Resumo: O Sistema de Processo de Certificação de Kimberley foi instituído pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) no ano 2000. O Brasil que ocupa a nona posição no ranking dos paises produtores de diamantes, aderiu a esse acordo internacional que tem servido como um mecanismo de certificação de origem geográfica de diamantes brutos destinados à exportação e importação. Considerando-se a extrema importância na determinação da procedência dos diamantes brutos. Foi desenvolvida a presente pesquisa visando caracterizar lotes representativos de diamantes da província kimberlítica de Juína (MT), e dos distritos de Cacoal (RO), Espigão Dþoeste (RO) e Diamantina (MG), utilizando técnicas de fluorescência, espectroscopia infravermelha, fotoluminescência (PL), ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR) e Raman, além de estudos de morfologia, texturas de superfícies e granulometria. Os dados obtidos, através da análise estatística de populações das quatro áreas diamantíferas estudadas mostraram predomínio de diamantes de cor marrom em Juína, e de pedras incolores nos distritos do Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina. A província de Juína destaca-se pela presença de fragmentos irregulares e raríssimos cristais dodecaedros e octaedros, enquanto nos distritos de Diamantina e de Espigão Dþoeste predominam diamantes com hábito dodecaedro. O comportamento ao infravermelho mostrou, na província kimberlítica de Juína uma proporção elevada de diamantes tipo IIa (15%), diamantes tipo IaB (20%) e diamantes tipo IaAB (65%) apresentando este último, alto estado de agregação do nitrogênio. Os diamantes dos distritos de Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste e Diamantina enquadram-se na classificação do tipo IaAB, variando seu estado de agregação de nitrogênio. Observados sob luz ultravioleta, os diamantes estudados mostraram diferenças nas cores de fluorescência,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In 2000 the United Nations established the Kimberley Process Certification System in order to avoid illegal diamond trading, especially those from the African continent Brazil, which holds the ninth position in the diamonds trading ranking has joined such international agreement that helps as a geographic origin certification mechanism for exporting and importing. Considering the importance in determining the unpolished diamonds origin, the present study have been developed with the aim objective to describe representative diamond amounts or lots from the Kimberlitic Province of Juína (MT), Cacoal (RO) and Espigao Df oeste (RO) and Diamantina (MG) districts. Using spectroscopy techniques, infrared, photoluminescence, electronic paramagnetic resonance and Raman have been used. In addition, other techniques and procedures such as morphology 1 surface roughness and granulometry were applied. Statistical population analysis of four studied diamond bearing areas indicated several particular characteristics. Where some colors highly predominate in a determined region. Brownish colored diamonds are predominant in Juína provence and colorless crystals are present in Cacoal, Espigão Dþoeste and Diamantina districts. The irregular habit is predominant in Juina Provence but rarely dodecahedral and octahedral crystals were found. In Diamantina and Espigao Dþoeste. Diamonds with dodecahedral habits are predominant. In the Juina kimberlitic province the infrared analysis have shown a high amount of type IIa (15%), type Iab (20%) and type IaAB (65%) diamonds, the last type bearing high nitrogen aggregation. Cacoal, Espigão Dfoeste and Diamantina diamonds were classified as IaAB type showing variations in the nitrogen aggregate state. Ultraviolet analysis showed different fluorescence colors for each province caused by variable rare-earth elements concentrations... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sebastião Gomes de Carvalho / Coorientador: Yara Galvão Gobato / Banca: Antenor Zanardo / Banca: Washington Barbosa Leite / Banca: Ihosvany Camps Rodríguez / Banca: Leila Cristina Perdoncini / Doutor

In April 2003 the Sol Plaatjie Municipality disturbed several unmarked graves while digging a storm-water trench next to what is today known as the Gladstone Cemetery in Kimberley, South Africa. They are believed to date to between 1897 and 1900. All remains were excavated and housed at the McGregor museum in Kimberley where they were investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze and interpret the health status and diseases present within this sample, and to determine whether bone lesions caused by ossified haematomas and treponemal infection can be diagnosed through histological investigations. Standard anthropometric techniques were used to determine the age and sex of the individuals. All bones were assessed for signs of trauma and pathology present on the bones, and histological bone samples were prepared according to a method described by Maat (2002). A total of 107 individuals were investigated, comprising of 86 males and 15 females. The remains were mostly those of young persons, with the majority being younger than 30 years of age. A wealth of pathology was observed with skeletal lesions indicating advanced treponemal disease, scurvy, non-spesfic osteomyelitis, several amputations, cranial fractures and osteoarthritis. A high incidence of dental caries, antemortem tooth loss and periodontal disease were also noted. The remains studied were those of migrant workers, of low socio-economic status, mainly consuming a diet consisting of refined carbohydrates lacking vitamin C. A high prevalence of degenerative changes and cranial fractures suggested participation in regular strenuous physical activities and a high incidence of interpersonal violence. The high incidence of infectious diseases was ascribed to the poor living conditions as well as limited medical care. Surgical procedures were conducted regularly as could be extrapolated from the high incidence of amputations. It was also concluded that a distinction could be made between bone reactions resulting from of haemorrhage and lesions caused by an infectious condition, on histological level. Three stages of ossified haematoma development and remodeling were described. It is hoped that this study gave some recognition to those so unceremoniously dumped in these pauper graves. / Dissertation (MSc (Anatomy))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Anatomy / unrestricted

Behind the fortunes in diamonds, the great open mines and the teeming town that was early Kimberley, were African labourers. Diggers seemed scarcely to care about them unless they were "in short supply", and many historians have been interested only in the guns they carried home with them. This study is concerned with these men: where they came from, why and how they came, and their treatment while they worked in Kimberley. The initial inspiration for the study came from the chapter on diamond production in Sheila van der Horst's Native Labour in South Africa, a remarkable contribution to the history of the Diamond Fields. The later studies by G.V. Doxey and more recently by John Smalberger which have expanded on aspects of Van der Horst's work, have led me to delve more deeply into other areas upon which they have not touched. One potentially fruitful line of study which was beyond the scope of this work was an investigation into the degree to which the Griqualand West labour question affected the attempts at South African federation in the 1870's. The main sources for the work have been the Griqualand West archives in the Cape Archives, for the period 1872-1880, and the various Kimberley newspapers. Labour returns were printed monthly in the Griqualand West Government Gazette for most years, till 1880. Cape Blue Books were useful sources for the period after 1880. De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. hold very little material relating to the pre-amalgamation period, though the extant minute books of the De Beers and Kimberley Central Diamond Mining Companies provided valuable information. A considerable number of contemporary published works were also consulted but, though most made some reference to African labour, few contained anything worthy of mention.

Thesis (D. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008 / The purpose of this study was to evaluate brewing and consumption practices and to screen for micro-organisms and mycotoxins associated with traditional beer produced and consumed in the marginal urban settlements of the city of Kimberley in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. The survey study revealed that traditional beer is no longer being brewed for traditional purposes only, as was the case in the past, but rather for commercial gain. Both brewers and consumers, however, appeared to be largely unaware of disease-causing micro-organisms present on the hands or bodies of handlers that can be transferred to the beverage during the handling process, and were seemingly not conversant with regard to the effects of hazardous ingredients sometimes incorporated during the brewing process. Unemployment and a lack of education emerged as pivotal factors related to the production of traditional beer and the ignorance of the associated safety thereof. The survey further indicated that although facilities such as the availability of potable water (taps in yards) and flushing toilets were sometimes in place, other facilities such as basins with hot running water were often not available. In commercially produced and homebrewed traditional beer the mean counts for total coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. were circa 105 cfu.ml-1 whereas the TVC (Total Viable Counts) and total fungi counts were 106 and 107 cfu.ml-1 respectively. The total coliforms and Staphylococcus spp. counts for homebrewed traditional beer were approximately one log-phase higher than the commercial version. The counts in the homebrewed beer probably originated from contamination during handling, while in the commercial product contamination originated either in the raw ingredients or during postprocessing and consumption. Apart from staphylococci, considerable numbers of total coliforms indicating faecal contamination were noted. A rapid, easy, reliable and accurate technique that could be used to quantify the level of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol and citrinin) in the beer was developed through validation of the ELISA Ridascreen methodology. Using this method, the deoxynivalenol (DON) level in the beer samples was found to exceed the recommended levels suggested by the European Union, while citrinin levels in the samples varied between 35.6 ppb and 942.2 ppb. In the case of citrinin there were statistically significant differences between spring, summer and winter samples, confirming the seasonal impact on fungal growth and consequent mycotoxin production. An R2-value of 0.409 was noted between DON and citrinin, indicating a weak positive association. Finally, an awareness programme in the format of a poster with accompanying subscripts was developed to address issues of safety and hygiene of traditional beer in the study area. The poster utilises animatedstyle colour images of selected practices that need to be addressed, accompanied by slogans summarising the particular image in English, Afrikaans and Setswana. It is envisaged that, as part of a comprehensive awareness programme, the poster will contribute greatly to the quality, safety and promotion of traditional beer in the area.

The study investigates the establishment and development of the Kimberley Africana Library and its mother institution, the Kimberley Public Library within the broader social, economical and political environment in which they took place. The history of these institutions is inextricable until 1984 when the public and Africana sections of the Library were separated and the Kimberley Africana Library was opened to the public in 1986. It was the exceptional collections of Africana and rare books which distinguished the Kimberley Public Library and the main factor which bound the history of these two institutions. The Kimberley Public Library and its progeny the Kimberley Africana Library are the products of a new industrialised era which came about after the discovery of diamonds in South Africa. They emanated from an environment which produced the new wealth of the country, an almost uncharted region which was relatively new to the established British colonies. In order to place the origins of and motivation for the establishment of the Kimberley Public Library and the Kimberley Africana Library in perspective, it is necessary in this study also to include an overview of the development of the diamond mining industry in Kimberley. This development, peculiar as it was to Kimberley, gave rise to the type of social and cultural milieu in which the Public Library was founded by the immigrants to this area. Also included in the study is a brief survey of the development of the library movement in South Africa and the role played by the Kimberley Public Library in the growth of this movement and in the expansion of public library services to the people of the country. The history of the Kimberley Public/Africana Library which covers a period of more than a century is divided into three distinct periods, namely that which deals with the institution as a Subscription Library from 1882 until 1960 and, from 1961 as a free library under the jurisdiction of the Kimberley Municipality and affiliated to the Cape Provincial Library Service. The third period concerns the dichotomisation of the Kimberley Public Library and the establishment of the Kimberley Africana Library in 1986 to house the Library’s renowned collection of Africana and rare books. This section also deals with the period after 1994 when the Kimberley Libraries functioned under the new political dispensation in South Africa. Emphasis is laid on the formation, nature and scope of the Africana Collection which was the raison d’etre for the establishment of the Kimberley Africana Library and the most significant of the items in the collection are broadly described. The study concludes with an assessment of the challenges the Kimberley Africana Library faces and suggests ways and means of resolving these. An Appendix entitled The Founders and the Builders is added in order to elaborate on the exceptional contributions of several prominent Committee members and Librarians who controlled and managed these institutions from their inception in 1882 until 2008. / Information Science / M. Inf. (Information Science)

Thesis (PhD) -- Macquarie University, Division of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Human Geography, 2007. / "November 2006". / Bibliography: p. 352-398. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / xvi, 399 p. ill., maps

This dissertation engages in a longitudinal study of the method of grassroots comics (Packalen & Sharma, 2007) amongst the Khwe people in the community of Platfontein, which is situated outside of Kimberley, South Africa. The study is largely informed by contemporary shifts in development theory, particularly that of participatory communication, which values individuals who live in the community as active participants in the research process. The use of grassroots comics (Packalen & Sharma, 2007) is largely based on theoretical concepts surfacing in current literature regarding the field development communication, which is somewhat critical of older, more dominant theories of development. Instead of applying a predetermined, uniform model of communication to multiple different settings in which varying development issues exist, this study is driven by the active involvement of community stakeholders throughout every stage of the research process. This includes the identification of community issues, the utilization of grassroots comics in the context of adapting and communicating about those issues on a community-wide scale, and the overall analysis of the process once research has been carried out. This particular study focuses on general health issues and how these might affect the Khwe community from a development perspective. However, what is of central importance is how the comics created by certain stakeholders in the community might serve as a means of promoting participatory communication amongst the local population, for the sake of alleviating certain health issues prevalent in the community itself. The practical nature of grassroots comics as a forum for health communication is what is of particular interest in this study. Purposive sampling techniques are employed in order to identify key participants and informants in the research process, to present a case-specific analysis of grassroots comics in use, and for purposes of limiting this study. Data collection methods applied to the research setting and research findings are conducted using various qualitative research techniques including participant observation, interviews, discussions and a participatory grassroots comics workshop. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

This research report looks into the factors that cause truancy among secondary school pupils. The aim is to establish ways in which the African Secondary School teachers can manage the problem. It is argued that the causes of truancy are multifaceted. Thus in attempting to understand these causes and to develop strategies to manage truancy, several approaches are considered, which focus on the individual truant, the family, the community and, in particular school, related factors. Empirical research was undertaken in the Galeshewe, Kimberley area with particular reference to Tlhomelang High School. Questionnaires were administered with the staff and interviews were conducted with both staff and pupils. Data was also obtained from official records. It is concluded that a major cause of truancy is the absence of a culture of teaching and learning. A number of recommendations are proposed to manage these problems. / Thesis (M.Ed.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1992.

This essay discusses the question of whether describing people in essentialist terms violates the people being object to the description. The discussion is based on Kimberley Brownlee’s argumentation which states that there exists a right against social deprivation. To speak of people in crime-related, stigmatising and negatively charged terms – such as the term “criminal” – risks reducing the individual’s identity to solely the criminal aspect, and deprive them the opportunity of creating and sustaining other identities. A person’s role as a social contributor to family members and other close relatives is made more difficult, and the creation of social bonds outside the criminal sphere diminishes. This essay also brings up the critique put forward by Laura Valentini, who states that the lack in social needs is unsatisfiable in reality, and therefore it cannot be said to be a fundamental right, as Brownlee argues. The essay develops the thesis that, even though it is impossible to guarantee everyone meaningful social relationships, it is the duty of public institutions to facilitate and support the creation of these relationships. Furthermore, the use of essentialist terms – by both journalists, as well as politicians and other people in power – inhibit individuals the opportunity to create meaningful relational bonds, which could be paramount for their development and well-being. / essentiella termer. Diskussionen baseras på Kimberley Brownlees argumentation som menar att det finns en rättighet mot socialt berövande. Att tala om människor i brottsrelaterade, stigmatiserande och negativt laddade termer – såsom termen ”kriminell” – riskerar att reducera individens identitet till endast den kriminella aspekten, och fråntar dem möjligheten att skapa och bibehålla andra identiteter. Personens roll som socialt bidragande för familjemedlemmar och andra närstående försvåras, och skapandet av sociala band utanför ett kriminellt umgänge riskerar att minskas. Uppsatsen tar också upp kritik framfört av Laura Valentini, som menar att bristandet av sociala behov inte går att tillfredsställa i praktiken och att det därför inte kan påstås vara en fundamental rättighet, såsom Brownlee hävdar. Uppsatsen driver tesen att, även om det inte går att garantera en människa betydelsefulla sociala relationer, så är det de samhälleliga institutionernas uppgift att underlätta och stödja skapandet av dessa relationer. Och användandet av essentiella termer – av såväl journalister som politiker och andra makthavare – hämmar människors möjlighet till meningsfulla relationella band, vilka är viktiga för personens utveckling och välmående.

The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was born out of international security concerns triggered by rebel groups that were using the proceeds of rough diamonds to fund conflict. Rebel groups used rough diamonds, acquired through gross human rights abuses, to fund conflicts aimed at overthrowing legitimate governments. The situation was particularly calamitous and ruinous in Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In response to this situation a unique coalition of governments, civil society groups and stakeholders in the diamond industry, came together with the support of the United Nations and established a scheme to separate illicitly acquired diamonds from legally traded diamonds. The historical situation at the time allowed the KPCS to define conflict diamonds as "rough diamonds used by rebel movements or their allies to finance conflict aimed at undermining legitimate governments". However, the exploitation of Marange diamonds in Zimbabwe shows that the use of the proceeds of so-called conflict in diamonds is not limited to rebel movements aiming to wield power but such conflict can be political, economic and military in nature. In Zimbabwe, there was a link between human rights abuses and the ZANU PF led government. ZANU PF financed terror using Marange diamonds. There was international dissatisfaction with the way the KPCS scheme certified Marange diamonds. The USA maintained sanctions on Zimbabwe and Global Witness withdrew from the scheme in protest over the refusal of the scheme to evolve. On the other hand, some participant countries applauded the scheme for its work in certifying Marange diamonds. This study evaluates the efficacy of the scheme in curbing conflict diamonds brought into legal trade by legitimate governments. The study concludes that there is need for reform in the KPCS to successfully separate conflict diamonds from clean diamonds in the face of changing forms of conflict. In meeting its objective, the KPCS applies an exclusion mechanism where participants of the scheme do not trade with non-participants. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules prohibit discrimination amongst participants and the KPCS clearly violated this rule. Scholars have debated human rights exceptions in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). There is strong legal support for the idea that the KPCS is justified under GATT article XX and XI. The KPCS is presently operating under a waiver granted from by the WTO under article IX (3) and (4). Another challenge the scheme faces is the legal nature of the scheme. Scholars do not agree on whether to classify the scheme as hard law or soft law. There is a need for clarity on the legal nature of the scheme. / LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014