The ability of plants to sense and respond to environmental and endogenous signals is essential to their growth and development. As part of these diverse cellular functions, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has emerged to be an important process involved in how plant signalling pathways can be regulated in response to such cues. Of the three enzymes involved in linking ubiquitin to protein targets, E3 ubiquitin ligases are of interest as they confer substrate specificity during this ubiquitination process. The overall focal point of this research is on plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases, a family that has undergone a large gene expansion possibly attributable to the regulation of biological processes unique to the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis there are 64 predicted PUBs, many for which biological roles have yet to be determined. And as research continues to uncover PUB functions, the functional diversity in the gene family will likely expand. Specifically the focus of this research is on characterizing two ARM repeat-containing PUBs – AtPUB18 and AtPUB19. General analysis of pub18 and pub19 T-DNA insertion lines for growth defects did not yield distinct altered phenotypes. Closer inspection of selected lines showed independent gene assortment phenotypes that, with further inordinately convoluted pursuit, proved to have an AtPUB18/19-unrelated outcome. The availability of Arabidopsis microarray databases provided exploratory expression profiling as a starting point to elucidate PUB function. AtPUB19 and closely related AtPUB18 are notable for their increased expression during abiotic stresses. While condition-directed germination assays showed a decreased sensitivity to salt and ABA for pub18 pub19 double insertion lines, no related change in susceptibility to these or other abiotic stress treatments were seen with condition-directed root growth assays. Thus, this preliminary work has begun to reveal insight into the complex abiotic stress-related roles AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 have during mediation of environmental stress acclimation in Arabidopsis.

The ability of plants to sense and respond to environmental and endogenous signals is essential to their growth and development. As part of these diverse cellular functions, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has emerged to be an important process involved in how plant signalling pathways can be regulated in response to such cues. Of the three enzymes involved in linking ubiquitin to protein targets, E3 ubiquitin ligases are of interest as they confer substrate specificity during this ubiquitination process. The overall focal point of this research is on plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases, a family that has undergone a large gene expansion possibly attributable to the regulation of biological processes unique to the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis there are 64 predicted PUBs, many for which biological roles have yet to be determined. And as research continues to uncover PUB functions, the functional diversity in the gene family will likely expand. Specifically the focus of this research is on characterizing two ARM repeat-containing PUBs – AtPUB18 and AtPUB19. General analysis of pub18 and pub19 T-DNA insertion lines for growth defects did not yield distinct altered phenotypes. Closer inspection of selected lines showed independent gene assortment phenotypes that, with further inordinately convoluted pursuit, proved to have an AtPUB18/19-unrelated outcome. The availability of Arabidopsis microarray databases provided exploratory expression profiling as a starting point to elucidate PUB function. AtPUB19 and closely related AtPUB18 are notable for their increased expression during abiotic stresses. While condition-directed germination assays showed a decreased sensitivity to salt and ABA for pub18 pub19 double insertion lines, no related change in susceptibility to these or other abiotic stress treatments were seen with condition-directed root growth assays. Thus, this preliminary work has begun to reveal insight into the complex abiotic stress-related roles AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 have during mediation of environmental stress acclimation in Arabidopsis.

L’Ins(1,4,5)P3 joue un rôle évident dans la signalisation cellulaire :il permet la libération du Ca 2+ des stocks intracellulaires par son action au niveau de récepteurs spécifiques. Pour mettre fin à son action, l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 peut être dégradé par une Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase en Ins(1,4)P2, un métabolite inactif. L’Ins(1,4,5)P3 peut aussi être transformé en Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 par une Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase. L’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 semble posséder des capacités de signalisation propres ou au contraire liées à celles de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3.<p>L’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 est aussi le point de départ de toute une série d’inositol hautement phosphorylés, dont les rôles ne sont pas clairs. Trois isoformes de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase existent (A, B et C). Ces isoformes possèdent un domaine catalytique carboxy-terminal bien conservé. Par contre, les domaines amino-terminaux sont spécifiques et leur permettraient d’établir des interactions ou de subir des régulations propres. Pour tenter d’élucider le rôle fonctionnel de l’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, nous avons généré et analysé des souris déficientes pour les isoformes B et C de cette enzyme.<p>Les souris déficientes pour l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase C ne présentent pas de phénotype évident, ce qui suggère que son rôle n’est pas crucial ou que son absence peut être compensée par une autre enzyme.<p>Les souris déficientes pour l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase B, par contre, présentent une immunodéficience caractérisée par une absence spécifique des lymphocytes T αβ périphériques. Cette absence fait suite à un blocage dans la différenciation du précurseur du lymphocyte, le thymocyte. Les caractéristiques de la signalisation induite par le récepteur de surface (TCR) permettent la sélection des thymocytes, de manière à constituer un pool de lymphocytes T restreints pour le MHC et tolérants pour le soi. Nous avons montré que ces phénomènes de sélection étaient défectueux dans les thymocytes mutants, du fait de leur hyporéactivité à la stimulation par le TCR. Le mécanisme responsable de cette hyporéactivité n’est pas encore élucidé. A première vue, la mobilisation de Ca 2+ ne semble pas altérée dans ces thymocytes mutants en réponse à des stimulations classiques. Cependant, d’autres types de stimulation, se rapprochant plus de celles réellement rencontrées par le thymocyte in vivo, doivent encore être investigués. L’intégrité d’autres voies de signalisation cruciales du lymphocyte T doit aussi être vérifiée.<p>En conclusion, l’isoforme B de l’Ins(1,4,5)P3 3-kinase et l’Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 qu’il produit jouent un rôle crucial dans la différenciation du thymocyte, par un mécanisme qui reste encore à déterminer. / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Táto diplomová práca je zameraná na preukazovanie vplyvov rôznych architektúr spätnej recirkulácie spalín na preplňované benzínové motory. Simulácie boli vytvorené v termodynamickom simulačnom programme GT-Power. Práca začína porovnávaním vplyvov spätnej recirkulácie na ustálené stavy motora, najmä z hľadiska spotreby, ktoré sú následne implementované do tranzientných modelov, simulujúc emisné testovacie cykly. Na konci práce sa venujem vplyvom spätnej recirkulácie na funkciu oxidačno-redukčného katalyzátora a na funkciu turbodúchadla.

Naturally aspirated petrol engine, pressure losses, EGR, low-pressure EGR, water injection, power increasing, BSFC, GT-Power, thermodynamic model, engine knock

The main objective of the presented thesis is to contribute to the development of diagnostic methods for piezoelectric sensor testing. The thesis describes the methods for piezoelectric sensors microcracks identification and diagnostics. The core of the thesis presents the development of a knock sensor prototype, design of suitable methods for the knock sensors diagnosis and evaluation of developed methods with focus on detection of microcracks in the sensor piezoceramic. The last part of the thesis deals with the influence of cracks and splits on the measured data from the piezoelectric transducer. The presented methods are focusing on impedance measurements and sensors frequency response measurements. Known properties of used piezoelectric material as an information source for measurement and diagnosis are provided. The main result of the work is the evaluation of the methods developed for the piezoelectric sensors self-diagnosis.

[EN] This research work presents the study of a low pressure EGR loop influence on a SI gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine in steady and transient testing conditions, with an optimization process of the original engine calibration in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption when cooled EGR is introduced in steady testing conditions. The cooled EGR strategy was also evaluated operating in synergy with other fuel consumption reduction strategies, such as: lean burn, multi-injection, higher coolant temperature and in-cylinder induced swirl motion. To fulfill the main objectives of this research work, firstly, a methodical process was followed, where a global methodology was first developed in order to obtain high accuracy engine tests, based on the experimental tools chosen that could comply with the requirements of the testing conditions, and the appropriate theoretical tools and procedure to post-process the tests performed. Secondly, a specific methodology was developed for each stage of the study and testing conditions, taking into account optimization processes or parametric tests in order to study the effect of a single parameter on engine's outputs or optimize an engine parameter in order to minimize the engine fuel consumption. As a first stage of the study, a basic analysis of the impact of cooled EGR on the engine combustion, performance, air management and exhaust emissions is presented. Afterwards, an optimization of the combustion phasing in order to minimize the fuel consumption was performed, and therefore the potential of cooled EGR in order to reduce the engine fuel consumption was observed for low load, part load and full load engine conditions, for two different engine speeds. In addition, a study in transient conditions of the engine operating with cooled EGR was performed. NEDC cycles were performed with different EGR valve openings and therefore a comparison of different cooled EGR rates influence on the engine performance, air management and accumulated exhaust emissions was presented. The second stage, consisted in a methodology developed to optimize the VVT setting and injection timing, for part load engine conditions, in order to maximize the cooled EGR potential to reduce engine fuel consumption. After this optimization, a synergy analysis of the optimum engine condition operating with cooled EGR and three other engine fuel consumption reduction strategies was performed. These strategies were tested to investigate and evaluate the potential of increasing the cooled EGR operational range to further decrease the engine fuel consumption. Furthermore, a basic study of the potential to reduce the engine fuel consumption and impact on combustion, air management and exhaust emissions of a lean burn strategy, in part load engine conditions, was presented as introduction of the final study of the cooled EGR strategy operating in synergy with the lean burn strategy in order to investigate the potential to control the exhaust emissions and reduce the engine fuel consumption. / [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo de investigación es estudiar la influencia de un lazo de baja presión de EGR en las prestaciones de un motor de gasolina de encendido provocado turbosobrealimentado e inyección directa, en condiciones de ensayos estacionarios y transitorios, con un proceso de optimización de la calibración original del motor para minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor. La estrategia de "cooled EGR" fue también evaluada operando en sinergia con otras estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor, entre ellas: mezcla pobre, múltiples inyecciones, operación a alta temperatura del fluido refrigerante del motor y movimiento de "swirl" inducido en el cilindro. Para cumplir con los objetivos mencionados, se siguió un proceso metódico donde previamente se desarrolló una metodología global para obtener resultados de indudable calidad, basados en el uso de herramientas experimentales que cumplieran con los requerimientos de las condiciones de ensayo, y las apropiadas herramientas teóricas y procedimiento para post-procesar los ensayos realizados. En segundo lugar, se desarrolló una metodología específica para cada etapa del estudio, teniendo en cuenta los procesos de optimización o estudios paramétricos que se pudieran realizar. Como primera etapa, se presenta un estudio básico del impacto del "cooled EGR" en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor. Seguidamente, se procedió a la optimización del centrado de la combustión con la finalidad de minimizar el consumo de combustible del motor y poder analizar el potencial del "cooled EGR" como estrategia de reducción de consumo de combustible. El estudio presentado se realizó para baja, media y alta carga del motor con dos diferentes regímenes de giro del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio del motor operando en condiciones transitorias con "cooled EGR". Se realizaron una serie de ensayos usando el ciclo NEDC como base y se probaron diferentes estrategias sencillas de control de la apertura de la válvula de EGR para analizar la influencia del "cooled EGR" en condiciones transitorias. La segunda etapa consiste en el desarrollo de una metodología para optimizar los parámetros del diagrama de distribución (VVT) y el inicio de inyección, para cargas medias del motor, con la finalidad de maximizar el potencial de reducción de consumo de combustible de la estrategia "cooled EGR". Una vez realizada la optimización, se llevó a cabo un estudio usando la configuración óptima encontrada, operando en sinergia con otras tres estrategias usadas para reducir el consumo de combustible del motor. Estas estrategias fueron evaluadas con la finalidad de incrementar el rango de operación de la estrategia "cooled EGR" para lograr reducir aún más el consumo de combustible del motor. Adicionalmente, se llevó a cabo un estudio básico sobre la influencia de operar con mezcla pobre en la combustión, prestaciones, renovación de la carga y emisiones contaminantes del motor, como introducción al último estudio llevado a cabo sobre la posibilidad de usar la estrategia de mezcla pobre en conjunto con la estrategia de "cooled EGR", con la finalidad de analizar el potencial de controlar las emisiones contaminantes y reducir el consumo de combustible del motor al mismo tiempo. / [CA] L'objectiu d'este treball d'investigació és estudiar la influència d'un llaç de baixa pressió d'EGR en les prestacions d'un motor de gasolina d'encesa provocat turbosobrealimentat i injecció directa, en condicions d'assajos estacionaris i transitoris, amb un procés d'optimització del calibratge original del motor per a minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor. L'estratègia de "cooled EGR" va ser també avaluada operand en sinergia amb altres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor, entre elles: mescla pobra, múltiples injeccions, operació a alta temperatura del fluid refrigerant del motor i moviment de `"swirl" induït en el cilindre. Per a complir amb els objectius mencionats, es va seguir un procés metòdic on prèviament es va desenrotllar una metodologia global per a obtindre resultats d'indubtable qualitat, basats en l'ús de ferramentes experimentals que compliren amb els requeriments de les condicions d'assaig, i les apropiades ferramentes teòriques i procediment per a post- processar els assajos realitzats. En segon lloc, es va desenrotllar una metodologia específica per a cada etapa de l'estudi, tenint en compte els processos d'optimització o estudis paramètrics que es pogueren realitzar. Com a primera etapa, es presenta un estudi bàsic de l'impacte del "cooled EGR" en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor. A continuació, es va procedir a l'optimització del centrat de la combustió amb la finalitat de minimitzar el consum de combustible del motor i poder analitzar el potencial del "cooled EGR" com a estratègia de reducció de consum de combustible. L'estudi presentat es va realitzar per a baixa, mitja i alta càrrega del motor amb dos diferents règims de gir del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi del motor operand en condicions transitòries amb "cooled EGR". Es van realitzar una sèrie d'assajos usant el cicle NEDC com a base i es van provar diferents estratègies senzilles de control de l'obertura de la vàlvula d'EGR per a analitzar la influència del "cooled EGR" en condicions transitòries. La segona etapa consistix en el desenrotllament d'una metodologia per a optimitzar els paràmetres del diagrama de distribució (VVT) i l'inici d'injecció, per a càrregues mitges del motor, amb la finalitat de maximitzar el potencial de reducció de consum de combustible de l'estratègia "cooled EGR". Una vegada realitzada l'optimització, es va dur a terme un estudi usant la configuració òptima trobada, operant en sinergia amb altres tres estratègies usades per a reduir el consum de combustible del motor. Estes estratègies van ser avaluades amb la finalitat d'incrementar el rang d'operació de l'estratègia "cooled EGR" per a aconseguir reduir encara més el consum de combustible del motor. Addicionalment, es va dur a terme un estudi bàsic sobre la influència d'operar amb mescla pobra en la combustió, prestacions, renovació de la càrrega i emissions contaminants del motor, com a introducció a l'últim estudi dut a terme sobre la possibilitat d'usar l'estratègia de mescla pobra en conjunt amb l'estratègia de "cooled EGR", amb la finalitat d'analitzar el potencial de controlar les emissions contaminants i reduir el consum de combustible del motor al mateix temps. / Rivas Perea, ME. (2016). Assessment of fuel consumption reduction strategies on a gasoline turbocharged direct injection engine with a cooled EGR system [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68497

From RNA-to-protein, translation initiation and protein synthesis is mediated by trans-acting factors that recognize mRNA features common to almost all eukaryotes. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex (eIF3) is a highly conserved protein complex that recognizes 5'-CAP elements of the mRNA to initiate translation. eIF3 consists of nine subunits, three of them having two isoforms: eIF3A, eIF2B1, eIF3B2, eIF3C1, eIF3C2, eIF3D, eIF3E, eIF3F, eIF3G1, eIF3G2, eIF3H and eIF3K. This work deals with functional characterization, expression and subcellular localization of eIF3B1, eIF3B2 and eIF3E in Arabidopsis thaliana male gametophyte and interaction of eIF3E with the Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9 (COP9) complex as a regulatory complex of eIF3E post-translational control. Here we show that depletion of eif3b1 or eif3b2 is not gametophytic lethal and that the two protein might function redundantly, whereas, knockout of eIF3E causes male gametophyte lethality. Interestingly, eif3b1 show post-fertilization defects during embryogenesis, suggesting that its redundancy with eIF3B2 is restricted to the gametophyte. Gene expression studies revealed high expression of eIF3 subunits in actively dividing zones of leaf primordia, root meristem and root elongation zones as well as in the vegetative...

時尚設計師出面控訴快時尚品牌抄襲的新聞層出不窮，不乏設計師出面指稱現行法規對其保護不足，而時尚設計、服裝設計領域近期不斷以新穎之技術、手法融入設計當中，呈現出更多以往不可能呈現的造型，使得服裝設計越來越像藝術品，並不單單只是為了使人穿著，進而引發是否有必要將服裝設計與傳統藝術作品區別保護之爭辯。 根據美國國會2016年的報告顯示，全球時尚產業每年產值約1.75兆美金，過去曾有紡織王國美稱的台灣，也開始從過去的委託製造（OEM）致力轉型於委託設計製造（ODM），至今努力發展自有品牌（OBM），如何成功打入國際為本土品牌未來應努力之方向。歐盟地區有歐盟共同體設計規定，予以服裝設計周全之設計權保護；美國則長期受制於實用性物品原則之可分離性判斷，而長期無法提供服裝設計之著作權保護；我國雖未明文不予服裝設計著作權保護，但也長期處於不明確之狀態。對設計師而言，不明確之保護即為一不確定風險，將阻礙具創意的新設計之出現，此為台灣推行文化創意產業、將本土品牌推向國際、培育新一代設計師所需解決之問題。 本研究主要分為五章，除第一章為緒論外，第二章為時尚設計產業與國際保護現況之概述，第三章主要論述美國著作權法基本結構且以服裝設計為重心，並就前述基礎由實務案例加以歸納評析美國實務對於服裝設計著作權保護之態度，第四章主要論述我國著作權法基本結構且以服裝設計為重心，並就前述基礎藉由實務案例加以歸納評析我國實務對於服裝設計著作權保護之態度，第五章提出本研究之結論與建議。 經研究發現著作權法並非全然對於服裝設計不予以保護，僅係因立法政策與解釋論上之不穩定見解，導致保護的不確定性，希望透過此篇論文能夠提供我國主管機關解釋上之建議。 / Nowadays, copycat, knock-off accusements appear frequently within fashion design industry. Some of the scholars, industrial representors comment that fashion design is not copyrightable and shall not be protected. However, it is indisputable that fashion is an innovative and orginal form of art. Furthermore, fahion design consists of artisic expression and other unique features. Thus fashion designers and other kind of artists shall not be treated unfairly. This study focuses on copyright protection both in Taiwan and United States. And discuss to what extent shall we protect garment design and how we can seafeguard talented fashion desingers’s creative works. The study is divided into five parts. The first part is the introduction part. The second part is talking about the featues of fashion design industry and international rules which are related to fashion design. The third part focuses on copright law, domestic theoretical legal analysis and cases on garment design infringement lawsuits in the United States. The fourth part focuses on copright law, domestic theoretical legal analysis and cases on garment design infringement lawsuits in Taiwan. In the end, this study provides several suggestions for the Taiwanese adminstrtion agencies and juditial authorities.