Two reviewers independently selected studies through the databases. Meta-analyses of case series were conducted comparing the occurrence of different outcomes in ARV schemes through software StatsDirect. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results and Discussion: From 2,841 studies initially identified by the literature search, 24 studies complied with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, totaling 57 patients. There was no statistically significant difference between groups of patients who used ARV regimens based on two nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus one non-nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2NRTI+NNRTI), a combination of abacavir, lamivudine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre
23

Comparative review of quality of life of patients with haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant

Wong, Ho-sze., 黃可思. January 2006 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice
24

A preliminary study into the level of knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of dialysis patients on kideny [sic] transplantation

Liu, Wa-ling., 廖華苓. January 2005 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences
25

Agentes anticoagulantes e antiplaquetários evitam a trombose aguda do enxerto, no transplante renal?: uma metanálise de estudos de séries de casos / Do anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents prevent acute graft thrombosis in renal transplantation?: a meta-analysis of case series studies

Silva, Rodrigo Guerra da [UNESP] 30 November 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T13:10:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-11-30. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-01T13:14:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000866836.pdf: 2053587 bytes, checksum: 2f5cfc3b1ae4c8dc9398d66ec7878478 (MD5) / Espera-se que trombose do enxerto renal ocorra em 1-6% dos transplantes de rim, e que a perda definitiva do enxerto geralmente decorra desse evento. Anticoagulantes e antiagregantes plaquetários poderiam servir como medidas farmacológicas para prevení-la, mas evidências de alta qualidade para seus benefícios até o momento inexistem. Desta forma, avaliamos a efetividade e segurança destes agentes na redução da taxa de trombose do enxerto renal, através da análise de dados obtidos a partir de estudos de séries de casos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas da área da saúde (MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS), para identificar todos os estudos de séries de casos disponíveis sobre o uso de anticoagulantes e/ou antiplaquetários na prevenção trombose do enxerto, no transplante renal. Os dados sobre os eventos de interesse foram agrupados e analisados em uma meta-análise proporcional. A presença de significância estatística nas comparações foi estabelecida quando os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) obtidos para cada intervenção testada não apresentassem sobreposição. Resultados: 21 séries de casos foram incluídas, a partir de 7.160 títulos identificados inicialmente nas bases de dados. Um total de 3.246 pacientes foram analisados (1.718 tratados com antiplaquetários e/ou agentes anticoagulantes e 1.528 indivíduos não tratados, como controle). Trombose do aloenxerto ocorreu em 7,24% (IC 95% 3,45 - 12,27%) dos pacientes que receberam nenhuma intervenção, em comparação com 3,38% (IC 95% 1,45 - 6,08%) dos que usaram apenas anticoagulantes, 1,20% (IC 95% 0,60 - 2,10%) daqueles em uso apenas de aspirina e 0,47% (IC 95% 0,001 - 1,79%) dos que receberam aspirina + anticoagulantes. Houve assim diferença estatisticamente significante, mostrando uma redução na ocorrência de trombose, somente nos pacientes que receberam... / It is expected that renal graft thrombosis occurs in 1-6% of kidney transplants, and that graft loss usually arises from that event. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents could serve as pharmacological measures to prevent it, but high-quality evidence for its benefits are lacking at this moment. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of these agents in reducing the rate of thrombosis in renal grafts through analysis of data obtained from case series studies. Methods: A literature review was conducted, in the main electronic health-related databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS), to identify all available case series studies on the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agents in preventing graft thrombosis in renal transplantation. Data on events of interest were pooled and analyzed on a proportional meta-analysis. The presence of statistical significance in the comparisons was established when the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) obtained for each tested intervention did not present overlapping. Results: 21 case series were included, from 7,160 titles originally identified in the databases. A total of 3,246 patients were analyzed (1,718 treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents and 1,528 individuals as untreated controls). Allograft thrombosis occurred in 7.24% (95% CI 3.45 to 12.27%) of patients that received no intervention, compared with 3.38% (95% CI 1.45 to 6.08%) of who used only anticoagulant, 1.20% (95% CI 0.60 to 2.10%) of those in use only of aspirin and 0.47% (95% CI 0.001 to 1.79%) of those who received aspirin + anticoagulants. As such, there was a statistically significant difference showing a reduction in the occurrence of thrombosis, only in patients receiving aspirin or aspirin + anticoagulants, compared to untreated controls. The rate of complications related to bleeding was statistically higher with use of anticoagulants (28.00%; 95% CI 15.40 to 42.70%)...
26

Agentes anticoagulantes e antiplaquetários evitam a trombose aguda do enxerto, no transplante renal? : uma metanálise de estudos de séries de casos

Silva, Rodrigo Guerra da. January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Regina Paolucci El Dib / Coorientador: Paulo Roberto Kawano / Coorientador: João Luiz Amaro / Banca: Pasqual Barretti / Banca: Luís Gustavo Modelli de Andrade / Banca: Sílvio Tucci Júnior / Banca: Eduardo Hidetoshi Fugita / Resumo: Espera-se que trombose do enxerto renal ocorra em 1-6% dos transplantes de rim, e que a perda definitiva do enxerto geralmente decorra desse evento. Anticoagulantes e antiagregantes plaquetários poderiam servir como medidas farmacológicas para prevení-la, mas evidências de alta qualidade para seus benefícios até o momento inexistem. Desta forma, avaliamos a efetividade e segurança destes agentes na redução da taxa de trombose do enxerto renal, através da análise de dados obtidos a partir de estudos de séries de casos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, nas principais bases de dados eletrônicas da área da saúde (MEDLINE, EMBASE e LILACS), para identificar todos os estudos de séries de casos disponíveis sobre o uso de anticoagulantes e/ou antiplaquetários na prevenção trombose do enxerto, no transplante renal. Os dados sobre os eventos de interesse foram agrupados e analisados em uma meta-análise proporcional. A presença de significância estatística nas comparações foi estabelecida quando os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) obtidos para cada intervenção testada não apresentassem sobreposição. Resultados: 21 séries de casos foram incluídas, a partir de 7.160 títulos identificados inicialmente nas bases de dados. Um total de 3.246 pacientes foram analisados (1.718 tratados com antiplaquetários e/ou agentes anticoagulantes e 1.528 indivíduos não tratados, como controle). Trombose do aloenxerto ocorreu em 7,24% (IC 95% 3,45 - 12,27%) dos pacientes que receberam nenhuma intervenção, em comparação com 3,38% (IC 95% 1,45 - 6,08%) dos que usaram apenas anticoagulantes, 1,20% (IC 95% 0,60 - 2,10%) daqueles em uso apenas de aspirina e 0,47% (IC 95% 0,001 - 1,79%) dos que receberam aspirina + anticoagulantes. Houve assim diferença estatisticamente significante, mostrando uma redução na ocorrência de trombose, somente nos pacientes que receberam... / Abstract: It is expected that renal graft thrombosis occurs in 1-6% of kidney transplants, and that graft loss usually arises from that event. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents could serve as pharmacological measures to prevent it, but high-quality evidence for its benefits are lacking at this moment. Thus, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of these agents in reducing the rate of thrombosis in renal grafts through analysis of data obtained from case series studies. Methods: A literature review was conducted, in the main electronic health-related databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS), to identify all available case series studies on the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet agents in preventing graft thrombosis in renal transplantation. Data on events of interest were pooled and analyzed on a proportional meta-analysis. The presence of statistical significance in the comparisons was established when the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) obtained for each tested intervention did not present overlapping. Results: 21 case series were included, from 7,160 titles originally identified in the databases. A total of 3,246 patients were analyzed (1,718 treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents and 1,528 individuals as untreated controls). Allograft thrombosis occurred in 7.24% (95% CI 3.45 to 12.27%) of patients that received no intervention, compared with 3.38% (95% CI 1.45 to 6.08%) of who used only anticoagulant, 1.20% (95% CI 0.60 to 2.10%) of those in use only of aspirin and 0.47% (95% CI 0.001 to 1.79%) of those who received aspirin + anticoagulants. As such, there was a statistically significant difference showing a reduction in the occurrence of thrombosis, only in patients receiving aspirin or aspirin + anticoagulants, compared to untreated controls. The rate of complications related to bleeding was statistically higher with use of anticoagulants (28.00%; 95% CI 15.40 to 42.70%)... / Doutor
27

Ultrassom seriado no pós-transplante renal precoce /

Contti, Mariana Moraes. January 2014 (has links)
Orientador: Maria Fernanda Cordeiro de Carvalho / Coorientador: Luís Gustavo Modelli de Andrade / Banca: Marilda Mazzali / Banca: Luciana Tanajura Santamaria Saber / Resumo: Introdução: O ultrassom (US) é um importante método diagnóstico das causas precoces de disfunção do enxerto renal. Não estão definidos parâmetros seguros para a distinção destas causas de disfunção: Necrose Tubular Aguda (NTA) e rejeição. Torna-se necessário, portanto, o aprimoramento dos métodos complementares para auxílio diagnóstico. Objetivos: O objetivo primário foi definir os parâmetros ultrassonográficos no exame seriado no pós-transplante renal precoce e identificar os preditores de evolução normal, retardo de função do enxerto (NTA) e rejeição. Os objetivos secundários foram: avaliar o Índice de Resistividade (IR), a perfusão renal - pelo Power Doppler (PD) - e o Índice Sistólico (IS). Materiais e Métodos: No período de Junho de 2012 a Agosto de 2013, 79 pacientes que receberam transplante renal de doador vivo ou falecido foram submetidos a dois exames de US: entre o 1º e o 3º pós-operatório (PO) e entre o 7º e o 10º PO. Nos dois exames foram avaliados: IR (nas três segmentares), IS, PD e IR+PD. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: normal, NTA e rejeição. Os achados ultrassonográficos foram correlacionados com o desfecho clínico. Resultados: Ao 1º US o IR nas segmentares superior e média e o PD foram maiores no grupo NTA em relação ao normal. Ao 2º US o IR nas três segmentares e o PD foram maiores no grupo NTA em relação ao normal. O IS não foi diferente entre os grupos em nenhum dos dois exames. A repetição do exame de US não forneceu informações adicionais aos parâmetros já analisados. Com base na análise da curva de característica de operação do receptor (ROC), como chance de NTA, o IR na segmentar média foi o melhor índice isolado (ponto de corte 0,73) e o IR + PD o melhor índice composto (ponto de corte 0,84). O tempo de retardo de função do enxerto e o número de sessões de diálise foram maiores no grupo de IR+PD elevado... / Abstract: Not available / Mestre
28

Impacto do complemento serico na evolução de pacientes portadores de Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico submetidos ao tranplante renal / Systemic Lupus Erythematosus after renal transplant : is complement a good marker?

Baracat, Andre Luis Signori 19 April 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Marilda Mazzali / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T16:15:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baracat_AndreLuisSignori_M.pdf: 2414990 bytes, checksum: 89adfa9cf08f828969a164a70d4a0364 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Introdução: O transplante renal é considerado um procedimento seguro em pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica por nefropatia lúpica. Porém, a recorrência da doença e seu impacto sobre a sobrevida do enxerto permanecem controversos. Objetivo e Metodologia: Analisar a presença de atividade lúpica sorológica durante a diálise e o impacto da recorrência lúpica após o transplante renal, através de um estudo retrospectivo de 23 pacientes lúpicos que receberam 26 transplantes renais. Resultado: Vinte e três pacientes receberam 26 transplantes renais num período de 19 anos. Doze pacientes apresentaram atividade lúpica pré transplante (consumo de complemento e FAN > 1/40), sem correlação com o período de tratamento dialítico, mas associado com diagnostico de glomerulonefrite proliferativa (classe IV) pré transplante. Dentre os 26 enxertos, 06 foram perdidos nos primeiros 6 meses pos transplantes. Dos 20 enxertos funcionantes, consumo de complemento ocorreu em 08, sendo associado com a presença de depósitos imunes glomerulares em 03. A análise da atividade lúpica mostrou que somente um paciente com nível de complemento normal pós transplante apresentou SLEDAI>4, associado com proteinúria persistente e biópsia renal sem depósitos de imunocomplexos imune. A sobrevida do enxerto foi reduzida no grupo com consumo de complemento pós transplante. Conclusão: Em pacientes lúpicos, consumo de complemento após o transplante renal, em associação com proteinúria pode ser considerado com um fator de risco para a recorrência de depósito imunocomplexos glomerulares, com impacto negativo na sobrevida do enxerto / Abstract: Background. Renal transplant is considered a safe procedure in patients with Lupus nephritis. However, the recurrence of disease and its impact on graft survival remains controversial. Aim and Methods. In order to analyze the presence of Lúpus serology activity during dialysis and its impact on Lupus recurrence after transplant, a retrospective analysis of 23 Lupus patients that received 26 kidney transplants was performed. Results. Twenty three patients received 26 renal transplants in a 19 years period. Twelve patients presented pre transplant Lupus activity (low complement and ANA > 1/40), without correlation with length of dialysis treatment, but associated with proliferative glomerulonephritis (class IV) before transplant. From 26 grafts, six were lost during the first 6 months post transplant. In the remaining 20 functioning grafts, low complement occurred in 8, and was associated with recurrence of immune deposits in 03 graft biopsies. Analysis of Lúpus activity showed that only one patient with normal complement post transplant presented SLEDAI > 4, associated with persitent proteinuria and graft biopsy without immune deposits. Graft survival was reduced in presence of low complement post transplant. Conclusion. Low complement levels after renal transplant, in association with proteinuria can be considered as a risk factor for recurrence of immune deposits, with a negative impact on graft survival / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica
29

Genotipagem e quantificação de citomegalovirus humano em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos

Albuquerque, Dulcinéia Martins de 09 December 2000 (has links)
Orientador: Sandra Cecilia Botelho Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T06:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Albuquerque_DulcineiaMartinsde_M.pdf: 5471882 bytes, checksum: d76b070e587d57837f8b747721f15926 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000 / Resumo: O Citomegalovírus Humano (HCMV) é um dos mais importantes agentes infecciosos que acometem pacientes imunocomprometidos, causando significante morbidade e mortalidade nesse grupo. A detecção do genoma do HCMV pela PCR (Reação em cadeia da polimerase) é específica e sensível e pode servir como uma poderosa ferramenta para o diagnóstico precoce da infecção causada por esse vírus. Variações em regiões funcionalmente relevantes do genoma do HCMV têm sido usadas como marcadores' genéticos em numerosos estudos clínicos para diferenciar as linhagens e associá-las a pato gênese viral e manifestação clínica no paciente. As glicoproteínas do envelope do citomegalovírus são provavelmente essenciais para a entrada e disseminação viral nas células hospedeiras; são também imp9rtantes alvos da resposta imune humana que induz a formação de anticorpos de neutralização do vírus. A PCR, combinada com análise de restrição de regiões polimórficas de produtos amplificados (PCR-RFLP), é eficaz para identificação dos genotipos de HCMV, sendo possível a distinção de pelo menos 4 padrões eletroforéticos. Por outro lado, a determinação da carga viral em pacientes comprometidos imunologicamente, tem sido associada como marcador ou preditor para o desenvolvimento de doença órgão-específica pelo HCMV, sendo de fundamental importância para a monitorização da terapêutica. Além disso, o valor da carga viral está relacionado com o grupo de paciente e/ou tipo de transplante, pato gênese do HCMV e níveis de imunossupressão e pode indicar o inicio da terapia antiviral. Sabendo-se da importância da identificação das linhagens de HCMV em pacientes imunocomprometidos, sua possível relação com a infectividade e apresentação clínica, e a relevância da determinação da carga viral nos diversos grupos, este trabalho, avaliando diferentes populações imunologicamente comprometidas atendidas no HC-UNICAMP, teve como objetivos principais: determinar a prevalência dos genotipos de HCMV e avaliar uma possível associação do subtipo com IV o quadro clínico apresentado pelos diferentes grupos estudados; padronizar métodos de determinação da carga viral com a finalidade de avaliar a aplicabilidade no monitoramento da terapia antiviral e como valor preditivo de doença pelo HCMV. Para a genotipagem, 122 amostras clínicas (sangue e urina) de 104 pacientes foram avaliadas retrospectivamente. Os grupos de pacientes, infectados pelo HCMV, eram basicamente os seguintes: recém-nascidos com infecção congênita, transplantados de medula óssea, transplantados hepáticos e renais, e portadores do HIV. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. Para a quantificação, foram avaliadas 2 metodologias: uma baseada no princípio de captura híbrida onde foram analisadas 93 amostras e a outra PCR diluição limitante, alguns exemplares foram avaliados, já que a qualidade do DNA é fundamental para o prosseguimento da metodologia. Como resultados, pudemos caracterizar em nosso grupo de pacientes, os 4 genotipos descritos em literatura. Observamos a maior prevalência do genotipo gB2, embora os subtipos gBI e gB3 estivessem bem representados. Dados estatísticos não comprovaram a associação de uma determinada linhagem do vírus com a gravidade da manifestação clínica, bem como um grupo específico de pacientes. As metodologias de quantificação avaliadas possuem alta sensibilidade e especificidade, compatíveis com a Antigenemia. A principal vantagem das metodologias em relação à essa última, é em relação ao processamento da amostra, que não necessita ser imediata à coleta pois não dependem da viabilidade do vírus. Enfim, acreditamos que a determinação da linhagem do HCMV e da carga viral sejam metodologias complementares e de fundamental importância no entendimento e monitoramento da infecção pelo HCMV em pacientes imunocomprometidos / Abstract: Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most important infectious agents that attack immunocompromised patients causing significant morbidity and mortality in this group. The detection of the HCMV genome by the PCR (polymerase Chain Reaction) is specific and sensitive; and it can be used as a powerful tool for the early diagnoses of the infection caused by this virus. Variations in functionally relevant areas of the HCMV genome have been used as genetic markers in numerous clinical studies to differentiate the strains and to associate them with the viral pathogenesis and the clinical manifestation in the patient. The glycoproteins of the envelope of the human cytomegalovirus are probably essential to the entrance and the viral dissemination in the host cells; they are also important targets of the human immune response that induce the formation of the antibodies of the virus neutrality. The PCR, combined with the analysis of restriction of the polymorphic areas of the amplified products (PCR-RFLP), is elective for the identification of the HCMV genotypes, becoming possible the distinction ofat least 4 (four) electrophoretic pattems. On the other hand, the determination of the viralload in patients immunologically atlected has been associated as marker or predictor for the development of the organ specific disease by the HCMV, being of fundamental importance to the management of the therapy. Besides, the value of the viral load is related to the group of patients and/or the type of transplant, the pathogenesis of the HCMV, and the levels of the immune-suppression; and it can indicate the beginning of the antiviral therapy. Knowing the importance of the identification of the strains of the HCMV in immunocompromised patients, its possible relation with the infection and clinical presentation, and the relevance of the determination of the viral load in several groups, this study, evaluating different immunocompromised people followed at HC-UNICAMP, had as main targets: to determine the prevalence of the HCMV genotypes and evaluate a possible association of the subtype with the clinical table presented by different groups studied; standardize determination methods of the viral load with the finality of evaluating the applicability in the management of the antiviral therapy, and as predictable value of the disease by the HCMV. A hundred and twenty-two (122) clinical samples (blood and urine) of 104 patients were evaluated retrospectively to the genotipage. The groups of HCMV infected patients were basically the following: newborn children with congenital infection, bone marrow transplanted patients, hepatic and renal transplanted patients, and HIV infected individuals. The results were statistically analyzed. Two methodologies were evaluated for the quantification: one based on the principle of the hybrid capture, where 93 samples were analyzed; and another one on the PCR limiting dilution, where some exemplars were. evaluated, since the quality of the DNA is fundamental to the continuation of the methodology. We could characterize, in our group of patients, the four genotypes described in literature as results. We observed the largest prevalence of the gB2 genotype, although the gB 1 and gB3 genotypes were well represented. Statistical data did not prove the association of a determined strain of the virus with the sevevity of the clinical manifestation, as well as a specific group of patients. The methodologies of quantification evaluated have high sensitivity and specificity, compatible with the Antigenemia. The main advantage of the methodologies regarding the former one is in relation to the processing of the sample that does not need to be just after the collection because it does not depend on the viability of the virus. inally, we believe that the determination of the HCMV strain and viral load are complementary methodologies and of fundamental importance for the understanding and management of the HCMV infection in immunocompromised patients. / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia
30

Semen analysis of renal transplant patients undergoing immunosuppressive treatment

Moodley, Neville Sivanandan January 2017 (has links)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Sciences in Clinical Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Introduction The prevalence of infertility is increasing at an alarming rate globally. Many couples are afflicted with infertility due to an array of diseases, trauma and psychological stresses. Renal disease is one such pathophysiological condition which is increasing amongst the younger age group. Often the progression of chronic renal disease leads to end stage renal failure that requires a renal transplantation. Post renal transplant, immunosuppressive agents are routinely prescribed to prevent allograft rejection. Immunosuppressive agents are potent drugs that can have deleterious side effects on semen parameters. However, the effects of the immunosuppressive agents on semen parameters in the literature are unclear and require further investigation. It is, therefore, important to assess the effects of immunosuppressive agents on semen, especially the three vital aspects of sperm concentration, motility and morphology which form the basis of male reproduction. Aims and Objectives of study This was a prospective observational study evaluating the effects of different immunosuppressive regimens on sperm parameters in post renal transplant male patients. The main aspects of semen parameters such as sperm concentration, motility and morphology that determine reproductive potential were assessed in the study patients and compared to the gold standard of semen analysis according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) reference values. Methodology Thirty-four renal transplant patients were recruited from the databases of both private nephrologists in the greater Durban area and the academic renal unit at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital. Following bioethical approval and informed consent, patients were required to produce a semen sample by masturbation. A questionnaire documenting the patient’s lifestyle, aetiology of renal disease, transplant date and immunosuppressive duration and regimen were recorded. The semen samples were analysed comprehensively according to the protocol on semen analysis recommended by the WHO. This included the macroscopic investigation (volume, appearance, colour, viscosity, liquefaction time and pH) and microscopic evaluation (sperm concentration, total motility, morphology, IgG/IgA and vitality). Sperm concentration, total motility, morphology and vitality were examined and recorded in duplicate to strengthen the validity of the results. A biostatistician analysed the data and determined the statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics determined values of semen parameters in renal transplanted males and in each race demographic. The one sample t-test analysed the statistical significance between the mean study values and the WHO reference values. The effect of the immunosuppressive agent on semen parameters was determined using multiple linear regressions whilst ROC analysis determined the sensitivity and specificity of sperm concentration, total motility and morphology in predicting pregnancy from the patients that fathered children post renal transplant. Results The mean sperm concentration and morphology in the study patients were 14.0 mill/ml (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 10.2 – 17.7) and 3.3% (95% CI 2.7 – 3.9), respectively. Although values obtained were minimally lower than the WHO reference values, these results were within the 95% CI of the WHO guidelines. Motility evaluation revealed higher values of 43.2% (95% CI 36.6 – 49.7). In contrast, sperm vitality was considerably decreased, 47.5% (95% CI 40.6 – 54.4). All semen parameters exhibited no statistical significance (one sample t-test) when analysed against the WHO reference values except for sperm morphology, (p = 0.025; p< 0.05) which showed decreased morphology irrespective of immunosuppressive regimen. Semen volume 1.7 ml (95% CI 1.3 – 2.0) and pH 7.7 (95% CI 7.6 – 7.9) were both within the WHO guidelines. Descriptive statistics according to racial demographics showed no differences in semen values. An almost perfect linear relationship existed between total sperm motility and vitality (r = 0.967). Multiple linear regressions of duration and dosages of immunosuppressive drugs tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil, could not predict the effect of the immunosuppressive agents on sperm concentration, total motility and morphology. There was a significant difference in morphology between those with and without children post renal transplant. Those with children post renal transplant exhibited a higher morphology value, (p = 0.001; p< 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity analysis of the patients with children post renal transplant concluded that morphology is the most optimal indicator and predictor of pregnancy (AUC = 0.854). Tacrolimus was the common immunosuppressive agent used in the four patients that fathered children. This was more evident in patients that underwent therapy with Sirolimus followed by Cyclosporin A (CsA) and changed to Tacrolimus as the last immunosuppressive agent used for maintenance therapy. Conclusion The ability to procreate in renal transplanted males has become increasingly difficult and emotionally challenging. In this study sperm concentration and morphology of renal transplanted males exhibited parameters similar to the general fertile population. Total motility possessed a higher range of values in contrast to sperm vitality which showed a significant decrease from the WHO reference values. The effect of immunosuppressive treatment on semen parameters could not be clearly defined due to the number of immunosuppressive regimens that patients were subjected to intermittently resulting in small sample sizes within each immunosuppressive regimen grouping. The majority of patients underwent a triple maintenance therapy of tacrolimus, MMF and prednisone. The dosage and duration of these tacrolimus and MMF was inconclusive in determining a beneficial or detrimental relationship on semen parameters. Morphology was shown to be the most significant indicator in predicting pregnancy in patients that fathered children. Tacrolimus was a common immunosuppressive agent used in the majority of patients that fathered children. It may have protective effects on sperm parameters as shown in patients that fathered children. This was a study with a small sample size and further investigations are required in a larger cohort of patients to assess individualized effects of the different immunosuppressive agents on sperm parameters. / M

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