Thesis (Doctoral)--Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1982.

The mitochondrion contains its own genome. Replication of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an essential process that, in most organisms, occurs through the cell cycle with no known mechanism to ensure spatial or temporal constrain. Failures to maintain mtDNA copy number affects cellular functions causing several human disorders. However, it is not clear how the cells control the mtDNA copy number. The mtDNA of trypanosomes, known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), is a structurally complex network of topologically interlocked DNA molecules (minicircles and maxicircles). The replication mechanism of the kDNA differs greatly with all other eukaryotic systems. Key features of the kDNA replication mechanism include defined regions for main replication events, coordination of a large number of proteins to drive the replication process, and replication once per cell cycle in near synchrony with nuclear S phase. Two main regions known as the kinetoflagellar zone (KFZ) and the antipodal sites are where main kDNA replication events are known to occur (i.e, initiation, DNA synthesis and Okazaki fragment processing). So far, the localization of the proteins involved in kDNA replication is restricted to two main regions: the KFZ and the antipodal sites. Three mechanisms that directly regulate kDNA replication proteins and serve to control kDNA replication have been proposed: (1) Reduction and oxidation status of the universal minicircle sequence binding protein (UMSBP) controls its binding to the origin sequence, (2) Trans-acting factors regulate the stability of mRNA encoding mitochondrial Topoisomerase II during the cell cycle and, (3) Regulation of TbPIF2 helicase protein levels by a HslVU-like protease to control maxicircle copy number. These mechanisms seem to be protein specific and it appears that a combination rather than a single mechanism regulates kDNA replication. In this study we used Trypanosoma brucei to understand how mitochondrial DNA replication is controlled. We investigated the mechanism of how proteins transiently localize to the sites of DNA synthesis during cell cycle stages. Our data provides a comprehensive analysis of the first two examples of T. brucei kDNA replication proteins that have a cell cycle dependent localization (Ch. 2 and 3). The localization of two of the three essential mitochondrial DNA polymerases (TbPOLIC and TbPOLID) is under tight cell cycle control and not regulated by proteolysis. TbPOLIC and TbPOLID localize to the antipodal sites during kDNA S phase, however, at other cell cycle stages TbPOLIC becomes undetectable by immunofluorescent analysis and TbPOLID disperses through the mitochondrial matrix. In agreement with this data, TbPOLIC and TbPOLID replication complexes were not detected using affinity purification presumably because only a fraction of these proteins are participating in replication at a given time (Ch. 4). We propose that spatial and temporal changes in the dynamic localization of essential kDNA replication proteins provide a novel mechanism to control kDNA replication.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T08:15:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perez_ArinaMarina_D.pdf: 16850057 bytes, checksum: c8339559e1407d1727e423826290d6c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: LaRbp38 e uma proteína exclusiva de protozoários tripanosomatideos, entre os quais está os agentes etiológicos da leishmaniose, uma doença endêmica presente em diversas regiões do Brasil. LaRbp38 e codificada por um gene nuclear, que parece exercer diferentes funções nas maquinarias de replicação nuclear e mitocondrial. Foi primeiramente descrita como proteína estabilizadora de RNA mitocondrial e parece estar envolvida com a replicação de DNA mitocondrial. Em Leishmania, LaRbp38 também interage in vivo com DNA mitocondrial, com sequencias ricas em GT e com DNA telomerico simples e dupla fita. Nesta tese mostramos estudos que nos levaram a caracterizar novas propriedades estruturais e biológicas desta proteína. Na primeira parte da tese mostramos, que a LaRbp38 inteira e mutantes truncados da proteína são capazes de interagir com diferentes tipos de DNAs: DNA simples e dupla fitas telomericos e kDNA, porem com diferentes afinidades. Desta forma, foi possível mapear a vizinhança de um domínio de interação desta proteína aos diferentes tipos de DNA (DBD). Como este domínio não compartilha similaridade estrutural com nenhum domínio descrito em outras proteínas, isto sugere que este pode ser um novo domínio presente exclusivamente em tripanosomatideos. Estes resultados estão compilados no artigo entitulado: "Mapping the boundaries of the DNA-binding domain of Leishmania amzonensis Rbp38 (LaRbp38)". Na segunda parte da tese, mostramos a localização subcelular da proteína e como ela e capaz de translocar por diferentes compartimentos celulares utilizando um sinal de localização mitocondrial presente no N-terminal e um sinal de localização nuclear, presente no Cterminal da proteína. Embora a proteína esteja presente de forma mais abundante no cinetoplasto, e possível visualizá-la no núcleo quando o ciclo celular do parasita e sincronizado ou quando este e submetido a um estresse genotoxico. Baseado nesses achados também foram realizados ensaios de interação proteina-proteina, onde foi possível determinar a interação entre LaRbp38 e a proteína importina ?, uma proteína que esta diretamente ligada ao transporte de proteínas ao núcleo via NLS. Estes resultados também foram compilados em um artigo, que esta em fase de preparação, entitulado: "The protein LaRbp38 translocates between the nucleus and the kinetoplast in Leishmania (L.) amazonensis promastigotes". Outro estudo que realizamos para compreender a função da LaRbp38, o qual também esta na forma de um artigo: "LaRbp38 can form part of a shelterin-like complex in L.amazonensis telomeres", mostramos evidencias sobre a interação entre as proteínas LaRbp38 e a LaTRF de L.amazonensis. Aqui, uma analise in silico pela busca de motivos conservados em LaRbp38, nos levou a descobrir que esta proteína contem um motivo do tipo TRFH docking encontrado em proteínas telomericas que interagem com as proteínas da família das TRFs no complexo shelterina de vertebrados e mamíferos (ex: TIN2, PINX1 e APOLLO). Juntas, as TRFs e suas interatoras tem a função na manutenção dos telomeros. Sendo assim, utilizando ensaios de interação proteina-proteina, conseguimos mostrar que LaRbp38 interage fisicamente com a LaTRF, usando um motivo TRFH docking diferente daquele que foi primeiramente encontrado in silico. Nossos resultados mostram que a LaRbp38 interage com a LaTRF usando o motivo ALKTL, que compartilha similaridade de sequencia, com motivos descritos em proteínas interatoras de TRFs e bastante conservado entre as Rbp38 de tripanosomatideos. Estes resultados podem indicar que a LaRbp38 cumpre função análoga a uma das proteínas de vertebrados descritas como interatoras de TRFs, a proteína TIN2, que a exemplo de LaRbp38, também tem função nas mitocôndrias / Abstract: LaRbp38 is a trypanosomatid protein found exclusively in these protozoa, among which are the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, an endemic disease present in several regions of Brazil. LaRbp38 is a protein encoded by a nuclear gene, which probably plays different roles in both mitochondrial and nuclear replication machineries. It was first described as a mitochondrial RNA stabilizing protein involved in the replication of mitochondrial DNA. In Leishmania, LaRbp38 also interacts in vivo with mitochondrial DNA, GT-rich sequences and single- and double-stranded telomeric DNA. Here we show the results that led us to characterize some new biological and structural features of this protein. In the first part of the thesis we show that the entire LaRbp38 and its truncated mutants are able to interacts with different GT-rich DNAs and were possible to map the boundearies of a DNA-binding domain (DBD). This domain doesn't share any sequence or structural similarities with the domains described in other proteins suggesting that it could be a new domain present exclusively in trypanosomatids. These results are compiled in the article entitled: "Mapping the boundaries of the DNA-binding domain of Leishmania amzonensis Rbp38 (LaRbp38)." The second part of the thesis shows the subcellular localization of the protein and how it is able to translocate to different cellular compartments using an N-terminal mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) present in the C-terminus of the protein. Although the protein is seem more abundantly in the mitochondria associated with kinetoplast DNA, its nuclear localization seems to be cell cycle dependent and enhanced at the end of S phase or when parasites are subjected to genotoxic stress. In order to confirm that the protein is able to translocate to the nucleus, we used different in silico approaches. The results strongly suggest the existence of a non-classical and also non-bipartite NLS at the C-terminus of LaRbp38. Based on these findings we did protein-protein interaction assays and verified that LaRbp38 can associate in vitro with importin ?, which is directly linked to protein transport to the nucleus via a NLS. These results were also compiled in an article, which is in preparation, entitled: The LaRbp38 protein translocates between the nucleus and the kinetoplast in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Another study that was carried out and present in the third part of the thesis shows evidence about the interaction between LaRbp38 and the telomeric L.amazonensis LaTRF protein. These results are presented as an article entitled: "LaRbp38 can form part of a shelterina-like complex in L.amazonensis telomeres," Here, an in silico analysis search for conserved motifs in LaRbp38, showed that this protein contains a motif, the TRFH-docking-like typically found in proteins that associate with the TRF paralogue proteins (TRF1 and TRF2) in the shelterin complex of vertebrates and mammallian telomeres (eg.TIN2, PINX1 and APOLLO). TRFs and their interactors work together to regulate the dynamics of telomeric chromatin and telomere length maintenance. By using protein-protein interaction assays we show that LaRbp38 physically interacts with LaTRF. This interaction, however, seems to occurs via a new TRFH docking motif, which is different from the conserved core motif [FY]xLxP. This new TRFH-docking-like motif (ALKTL) aligns and share similarities with the TRH-docking motif described in the shelterin protein TIN2. This motif is also very conserved among the Rbp38 orthologues of other trypanosomatids. Curiously, TIN2 is a telomeric protein that shows nuclear and mitochondrial localization / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

Trypanosoma brucei and related parasites are causative agents of severe diseases that affect global health and economy. T. brucei is responsible for sleeping sickness in humans (African trypanosomiasis) and a wasting disease in livestock. More than 100 years after T. brucei was identified as the etiological agent for sleeping sickness, available treatments remain inadequate, complicated by toxicity, lengthy and expensive administration regiments, and drug-resistance. There is clear need for the development of a new antitrypanosomal drugs. Due to the unique evolutionary position of these early diverging eukaryotes, trypanosomes posses a number of biological properties unparalleled in other organisms, including humans, which could prove valuable for new drug targets. One of the most distinctive properties of trypanosomes is their mitochondrial DNA, called kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). kDNA is composed of over five thousand circular DNA molecules (minicircles and maxicircles) catenated into a topologically complex network. Replication of kDNA requires an elaborate topoisomerase-mediated release and reattachment mechanism for minicircle theta structure replication and at least five DNA polymerases. Three of these (POLIB, POLIC, and POLID) are related to bacterial DNA polymerase I and are required for kDNA maintenance and growth. Each polymerase appears to make a specialized contribution to kDNA replication. The research described in this dissertation is a significant contribution to the field of kDNA replication and the advancement of kDNA replication proteins as putative drug targets for sleeping sickness. Functional characterization of POLIB indicated that it participates in minicircle replication but is likely not the only polymerase contributing to this process. Gene silencing of POLIB partially blocked minicircle replication and led to the production of a previously unidentified free minicircle species, fraction U. Characterization of fraction U confirmed its identity as a population of dimeric minicircles with non-uniform linking numbers. Fraction U was not produced in response to silencing numerous other previously studied kDNA replication proteins but, as we demonstrated here, is also produced in response to POLID silencing. This common phenotype led us to hypothesize that POLIB and POLID both participate in minicircle replication. Simultaneously silencing both polymerases completely blocked minicircle replication, supporting a model of minicircle replication requiring both POLIB and POLID. Finally, we demonstrate that disease-causing trypanosomes require kDNA and the kDNA replication proteins POLIB, POLIC, and POLID. These data provide novel insights into the fascinating mechanism of kDNA replication and support the pursuit of kDNA replication proteins as novel drug targets for combating African trypanosomiasis.

Trypanosoma brucei and related protists are distinguished from all other eukaryotes by an unusual mitochondrial genome known as kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) that is a catenated network composed of minicircles and maxicircles. Replication of this single nucleoid involves a release, replicate, and reattach mechanism for the thousands of catenated minicircles and requires at least three DNA polymerase (POLIB, POLIC and POLID) with similarity to E. coli DNA polymerase I. Like other proofreading replicative DNA polymerases, POLIB has both an annotated polymerase domain and an exonuclease domain. Predictive modelling of POLIB indicates that it has the canonical right hand polymerase structure with a unique and large 369 amino acid insertion within the polymerase domain (thumb region) homologous to E. coli RNase T. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the polymerase domain is necessary for the essential replicative role of POLIB. To study the structure-function relationship, an RNAi-complementation system was designed to ectopically express POLIB variants in T. brucei that has endogenous POLIB silenced by RNAi.Control experiments expressing an ectopic copy of POLIB wildtype (IBWTPTP) or polymerase domain mutant (IBPol-PTP) in the absence of RNAi did not impact fitness in procyclic cells despite protein levels being 5 - 8.5 fold higher than endogenous POLIB levels. Immunofluorescence detection of the tagged variants indicated homogenous expression of the variants in a population of cells and negligible changes in kDNA morphology. Lastly, Southern blot analyses of cells expressing the IBWTPTP or IBPol-PTP variants indicated no changes in free minicircle species. A dually inducible RNAi complementation system was designed and tested with the IBWTPTP and IBPol-PTP variants. Inductions of POLIB RNAi accompanied by ectopic expression of either variant using the standard 1 mg/ml tetracycline resulted in low protein levels of both variants while knockdown of the endogenous POLIB mRNA was greater than 85%. Increasing the tetracycline concentration to 4 mg/ml improved expression levels of both variants. However, levels of the ectopically expressed variants never exceeded that of endogenous POLIB. Using the 4 mg/ml induction conditions, complementation with IBWTPTP resulted in a partial rescue of the POLIB RNAi phenotype based on fitness curves, quantification of kDNA content and Southern blot analysis of free minicircles. IBWTPTP complementation resulted in gradual increase of IBWTPTP protein levels over the 10 day induction, and a small kDNA phenotype instead of the progressive loss of kDNA normally associated with POLIB RNAi. Additionally, the loss of free minicircles was delayed. Complementation with the IBPol-PTP variant produced more consistent levels of IBPol-PTP protein although still below endogenous POLIB levels. Loss of fitness was similar to POLIB RNAi alone. However, a small kDNA phenotype emerged early after just four days of complementation and persisted for the remainder of the induction. The majority of the IBRNAi + IBPol-PTP population (70%) contained small kDNA compared to the parental POLIB RNAi or IBWTPTP complementation that had only 45% and 50% small kDNA, respectively. Lastly, the pattern of free minicircle loss closely resembled POLIB RNAi alone. Together, these data suggest that the dually inducible system results in a partial rescue with the IBWTPTP variant. Rescue with IBPol-PTP variant results in a noticeably different phenotype from either POLIB RNAi alone or IBWTPTP complementation indicating that the POLIB polymerase domain is likely essential for the in vivo role of POLIB during kDNA replication.

As técnicas sorológicas são os testes de referência para o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas, porém, são pouco efetivas para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento, uma vez que a soronegativação pode levar muitos anos. As sorologias também são usadas para identificar episódios de reativação em pacientes com algum grau de imunodeficiência, por exemplo, os co-infectados pelo HIV. Já a hemocultura e o xenodiagnóstico possuem elevada especificidade e baixa sensibilidade, requerendo de 30 a 120 dias para a liberação do resultado final, podendo gerar resultados falso-negativos especialmente na fase crônica da infecção. Diante disso, a PCR em tempo real (qPCR), técnica com elevada sensibilidade e especificidade, poderia ser utilizada para detectar e quantificar a carga parasitária, permitindo o diagnóstico de episódios de reativação e o monitoramento de pacientes em tratamento. A escolha dos alvos de amplificação e dos iniciadores da qPCR é desafiadora, já que ainda não existe consenso na literatura sobre a melhor sequência alvo de amplificação e os melhores iniciadores. No presente estudo, foram selecionados iniciadores do DNA nuclear (F2/B3) e do mitocondrial (32F/148R) de T. cruzi. Posteriormente, para validação dos ensaios, foram obtidas amostras de sangue, cérebro, coração, pulmão, fígado, baço, rim, intestino, glândulas adrenais, tecido adiposo e tecido muscular esquelético de 24 camundongos Swiss adultos, infectados intraperitonealmente com 103 formas tripomastigotas da cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi. Amostras foram colhidas no 13º, 26º e 61º dias pós-infecção, correspondendo a diferentes intensidades de carga parasitária (alta, média e baixa). As amostras foram analisadas por qPCR com SYBR Green. Os resultados mostraram que os iniciadores do DNA nuclear e mitocondrial detectaram T. cruzi de forma específica, sendo que as maiores cargas parasitárias foram detectadas pelos iniciadores do DNA nuclear, embora os iniciadores do DNA mitocondrial tenham apresentado maior sensibilidade analítica (0,002 e 0,0002 de um único parasito, respectivamente). As duas qPCR obtiveram índices adequados de reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade inferiores a 25%. Os parâmetros de eficiência, (90%- 110%) e linearidade (R2 >= 0.98) das duas qPCR apresentaram valores adequados de acordo com o estabelecido pela literatura especializada. A comparação do threshold cycle (CT) das duas qPCR não apresentou diferença estatística. Em relação à carga parasitária foi possível detectar o DNA do parasito em todas as amostras de sangue e tecidos, com distribuição universal, porém heterogênea, e em todas as fases da infecção. O modelo animal utilizado neste estudo foi adequado para validar as duas qPCR voltadas à detecção e quantificação da carga parasitária. De acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos, as duas qPCR, com iniciadores do DNA nuclear e do mitocondrial, foram padronizadas e validadas com sucesso, sendo capazes de quantificar todos os tipos de amostras (sangue e órgãos), nas fases aguda, subaguda e crônica da doença, sinalizando positivamente para a utilização dos dois ensaios moleculares no diagnóstico da infecção por T. cruzi. / Serological techniques are the gold standards for the diagnosis of Chagas\' disease, but are not very effective in evaluating the response to treatment, since seronegativation may take many years. Serology is also used to identify reactivation episodes in patients with some degree of immunodeficiency, for example those co-infected with HIV. Hemoculture and xenodiagnosis have high specificity and low sensitivity, requiring 30 to 120 days for releasing a final result, and they can generate false-negative results especially in the chronic phase of infection. Therefore, real-time PCR (qPCR), a technique with high sensitivity and specificity, could be used to detect and quantify the parasite load, allowing the diagnosis of reactivation episodes and the monitoring of patients undergoing treatment. The choice of amplification targets and qPCR primers is challenging since there is as yet no consensus in the literature about the best amplification target sequence and the best primers. In the present study, primers from the nuclear (F2/B3) and mitochondrial, kDNA (32F/148R) T. cruzi sequences were designed. Samples were obtained from the blood, brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, adrenal glands, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue of 24 adult Swiss mice, infected intraperitoneally with 103 trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. The samples were collected at the 13th, 26th and 61st post-infection days, corresponding to different parasite load levels (low, medium and high), and were analyzed by qPCR with SYBR Green. The results showed that the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA primers detected T. cruzi DNA in a specific way. The nuclear primers detected higher parasite load levels than the kDNA ones, although the kDNA primers presented higher analytical sensitivity (0.002 and 0.0002 of a single parasite, respectively). The two qPCRs showed adequate reproducibility and repeatability indexes, i.e., below 25%. The efficiency parameters, (90% - 110%) and linearity (R2 >=0.98) of the two qPCRs showed adequate values according to the established literature. The comparison of the threshold cycle (CT) of the two qPCRs found no statistical difference. Regarding the parasite load, it was possible to detect the parasite DNA in all blood and tissue samples, with universal distribution, however heterogeneous, and at all stages of infection. The animal model used in this study was adequate to validate the two qPCRs for the detection and quantification of the parasite load. According to established parameters, the two qPCRs, with nuclear and mitochondrial primers, were successfully standardized and validated, being able to quantify all types of samples (blood and organs), in the acute, subacute and chronic phases of the disease, signaling positively to the use of both molecular assays in the diagnosis of T. cruzi infections.

As técnicas sorológicas são os testes de referência para o diagnóstico da doença de Chagas, porém, são pouco efetivas para avaliar a resposta ao tratamento, uma vez que a soronegativação pode levar muitos anos. As sorologias também são usadas para identificar episódios de reativação em pacientes com algum grau de imunodeficiência, por exemplo, os co-infectados pelo HIV. Já a hemocultura e o xenodiagnóstico possuem elevada especificidade e baixa sensibilidade, requerendo de 30 a 120 dias para a liberação do resultado final, podendo gerar resultados falso-negativos especialmente na fase crônica da infecção. Diante disso, a PCR em tempo real (qPCR), técnica com elevada sensibilidade e especificidade, poderia ser utilizada para detectar e quantificar a carga parasitária, permitindo o diagnóstico de episódios de reativação e o monitoramento de pacientes em tratamento. A escolha dos alvos de amplificação e dos iniciadores da qPCR é desafiadora, já que ainda não existe consenso na literatura sobre a melhor sequência alvo de amplificação e os melhores iniciadores. No presente estudo, foram selecionados iniciadores do DNA nuclear (F2/B3) e do mitocondrial (32F/148R) de T. cruzi. Posteriormente, para validação dos ensaios, foram obtidas amostras de sangue, cérebro, coração, pulmão, fígado, baço, rim, intestino, glândulas adrenais, tecido adiposo e tecido muscular esquelético de 24 camundongos Swiss adultos, infectados intraperitonealmente com 103 formas tripomastigotas da cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi. Amostras foram colhidas no 13º, 26º e 61º dias pós-infecção, correspondendo a diferentes intensidades de carga parasitária (alta, média e baixa). As amostras foram analisadas por qPCR com SYBR Green. Os resultados mostraram que os iniciadores do DNA nuclear e mitocondrial detectaram T. cruzi de forma específica, sendo que as maiores cargas parasitárias foram detectadas pelos iniciadores do DNA nuclear, embora os iniciadores do DNA mitocondrial tenham apresentado maior sensibilidade analítica (0,002 e 0,0002 de um único parasito, respectivamente). As duas qPCR obtiveram índices adequados de reprodutibilidade e repetibilidade inferiores a 25%. Os parâmetros de eficiência, (90%- 110%) e linearidade (R2 >= 0.98) das duas qPCR apresentaram valores adequados de acordo com o estabelecido pela literatura especializada. A comparação do threshold cycle (CT) das duas qPCR não apresentou diferença estatística. Em relação à carga parasitária foi possível detectar o DNA do parasito em todas as amostras de sangue e tecidos, com distribuição universal, porém heterogênea, e em todas as fases da infecção. O modelo animal utilizado neste estudo foi adequado para validar as duas qPCR voltadas à detecção e quantificação da carga parasitária. De acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos, as duas qPCR, com iniciadores do DNA nuclear e do mitocondrial, foram padronizadas e validadas com sucesso, sendo capazes de quantificar todos os tipos de amostras (sangue e órgãos), nas fases aguda, subaguda e crônica da doença, sinalizando positivamente para a utilização dos dois ensaios moleculares no diagnóstico da infecção por T. cruzi. / Serological techniques are the gold standards for the diagnosis of Chagas\' disease, but are not very effective in evaluating the response to treatment, since seronegativation may take many years. Serology is also used to identify reactivation episodes in patients with some degree of immunodeficiency, for example those co-infected with HIV. Hemoculture and xenodiagnosis have high specificity and low sensitivity, requiring 30 to 120 days for releasing a final result, and they can generate false-negative results especially in the chronic phase of infection. Therefore, real-time PCR (qPCR), a technique with high sensitivity and specificity, could be used to detect and quantify the parasite load, allowing the diagnosis of reactivation episodes and the monitoring of patients undergoing treatment. The choice of amplification targets and qPCR primers is challenging since there is as yet no consensus in the literature about the best amplification target sequence and the best primers. In the present study, primers from the nuclear (F2/B3) and mitochondrial, kDNA (32F/148R) T. cruzi sequences were designed. Samples were obtained from the blood, brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, intestine, adrenal glands, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue of 24 adult Swiss mice, infected intraperitoneally with 103 trypomastigote forms of the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. The samples were collected at the 13th, 26th and 61st post-infection days, corresponding to different parasite load levels (low, medium and high), and were analyzed by qPCR with SYBR Green. The results showed that the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA primers detected T. cruzi DNA in a specific way. The nuclear primers detected higher parasite load levels than the kDNA ones, although the kDNA primers presented higher analytical sensitivity (0.002 and 0.0002 of a single parasite, respectively). The two qPCRs showed adequate reproducibility and repeatability indexes, i.e., below 25%. The efficiency parameters, (90% - 110%) and linearity (R2 >=0.98) of the two qPCRs showed adequate values according to the established literature. The comparison of the threshold cycle (CT) of the two qPCRs found no statistical difference. Regarding the parasite load, it was possible to detect the parasite DNA in all blood and tissue samples, with universal distribution, however heterogeneous, and at all stages of infection. The animal model used in this study was adequate to validate the two qPCRs for the detection and quantification of the parasite load. According to established parameters, the two qPCRs, with nuclear and mitochondrial primers, were successfully standardized and validated, being able to quantify all types of samples (blood and organs), in the acute, subacute and chronic phases of the disease, signaling positively to the use of both molecular assays in the diagnosis of T. cruzi infections.