This diploma thesis deals with the development of methods for evaluating retention features of green roofs. For the purpose of this thesis, a rainfall simulator was designed and various types of precipitation were examined. The thesis is divided into two main parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. In the theoretical part, the importance of water retention on green roofs is discussed. In addition, a physical theory related to this topic is included and various rainfall simulators used for scientific experiments in the Czech Republic and abroad are described. The practical part deals with the measurement of droplet size and rainfall simulator design. In this part, the process of measuring the flow and the intensity of rainfall by using scales, flow meter and rain gauge is described. For this purpose, a datalogger was developed by the Faculty of Eletrical Engineering in Brno. Finally, the results are sumarized and recommendations on how to conduct the research in the future are provided.

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In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung eines kinetischen Energy Harvesters vorgestellt, der auf Grundlage des elektrostatischen Wandlerprinzips aus Vibrationen elektrische Energie generiert. Für die Umsetzung wurde eine Siliziummikrostruktur entworfen, die für Arbeitsfrequenzen unter 100 Hz ausgelegt ist. Die Zahnstruktur der verwendeten Elektroden ermöglicht Spaltabstände im Submikrometerbereich und folglich große Kapazitätsänderungen, die durch die Elektrodengeometrie zusätzlich mit einer höheren Frequenz als die mechanische Bewegung stattfinden. Vergleichsweise große Leistungsausbeuten und geringe Quellimpedanzen sind dadurch erreichbar. Die geometrischen Parameter der Elektroden wurden unter Berücksichtigung der auftretenden Fertigungstoleranzen und Wechselwirkungen zueinander optimiert. Für die Ausnutzung einer ausreichend großen Inertialmasse wurde ein feinwerktechnisch hergestellter Hebelmechanismus an die Mikrostruktur angekoppelt. Über diesen wird zusätzlich ein neuer Ansatz zur Abstimmung der Eigenfrequenz des Harvesters umgesetzt. Experimentelle Untersuchungen zeigten Ausgangsleistungen im einstelligen Mikrowattbereich bei Anregungen im Zehntel m/s²-Bereich. Durch fortschreitende Optimierungen der Fertigungstechnologie sind noch deutliche Leistungssteigerungen um mindestens zwei Größenordnungen möglich. Weiterhin wird ein Energiemanagementsystem vorgestellt, welches die effiziente Übertragung der Energie auf den Verbraucher ermöglicht. / In this work the development of a kinetic energy harvester using the electrostatic conversion principle is presented. The silicon microstructure is designed to work in frequency ranges below 100Hz. Its toothed electrode structure enables gap distances in the sub micrometer range and consequently high changes of capacitance. Additionally, due to the electrode geometry the frequency of the capacitance changes is higher then the frequency of the mechanical movement. Thus high power outputs and low source impedances can be reached. The electrodes geometric parameters were optimized considering manufacturing tolerances and interactions of the parameters. To reach a sufficient inertial mass, a lever mechanism manufactured by precision engineering was connected to the microstructure. This mechanism also allows the implementation of a new method of frequency tuning. In experimental tests power outputs in the single digit microwatt range under excitations of 0.3 m/s² were reached. In accordance of further optimizations of the manufacturing technology significantly higher outputs, by at least two orders of magnitude, are possible,. Furthermore an energy management system is presented, that allows the efficient transfer of the electrical energy to the consumer.

The Nordic power system is in a changing phase, with more power electronic interfaced connections, and HVDC connections to other synchronous areas, which impacts the frequency quality. This is a challenge for the transmission system operator of Sweden, Svenska Kraftnät, who, with the other Nordic transmission system operators, is responsible for the physical balancing of the Nordic power system. To ensure that the grid can maintain stable operation when power imbalances or a disturbance occur, the frequency quality is important to evaluate. According to the current measurement of frequency quality, minutes outside of the standard frequency band, the frequency quality in the Nordic power system has been deteriorating. The current measurement does not capture what impact the frequency quality and needs to be redefined, with more precise measurements, for Svenska Kraftnät to be able to take necessary actions to ensure stability of the power system. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to determine which key performance indices, KPIs, can be used to develop the definition of frequency quality, and which system parameters are captured by the different KPIs. This project is executed with simulations in Matlab/Simulink to determine the impact five system parameters have on 15 different KPIs, and the results from the simulations are validated with historical data. The results indicate that all system parameters can be captured with KPIs, but after validation with historical data only two system parameters, which correlated with four KPIs, were deemed to be valid. The amount of FCR-N energy activated can be captured with the standard deviation of frequency, frequency area, and number of FCR-D activations. The kinetic energy can be captured by the standard deviation of RoCoF. The KPIs are recommended to be used to identify, and measure, the impact of new technical requirements for frequency control, and how the frequency stability is impacted by changes in the system. The conclusion is that four key performance indices are recommended to improve the definition of frequency quality, and further research is recommended to further define the concept of frequency quality. / För tillfället sker stora förändringar i det nordiska elsystemet. Fler produktionsanläggningar och industrier ansluts med kraftelektronik och fler HVDC-anslutningar byggs till andra synkronområden, vilket har stor inverkan på frekvenskvalitén. Detta leder till nya utmaningar för det svenska transmissionsnätets systemansvariga myndighet, Svenska Kraftnät, som gemensamt med sina nordiska motsvarigheter är ansvariga för den fysiska balanseringen i det nordiska synkronområdet. Det är viktigt att kontinuerligt följa upp frekvenskvalitén i transmissionsnätet så att stabil drift kan garanteras både vid mindre obalanser eller i händelse av större störningar. Det nuvarande nyckeltalet för uppföljning av frekvenskvalité, minuter utanför normalbandet, indikerar att frekvenskvalitén i det nordiska synkronområdet har blir sämre de senaste åren. Det nuvarande nyckeltalet indikerar inte vad som påverkar frekvenskvalitén och behöver omdefinieras med mer precisa nyckeltal för att Svenska Kraftnät ska kunna vidta nödvändiga åtgärder för att garantera en stabil drift av transmissionnätet. Syftet med examensarbetet är att definiera nya nyckeltal för att beskriva frekvenskvalité samt undersöka vilka systemparametrar som fångas av de olika nyckeltalen. I detta projekt har simuleringar utförts i Matlab/Simulink för att bestämma den inverkan fem olika systemparametrar har på 15 olika nyckeltal. Resultaten från simuleringar valideras med historisk data. Resultaten från simuleringen indikerar att de fem systemparametrarna kan fångas av olika kombinationer av de föreslagna nyckeltalen, men efter validering med historisk data bedöms enbart två systemparametrar fångas av totalt fyra nyckeltal. Systemparametern aktiverad FCR-N energi fångas av tre nyckeltal: frekvensens standardavvikelse, frekvensarea och antal FCR-D-aktiveringar. Systemparametern kinetisk energi fångas av ett nyckeltal: frekvensderivatans standardavvikelse. De fyra identifierade nyckeltalen kan användas för att identifiera och mäta hur frekvenskvalitén påverkas av nya tekniska krav, samt hur frekvensstabilitet påverkas av förändringar i systemet. Slutsatsen för detta projekt är att fyra nya nyckeltal rekommenderas för att utveckla definitionen av frekvenskvalité. Vidare arbete rekommenderas för att kunna utveckla begreppet vidare.

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The current global scenario is such where impact on the environment is becoming a rising concern. Global automotive manufacturers have focused more towards hybrid and electric vehicles as both more aware customers and governmental legislation have begun demanding higher emission standards. One of the many ways that Volvo Car Group approaches this trend is by mild hybridization which is by assisting the combustion engine by a small electric motor and a battery pack. A smart energy management strategy is needed in order to get the most out of the benefits that hybrid electric vehicles offer. The main objective of this strategy is to utilize the electrical energy on-board in such a manner that the overall efficiency of the hybrid powertrain becomes as high as possible. The current implementation is such that the decision for using the on-board battery is non-predictive. This results in a sub-optimal utilization of the hybrid powertrain. In this thesis, a predictive energy optimization tool is developed to maximize the utility of hybridization and the practical implementation of this tool is investigated. The optimization considers both the capacity as well as the thermal loadconstraints of the battery. The developed optimization tool uses information about the route ahead together with convex optimization to produce optimal reference trajectories of the battery states. These trajectories are used in a real-time controller to determine the battery use by controlling the adjoint states in the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy equation. This optimization tool is validated and compared with the baseline controller in a simulation environment based on Simulink. When perfect information about the road ahead is known, the average reduction in fuel consumption is 0.99% relative the baseline controller. Several issues occurring in the real implementation are explored, such as the limited computational speed and the length of the route ahead that can be predicted. For this reason the information input to the optimization tool is segmented and the resulting performance is investigated. For a 30 second segmentation of the future route information, the average saving in fuel consumption is 0.13% relative to the baseline controller. It is shown that the main factor limiting the amount of savings in fuel consumption is the introduction of the thermal load constraints on the battery. / Det nuvarande globala scenariot är sådant där miljöpåverkan håller på att bli en växande angelägenhet. Globala fordonstillverkare har fokuserat mer på hybrid- och elfordon, eftersom både mer medvetna kunder och statlig lagstiftning har börjat kräva högre emissionskrav. Ett av de många sätt som Volvo Car Group närmar sig denna trend är genom mild hybridisering genom att bistå förbränningsmotorn med en liten elmotor och ett batteripaket. En smart strategi för energihantering behövs för att få ut det mesta av de fördelar som hybrida elfordon erbjuder. Huvudsyftet med denna strategi är att utnyttja den elektriska energin ombord på ett sådant sätt att den totala effektiviteten hos hybriddrivlinan blir så hög som möjligt.Den nuvarande implementeringen är sådan att beslutet att använda det fordonsbaserade batteriet är inte-förutsägbart. Detta resulterar i en suboptimal användning av hybriddrivlinan. I denna avhandling är ett prediktivt Energioptimeringsverktyg utvecklat för att maximera nyttan av hybridisering och det praktiska implementerandet av detta verktyg undersöks. Optimeringen beaktar både kapaciteten och de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna hos batteriet. Det utvecklade optimeringsverktyg använder information om vägen framåt tillsammans medkonvex optimering för att producera optimala referenstrajektorier av batteritillståndet. Dessa trajektorier används i en realtidsstyrenhet för att bestämma batterianvändningen genom att kontrollera adjungerade tillstånden strategiekvationen för den ekvivalenta förbrukningsminimiseringen. Optimeringsverktyget verifieras och jämförs med den ursprungliga styrenheten i en simuleringsmiljö baserad på Simulink. När perfekt information om vägen framåt är känd, är den genomsnittliga minskningen av bränsleförbrukningen 0,99 % relativt den ursprungliga styrenheten. Flera frågor som uppstår i den verkliga implementeringen undersöks, såsom den begränsade beräkningshastigheten och längden på den väg framåt som kan förutses. Av denna anledning är segmenteras informationen till optimeringsverktyget och den resulterande prestandan undersöks. För en 30 sekunders segmentering av framtida väginformation är den genomsnittliga besparingen i bränsleförbrukningen 0,13 % i förhållande till den ursprungligastyrenheten. Resultaten visar att den viktigaste faktorn som begränsar bränsleförbrukningsbesparingen är införandet av de termiska belastningsbegränsningarna på batteriet.

yes / The NLW database illustrates the extensive and eclectic literature regarding NLWs which covers the last few decades. It currently contains over 250 entries. It is important to have access not only to the more recent material, but also to earlier sources since many of the general debates and controversies have already been rehearsed, and lessons learnt from them are still relevant today. Yet, it is also vital to follow new developments of NLWs closely because rapidly changing technology is producing weapons whose implications for integration into military and civil police forces have yet to be clearly defined and understood. Of particular interest are not only NLW applications for war fighting, but opportunities for deployment in peace enforcement and peace keeping missions. These technologies span many bases including: psycho-chemicals; unmanned weapons platforms and delivery systems; biogenetics; acoustic and microwave weapons; biological and chemical weapons; laser systems; kinetic energy ballistics; dual purpose (lethal/non-lethal) weapons; and, sprays and foams which inhibit movement. The database will keep up to date on these developments and future reports will highlight new issues and debates surrounding them. With these rapid technological advances come a series of associated dangers and concerns including: the ethics of use; implications for weapons control and disarmament treaties; military doctrine; public accountability and guidelines; dangers of misuse and proliferation; and, research and development strategies. Using the database, and drawing from military and non-military sources, this report will select the main current issues and debates within the non-lethal community. Bearing in mind that many operations undertaken by military forces are now more akin to policing actions (such as peace support operations) there are lessons to be learnt by military units from civil police experience. There still remains a tension between perceived benign and malign intent both in NLW operational use and non-lethal research and development.

[ES] El propósito fundamental perseguido en esta tesis es el de establecer las relaciones entre el movimiento y la interpretación. Se ofrece una perspectiva global del fenómeno, a partir de la concepción holístico-kinética personal centrada en el repertorio actual para percusión. Las decisiones teórico-interpretativas son fruto de la reflexión y la continua praxis artística y docente realizada a lo largo de los años. Por una parte, a través de recitales tanto como solista como en diferentes proyectos relacionados con la creación, interpretación y difusión del arte de la percusión y por otra, en el desempeño de la función docente como especialista en distintos ámbitos y niveles. Se establecen las bases conceptuales necesarias para extrapolar unos principios comunes a los diferentes instrumentos o conjuntos de instrumentos a través de la interpretación del gran repertorio contemporáneo. El trabajo de investigación se lleva a cabo a partir del análisis, grabación, entrevistas a grandes intérpretes, estudios y trabajos similares en otros campos asociados por su empleo del movimiento como medio de expresión. La tesis cristaliza en diferentes resultados y conceptos teórico-prácticos que se ven reflejados en la edición de una partitura, la definición de unos principios generales interpretativos y la grabación en distintos formatos de las diferentes piezas que conforman el corpus principal de estudio. Los registros audiovisuales se agrupan en dos bloques: la edición de un CD de audio con 5 piezas del repertorio contemporáneo para percusión y clarinete bajo, y la grabación de las tres piezas fundamentales de la tesis en formato de video de alta calidad de acceso libre en la red. / [CA] El propòsit fonamental perseguit en aquesta tesi és el d'establir les relacions entre el moviment i la interpretació. S'ofereix una perspectiva global del fenomen, a partir de la concepció holístic-cinètica personal centrada en el repertori actual per percussió. Les decisions teòric-interpretatives són fruit de la reflexió i la contínua praxi artística i docent realitzada al llarg dels anys. D'una banda, a través de recitals tant com a solista com en diferents projectes relacionats amb la creació, interpretació i difusió de l'art de la percussió i per una altra, en l'exercici de la funció docent com a especialista en diferents àmbits i nivells. S'estableixen les bases conceptuals necessàries per extrapolar uns principis comuns als diferents instruments o conjunts d'instruments a través de la interpretació del gran repertori contemporani. El treball de recerca es porta a terme a partir de l'anàlisi, gravació, entrevistes a grans intèrprets, estudis i treballs similars en altres camps associats que empren el moviment com a mitjà d'expressió. La tesi cristal·litza en diferents resultats i conceptes teoricopràctics que es veuen reflectits en l'edició d'una partitura, la definició d'uns principis generals interpretatius i l'enregistrament en diferents formats de les diferents peces que conformen el corpus principal d'estudi. Els registres audiovisuals s'agrupen en dos blocs: l'edició d'un CD d'àudio amb 5 peces del repertori contemporani per a percussió i clarinet baix, i l'enregistrament de les tres peces fonamentals de la tesi en format de vídeo d'alta qualitat d'accés lliure a la xarxa. / [EN] The fundamental purpose pursued in this thesis is to establish the relationships between movement and interpretation. A global perspective of the phenomenon is offered, starting from the personal holistic-kinetic conception centered on the current repertoire for percussion. Theoretical-interpretative decisions are the result of reflection and continuous artistic and teaching practice carried out over the years. On the one hand, through recitals both as a soloist and in different projects related to the creation, interpretation and dissemination of the art of percussion and, on the other, in the performance of the teaching function as a specialist in different fields and levels. The necessary conceptual bases are established to extrapolate some common principles to the different instruments or sets of instruments through the interpretation of the great contemporary repertoire. The research work is carried out from the analysis, recording, interviews with great interpreters, studies and similar works in other fields associated with their use of movement as a means of expression. The thesis crystallizes in different results and theoretical-practical concepts that are reflected in the edition of a score, the definition of general interpretive principles and the recording in different formats of the different pieces that make up the main corpus of study. The audiovisual records are grouped into two blocks: the edition of an audio CD with 5 pieces of the contemporary repertoire for percussion and bass clarinet, and the recording of the three fundamental pieces of the thesis in free access high-quality video format in network. / Soriano Morales, J. (2021). Una visión holística del movimiento en el arte de la percusión actual a través de la aplicación de una concepción kinética personal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172193

In this thesis, a miniaturized energy harvester system is developed. The energy harvester converts fluid kinetic energy into electrical energy without using any rotating components. The working principle of the energy harvester is based on the so called vortex-induced vibration. Such systems have the potential to provide energy for wireless sensor networks in the field of inline measurements for gas, oil or water transportation systems. The theoretical background of the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is studied. Based on the studies, a fluid-structure interaction simulation is carried out to optimize the structure of the energy harvester. As result, the conversion efficiency is significantly improved, which is experimentally confirmed. A series of demonstrators are manufactured according to the simulation and optimization results. It is tested on a self-constructed test bench. To further improve the performance, an electromagnetic generator is proposed, and therefore, a multimethod demonstrator realized. The demonstrators are working in air flow already at a velocity of 2 m/s, and reach the maximum efficiency at 3.6 m/s. This performance ranks among the best published results and is discussed in detail. / In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein miniaturisiertes Energiegewinnungssystem entwickelt, das unter Verzicht auf rotierende Komponenten kinetische Strömungsenergie in elektrische Energie umwandelt. Die Funktion dieses Wandlers basiert auf der sogenannten wirbelinduzierten Vibration. Derartige Systeme besitzen unter anderem das Potenzial, drahtlose Sensornetzwerke zur Erfassung von Messdaten in Gas-, Öl- oder Wassertransportsystemen mit Energie zu versorgen zu können. In der Arbeit wird der theoretische Hintergrund der wirbelinduzierten Vibration untersucht und darauf basierend werden Fluid-Struktur-Wechselwirkungssimulationen zur Strukturoptimierung durchgeführt in deren Ergebnis eine theoretische Verbesserung der Effizienz des Wandlers um ein Mehrfaches erreicht wird, die auch praktisch bestätigt wird. Unter Berücksichtigung der Simulations- und Optimierungsergebnisse wurden eine Reihe von Demonstratoren gefertigt, die auf einem selbst konstruierten Prüfstand getestet wurden. Zur weiteren Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Wandlers wird ein zusätzlicher elektromagnetischer Generator vorgeschlagen und damit ein Multi-Methoden-Demonstrator technisch realisiert. Die Demonstratoren arbeiten in strömender Luft bereits bei Geschwindigkeiten von 2 m/s und erreichen bei 3,6 m/s ihre maximale Effizienz. Die erreichten Ergebnisse ordnen sich im Vergleich mit denen aus entsprechenden Publikationen vorn ein und werden ausführlich diskutiert.

A Pipeline Analytical Program and Dredging Knowledge{Base Expert{System (DKBES) determines a pipeline dredge's production and resulting cost and schedule. Pipeline dredge engineering presents a complex and dynamic process necessary to maintain navigable waterways. Dredge engineers use pipeline engineering and slurry transport principles to determine the production rate of a pipeline dredge system. Engineers then use cost engineering factors to determine the expense of the dredge project. Previous work in engineering incorporated an object{oriented expert{system to determine cost and scheduling of mid{rise building construction where data objects represent the fundamental elements of the construction process within the program execution. A previously developed dredge cost estimating spreadsheet program which uses hydraulic engineering and slurry transport principles determines the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system. This study focuses on combining hydraulic analysis with the functionality of an expert{system to determine the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system and its resulting schedule. Field data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pipeline dredge, Goetz, and several contract daily dredge reports show how accurately the DKBES can predict pipeline dredge production. Real{time dredge instrumentation data from the Goetz compares the accuracy of the Pipeline Analytical Program to actual dredge operation. Comparison of the Pipeline Analytical Program to pipeline daily dredge reports shows how accurately the Pipeline Analytical Program can predict a dredge project's schedule over several months. Both of these comparisons determine the accuracy and validity of the Pipeline Analytical Program and DKBES as they calculate the performance metrics of the pipeline dredge project. The results of the study determined that the Pipeline Analytical Program compared closely to the Goetz eld data where only pump and pipeline hydraulics a ected the dredge production. Results from the dredge projects determined the Pipeline Analytical Program underestimated actual long{term dredge production. Study results identi ed key similarities and di erences between the DKBES and spreadsheet program in terms of cost and scheduling. The study then draws conclusions based on these ndings and o ers recommendations for further use.