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Ambiguities have long intrigued design and new product development (NPD) researchers: The fascination seems rooted in an endeavor to understand how design outcomes may be created despite the ambiguous nature of such work. There are several classic contributions on how to categorize, avoid and approach ambiguities. Some of the newer theories have also pointed to benefits arising from temporarily sustaining ambiguity. Little research has considered how ambiguities emerge, how ambiguities are sensed by practitioners, and the actions the practitioners take, either to harness or to reduce the generative and transformative power of ambiguity, however. This is unfortunate, since ambiguities are at the heart of such knowing-work. If one does not know how to sense the emergence of ambiguities and act to reduce or harness their generative and transformative power, i.e. negotiate ambiguity, the work might become unproductive, confused, uncreative, and might require more energy and attention. The purpose of this research is to portray how ambiguities emerge and are negotiated in knowing-work. This is achieved by drawing on two cases of design and NPD work, from practice epistemology. The results indicated that the emerging ambiguities changed in the ongoing work, some being reduced, others becoming obsolete or persisting. The results also included five generalized actions to negotiate ambiguity: (1) constructing points of references, (2) mediating between perspectives, (3) anchoring in expertise, (4) disarming future resistance, and (5) creating shared visions. This research has concluded that the very essence of design work concerns the emergence and fading away of ambiguity. The actions taken to negotiate ambiguity mediates the emergence of the design outcome. This research makes two contributions: first, it illustrates how ambiguities open up design work by creating a space for action; second, it illustrates how actions to negotiate ambiguity maneuver in this space for action. / Den typ av arbete som tar sig an utvecklandet av nya produkter och tjänster omges ofta av oklarhet kring vad som skall skapas, hur den framtida marknaden ser ut samt vilka utmaningar som kommer att framträda under arbetets gång. Sådana oklarheter har studerats i design- och produktutvecklingsforskning, ofta under antagandet att oklarheterna bör undvikas och minimeras. Dock finns det även nyare forskning som pekar mot att oklarheter kan vara fördelaktiga i arbetet. Forskningen är dock begränsad vad gäller hur oklarheterna framträder i arbetet, hur praktiker förnimmer dessa oklarheter, samt hur en kan ta sig an dessa oklara situationer för att söka reducera eller dra nytta av potentialen i oklara situationer. Detta är olyckligt, då oklarhet ligger i skapandearbetets kärna. En sådan begränsad kunskapsbildning leder till förenklade antaganden kring oklarhetens roll i design- och produktutvecklingsarbete. Därtill får det rent praktiska konsekvenser då designkonsulternas praktik och yrkeskunnande delvis är höljd i dunkel, genom att deras förmåga att förnimma och förhandla oklarhet tidigare förbisetts. Syftet med denna forskning är således att studera hur oklarheter framträder samt förhandlas i skapandearbete, genom att stödja sig på empiriska studier av arbetet i två designkonsultföretag, utifrån ett praktikperspektiv. Resultaten visar både att oklarheter uppkommer och försvinner kontinuerligt i arbetet, samt beskriver fem förhandlingsaktiviteter: (1) skapa referenspunkter; (2) medla mellan perspektiv; (3) förankra i expertis; (4) avväpna framtida motstånd; och (5) skapa gemensamma visioner. Slutsatserna visar på att oklarheter skapar tolkningsutrymme i arbetet: i tvetydighetens många tolkningar öppnas ett utrymme för skapande och möjlighet till omtolkning. Därtill framkommer att förhandlingsaktiviteterna manövrerar i detta tolkningsutrymme, genom att nyttja eller minska oklarhetens många tolkningar. / <p>QC 20170508</p>

A enfermagem, pela sua origem histórica, agrega uma diversidade de profissões e especializações que atuam no cuidado de pessoas. São enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem dividindo o mesmo espaço de trabalho. As práticas e os procedimentos na área da saúde, principalmente aqueles voltados às profissões de enfermagem são norteados por inúmeras rotinas, normatizações e protocolos. A escolha do tema "saberes da experiência" decorreu do fato de termos tantos regulamentos nesta área e valorizarmos tão pouco os saberes da experiência no trabalho de enfermagem e sua contribuição para a qualidade do cuidado prestado. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a forma como os saberes da experiência entram em relação com os saberes/normas técnicas que regulam a enfermagem no exercício do cuidado humano e como são utilizados pelos auxiliares e técnicos em enfermagem na arte de cuidar o/a outro/a. É uma pesquisa qualitativa e teve como fonte de dados o trabalho 'in ato', sendo que para a análise dos dados utilizei a Análise de Conteúdo. Foi organizada em duas etapas, cujos dados compuseram o corpus da análise e tiveram como base teórico-metodológica a perspectiva ergológica. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada entrevista com o objetivo de fazer o trabalhador falar sobre o seu trabalho. Na segunda, foi realizada a observação do trabalho 'in ato', sendo os registros feitos em diário de campo. Os eventos empíricos principais, decorrentes do evento banho de leito, foram agrupados nas categorias de análise: normas antecedentes, renormalizações, usos de si por si e pelos outros e valores. A análise dos resultados foi feita buscando a temática e o que se repete entre as falas dos trabalhadores. Pude perceber que o processo de trabalho contribui para que aconteçam as renormalizações, sendo que a demanda excessiva de pacientes, o ritmo acelerado de trabalho e o espaço restrito para a realização das tarefas aparecem como sendo os principais determinantes. As renormalizações, segundo os trabalhadores, acontecem para que o trabalho possa realmente ser realizado e em benefício do paciente. Os usos de si por si e pelos outros são demonstrados pelos trabalhadores ao cumprirem as tarefas prescritas em condições não ideais de execução por consideram estas relevantes no cuidado dos pacientes sob sua responsabilidade. Os valores que se destacaram foram a otimização do tempo, qualidade e limpeza do material usado no cuidado e conforto do paciente. Há, por parte desses trabalhadores, um debate de valores centrado na manutenção da vida desses pacientes, as escolhas prioritárias, mas sem deixar de valorizar cuidados que envolvem as necessidades humanas básicas. / Nursing, by its historical origin, adds up a variety of professions and specializations that work in caring for people. They are nurses, technicians and nursing assistants sharing the same workspace. The practices and procedures in healthcare, especially those geared to the professions of nursing, are guided by numerous routines, norms and protocols. The choice of the theme "experiential knowledge" resulted from the fact that we have so many regulations in this area and we appreciate so little the knowledge of experience in nursing work and its contribution to the quality of care provided. The main objective of this study was to understand how the knowledge of experience comes into relation with the knowledge / technical standards governing nursing in the exercise of human care and how it is used by technicians and nursing assistants in caring. It is a qualitative research and had the data source work 'in ato', and for data analysis, it used the Content Analysis. It was organized in two phases, which formed the corpus of data and analysis and were based theoretically and methodologically on the ergological perspective. In the first stage, an interview was conducted with the goal of making workers talk about their work. In the second, there was the observation 'in ato', the records being made in the field diary. The main empirical events arising from bed bath event, were grouped in categories of analysis: history standards, renormalizations, uses by oneself and others and values. The analysis was done searching the theme that repeats itself and between the lines of workers. I realized that the work process that contributes to the renormalizations happen, and the excessive demand of patients, the fast pace of work and the restricted space to perform the tasks appear to be the main determinants. The renormalizations, according to workers, who happen to work can actually be done and for the benefit of the patient. The uses by oneself and others are demonstrated by workers to fulfill the tasks prescribed in non-ideal conditions for implementing consider relevant in the care of patients under their responsibility. The values that stood out were the optimization of time, quality and cleanliness of the material used in the care and comfort of the patient. There is, for these workers, a discussion of values centered on the maintenance of life of these patients, the priority choices, but at the same time valuing care that involves basic human needs.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Understanding factors that enhance or diminish performance levels of individuals is instrumental for achieving individual (low level) and organisational (high level) goals. In this study, the effect of social network structure, position, ties and information and communication technologies (ICT) use on performance attitudes of knowledge intensive workers in dispersed occupational communities is investigated. Based on social network theories of strength of weak ties and structural holes, and the social influence model of technology use, a theoretical framework is developed. In conjunction with qualitative interviews conducted with subject matter experts, the framework is used to further develop and refine a valid and reliable survey instrument. Secondly, network measures of degree centrality, density, structural holes (constraint and efficiency), tie strength and tie diversity are applied for exploring the association with ICT use and performance from a sample of 110 rural general practitioners. Empirical results suggest that network structure, position and ties of knowledge workers play a crucial role in individual performance and ICT use. In particular, degree centrality and task-level ICT use was found to be positively associated with performance while ego-network constraint was found to be negatively correlated with performance. In terms of ICT use, functional diversity and degree centrality were positively associated with task-level ICT use whereas ego-network efficiency was found to be negatively correlated with ICT use at the communication-structure level. Among the variables that showed significance, degree centrality best explained overall variance for performance, and functional diversity best explained overall variance for task-level ICT use, although professional accreditations remains a potent indicator also. The results from this study resonate with findings from past literature and extend traditional theory of social networks and performance within the micro level to include geographically dispersed individuals involved in knowledge intensive work. For individuals in such non-competitive settings, traditional network theories such as structural holes theory still apply. However, a key finding is that network structure is a much more potent predictor of performance although network position is important. The second key finding addresses a major gap in the literature concerning understanding social processes that influence ICT use. As the technology acceptance and the social influence models lack empirical evidence from a social networks perspective, this research shows that rather than the strength of ties which functions as a conduit of novel ideas and information, it is the functional tie diversity within individual professionals networks that increase ICT use at the task-level. Methodologically, the study contributes towards a triangulation approach that utilises both qualitative and quantitative methods for operationalising the study. The quantitative method includes a non-traditional “networks” method of data collection and analysis to serve as a fine complement to traditional research methods in behavioural studies. The outcome is a valid and reliable survey instrument that allows collection of both individual attribute and social network data. The instrument is theoretically driven, practically feasible to implement, time-efficient and easily replicable for other similar studies. At the domain level, key findings from this study contradict previous literature which suggests that professionals in occupational communities such as general practitioners decline in performance as they age. In fact, findings from this study suggest that age and experience do not affect for performance; rather, there is a negative relationship between experience and task-level ICT use, and that task-level ICT use is positively associated with performance in terms of attitudes to interpersonal care. Furthermore, degree centrality is also positively associated with professional accreditations, such as fellowship of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, which is conducive to performance in terms of attitudes to interpersonal and technical care. The contextual implication from the quantitative and qualitative evidence of this study is that while contemplating strategies for optimising ICT use or for improving attitudes to quality of care at the technical and interpersonal level, the importance of social structure, position and relations in the practitioner’s professional network needs to be considered carefully as part of the overall individual and organisation-level goals.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Understanding factors that enhance or diminish performance levels of individuals is instrumental for achieving individual (low level) and organisational (high level) goals. In this study, the effect of social network structure, position, ties and information and communication technologies (ICT) use on performance attitudes of knowledge intensive workers in dispersed occupational communities is investigated. Based on social network theories of strength of weak ties and structural holes, and the social influence model of technology use, a theoretical framework is developed. In conjunction with qualitative interviews conducted with subject matter experts, the framework is used to further develop and refine a valid and reliable survey instrument. Secondly, network measures of degree centrality, density, structural holes (constraint and efficiency), tie strength and tie diversity are applied for exploring the association with ICT use and performance from a sample of 110 rural general practitioners. Empirical results suggest that network structure, position and ties of knowledge workers play a crucial role in individual performance and ICT use. In particular, degree centrality and task-level ICT use was found to be positively associated with performance while ego-network constraint was found to be negatively correlated with performance. In terms of ICT use, functional diversity and degree centrality were positively associated with task-level ICT use whereas ego-network efficiency was found to be negatively correlated with ICT use at the communication-structure level. Among the variables that showed significance, degree centrality best explained overall variance for performance, and functional diversity best explained overall variance for task-level ICT use, although professional accreditations remains a potent indicator also. The results from this study resonate with findings from past literature and extend traditional theory of social networks and performance within the micro level to include geographically dispersed individuals involved in knowledge intensive work. For individuals in such non-competitive settings, traditional network theories such as structural holes theory still apply. However, a key finding is that network structure is a much more potent predictor of performance although network position is important. The second key finding addresses a major gap in the literature concerning understanding social processes that influence ICT use. As the technology acceptance and the social influence models lack empirical evidence from a social networks perspective, this research shows that rather than the strength of ties which functions as a conduit of novel ideas and information, it is the functional tie diversity within individual professionals networks that increase ICT use at the task-level. Methodologically, the study contributes towards a triangulation approach that utilises both qualitative and quantitative methods for operationalising the study. The quantitative method includes a non-traditional “networks” method of data collection and analysis to serve as a fine complement to traditional research methods in behavioural studies. The outcome is a valid and reliable survey instrument that allows collection of both individual attribute and social network data. The instrument is theoretically driven, practically feasible to implement, time-efficient and easily replicable for other similar studies. At the domain level, key findings from this study contradict previous literature which suggests that professionals in occupational communities such as general practitioners decline in performance as they age. In fact, findings from this study suggest that age and experience do not affect for performance; rather, there is a negative relationship between experience and task-level ICT use, and that task-level ICT use is positively associated with performance in terms of attitudes to interpersonal care. Furthermore, degree centrality is also positively associated with professional accreditations, such as fellowship of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, which is conducive to performance in terms of attitudes to interpersonal and technical care. The contextual implication from the quantitative and qualitative evidence of this study is that while contemplating strategies for optimising ICT use or for improving attitudes to quality of care at the technical and interpersonal level, the importance of social structure, position and relations in the practitioner’s professional network needs to be considered carefully as part of the overall individual and organisation-level goals.

Existem demarcações visíveis no campo dos saberes, que separam a aprendizagem do fazer, as pessoas e a materialidade, o mundo natural e o humano, as ciências humanas das ciências exatas e assim por diante. Em relação ao tema aprendizagem organizacional e dos saberes, essa tendência dicotômica não destoaria tanto, já que existem linhas teóricas diferentes que tratam o fenômeno por um viés mais técnico e cognitivista, descolado do social, e outras abordagens que assumem o tema através de seu caráter processual, fluído e relacional. A teoria da aprendizagem baseada em práticas, que se inspira em quatro possíveis abordagens, dentre elas a teoria ator- rede, é uma dessas possibilidades teóricas e empíricas para se analisar e compreender os fenômenos de outra maneira: não mais pela segmentação, mas através das relações estabelecidas entre atores heterogêneos de uma rede, que se constituem nas práticas. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender os saberes desenvolvidos nas práticas de trabalho de um grupo de mulheres de uma cooperativa, a partir da teoria ator-rede. Para isso, foi necessário, além da analise das práticas predominantes no cotidiano, identificar e descrever os processos de aprendizagem e analisar os elementos não-humanos presentes nas práticas de trabalho do grupo pesquisado. Para viabilizar a pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um estudo etnográfico, conduzido entre os meses de outubro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, em uma cooperativa de costureiras, em Porto Alegre, RS. Para concretizar os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, são descritas e analisadas as principais práticas de trabalho presentes no cotidiano do coletivo, que revelaram o imbricamento ontológico entre as práticas, os saberes e a aprendizagem. Após essa referência, são discutidas as hibridizações que se formam na constituição das práticas, a incompletude de ser e a agência provocada pelos atores não-humanos. Com o intuito de demonstrar a complexidade e a dinamicidade dos saberes, são descritas e relacionadas algumas sequências de gestos realizadas no desenvolvimento dos fazeres de corte, serigrafia e costura da cooperativa. A pesquisa apontou a possibilidade de uma articulação teórica entre a teoria ator-rede e a noção de saberes; indicou também que os saberes são complexos, estão vinculados a uma rede-de-práticas e são aprendidos e desenvolvidos por meio das relações, estabelecidas entre os actantes da rede. / There are visible demarcations in the field of knowledge, which separate learning from doing, people from materiality, the natural world from the human world, humanities from hard sciences and so on. On the subject of knowledge and organizational learning, this dichotomic tendency would not distune too much, since there are different theoretical lines that deal with the phenomenon of a more technical and cognitive bias, detached from social, and other approaches that assume the theme through its processual, fluid and relational character. The practice based learning theory, which is based on four possible approaches, among them actor- network theory, is one of those theoretical and empirical possibilities to analyze and understand the phenomena in another way: not by segmentation, but through relations among heterogeneous actors in a network, which are constituted in practice. The aim of this study was to understand the knowing developed in the working practices of a group of women in a cooperative through the actor-network theory. For that, it was necessary, in addition to the analysis of the prevailing practice in daily life, to identify and to describe the learning processes and analyze non- human elements present in the working practices of the studied group. In order to enable the research, an ethnographic study was developed, from October, 2011 to September, 2012, in a cooperative of dressmakers in Porto Alegre, RS. To achieve the proposed goals, the main practices of collective everyday work are described and analyzed, which revealed the ontological overlapping between practices, knowledge and learning. Upon this reference, hybridizations that are formed in the constitution of practices are discussed, the incompleteness of being and the agency caused by non- human actors. In order to demonstrate the complexity and dinamicity of knowing, some sequences of gestures performed in the development of cutting, screen printing and sewing doings are described and related to each other. The study indicated the possibility of a theoretical link between the actor-network theory and the notion of knowing, and also indicated that knowledges are complex and they are linked to a network-of-practices and they are learned and developed through the relationship established among actants from the network.

A enfermagem, pela sua origem histórica, agrega uma diversidade de profissões e especializações que atuam no cuidado de pessoas. São enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem dividindo o mesmo espaço de trabalho. As práticas e os procedimentos na área da saúde, principalmente aqueles voltados às profissões de enfermagem são norteados por inúmeras rotinas, normatizações e protocolos. A escolha do tema "saberes da experiência" decorreu do fato de termos tantos regulamentos nesta área e valorizarmos tão pouco os saberes da experiência no trabalho de enfermagem e sua contribuição para a qualidade do cuidado prestado. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a forma como os saberes da experiência entram em relação com os saberes/normas técnicas que regulam a enfermagem no exercício do cuidado humano e como são utilizados pelos auxiliares e técnicos em enfermagem na arte de cuidar o/a outro/a. É uma pesquisa qualitativa e teve como fonte de dados o trabalho 'in ato', sendo que para a análise dos dados utilizei a Análise de Conteúdo. Foi organizada em duas etapas, cujos dados compuseram o corpus da análise e tiveram como base teórico-metodológica a perspectiva ergológica. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada entrevista com o objetivo de fazer o trabalhador falar sobre o seu trabalho. Na segunda, foi realizada a observação do trabalho 'in ato', sendo os registros feitos em diário de campo. Os eventos empíricos principais, decorrentes do evento banho de leito, foram agrupados nas categorias de análise: normas antecedentes, renormalizações, usos de si por si e pelos outros e valores. A análise dos resultados foi feita buscando a temática e o que se repete entre as falas dos trabalhadores. Pude perceber que o processo de trabalho contribui para que aconteçam as renormalizações, sendo que a demanda excessiva de pacientes, o ritmo acelerado de trabalho e o espaço restrito para a realização das tarefas aparecem como sendo os principais determinantes. As renormalizações, segundo os trabalhadores, acontecem para que o trabalho possa realmente ser realizado e em benefício do paciente. Os usos de si por si e pelos outros são demonstrados pelos trabalhadores ao cumprirem as tarefas prescritas em condições não ideais de execução por consideram estas relevantes no cuidado dos pacientes sob sua responsabilidade. Os valores que se destacaram foram a otimização do tempo, qualidade e limpeza do material usado no cuidado e conforto do paciente. Há, por parte desses trabalhadores, um debate de valores centrado na manutenção da vida desses pacientes, as escolhas prioritárias, mas sem deixar de valorizar cuidados que envolvem as necessidades humanas básicas. / Nursing, by its historical origin, adds up a variety of professions and specializations that work in caring for people. They are nurses, technicians and nursing assistants sharing the same workspace. The practices and procedures in healthcare, especially those geared to the professions of nursing, are guided by numerous routines, norms and protocols. The choice of the theme "experiential knowledge" resulted from the fact that we have so many regulations in this area and we appreciate so little the knowledge of experience in nursing work and its contribution to the quality of care provided. The main objective of this study was to understand how the knowledge of experience comes into relation with the knowledge / technical standards governing nursing in the exercise of human care and how it is used by technicians and nursing assistants in caring. It is a qualitative research and had the data source work 'in ato', and for data analysis, it used the Content Analysis. It was organized in two phases, which formed the corpus of data and analysis and were based theoretically and methodologically on the ergological perspective. In the first stage, an interview was conducted with the goal of making workers talk about their work. In the second, there was the observation 'in ato', the records being made in the field diary. The main empirical events arising from bed bath event, were grouped in categories of analysis: history standards, renormalizations, uses by oneself and others and values. The analysis was done searching the theme that repeats itself and between the lines of workers. I realized that the work process that contributes to the renormalizations happen, and the excessive demand of patients, the fast pace of work and the restricted space to perform the tasks appear to be the main determinants. The renormalizations, according to workers, who happen to work can actually be done and for the benefit of the patient. The uses by oneself and others are demonstrated by workers to fulfill the tasks prescribed in non-ideal conditions for implementing consider relevant in the care of patients under their responsibility. The values that stood out were the optimization of time, quality and cleanliness of the material used in the care and comfort of the patient. There is, for these workers, a discussion of values centered on the maintenance of life of these patients, the priority choices, but at the same time valuing care that involves basic human needs.

Existem demarcações visíveis no campo dos saberes, que separam a aprendizagem do fazer, as pessoas e a materialidade, o mundo natural e o humano, as ciências humanas das ciências exatas e assim por diante. Em relação ao tema aprendizagem organizacional e dos saberes, essa tendência dicotômica não destoaria tanto, já que existem linhas teóricas diferentes que tratam o fenômeno por um viés mais técnico e cognitivista, descolado do social, e outras abordagens que assumem o tema através de seu caráter processual, fluído e relacional. A teoria da aprendizagem baseada em práticas, que se inspira em quatro possíveis abordagens, dentre elas a teoria ator- rede, é uma dessas possibilidades teóricas e empíricas para se analisar e compreender os fenômenos de outra maneira: não mais pela segmentação, mas através das relações estabelecidas entre atores heterogêneos de uma rede, que se constituem nas práticas. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender os saberes desenvolvidos nas práticas de trabalho de um grupo de mulheres de uma cooperativa, a partir da teoria ator-rede. Para isso, foi necessário, além da analise das práticas predominantes no cotidiano, identificar e descrever os processos de aprendizagem e analisar os elementos não-humanos presentes nas práticas de trabalho do grupo pesquisado. Para viabilizar a pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um estudo etnográfico, conduzido entre os meses de outubro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, em uma cooperativa de costureiras, em Porto Alegre, RS. Para concretizar os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, são descritas e analisadas as principais práticas de trabalho presentes no cotidiano do coletivo, que revelaram o imbricamento ontológico entre as práticas, os saberes e a aprendizagem. Após essa referência, são discutidas as hibridizações que se formam na constituição das práticas, a incompletude de ser e a agência provocada pelos atores não-humanos. Com o intuito de demonstrar a complexidade e a dinamicidade dos saberes, são descritas e relacionadas algumas sequências de gestos realizadas no desenvolvimento dos fazeres de corte, serigrafia e costura da cooperativa. A pesquisa apontou a possibilidade de uma articulação teórica entre a teoria ator-rede e a noção de saberes; indicou também que os saberes são complexos, estão vinculados a uma rede-de-práticas e são aprendidos e desenvolvidos por meio das relações, estabelecidas entre os actantes da rede. / There are visible demarcations in the field of knowledge, which separate learning from doing, people from materiality, the natural world from the human world, humanities from hard sciences and so on. On the subject of knowledge and organizational learning, this dichotomic tendency would not distune too much, since there are different theoretical lines that deal with the phenomenon of a more technical and cognitive bias, detached from social, and other approaches that assume the theme through its processual, fluid and relational character. The practice based learning theory, which is based on four possible approaches, among them actor- network theory, is one of those theoretical and empirical possibilities to analyze and understand the phenomena in another way: not by segmentation, but through relations among heterogeneous actors in a network, which are constituted in practice. The aim of this study was to understand the knowing developed in the working practices of a group of women in a cooperative through the actor-network theory. For that, it was necessary, in addition to the analysis of the prevailing practice in daily life, to identify and to describe the learning processes and analyze non- human elements present in the working practices of the studied group. In order to enable the research, an ethnographic study was developed, from October, 2011 to September, 2012, in a cooperative of dressmakers in Porto Alegre, RS. To achieve the proposed goals, the main practices of collective everyday work are described and analyzed, which revealed the ontological overlapping between practices, knowledge and learning. Upon this reference, hybridizations that are formed in the constitution of practices are discussed, the incompleteness of being and the agency caused by non- human actors. In order to demonstrate the complexity and dinamicity of knowing, some sequences of gestures performed in the development of cutting, screen printing and sewing doings are described and related to each other. The study indicated the possibility of a theoretical link between the actor-network theory and the notion of knowing, and also indicated that knowledges are complex and they are linked to a network-of-practices and they are learned and developed through the relationship established among actants from the network.

A enfermagem, pela sua origem histórica, agrega uma diversidade de profissões e especializações que atuam no cuidado de pessoas. São enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem dividindo o mesmo espaço de trabalho. As práticas e os procedimentos na área da saúde, principalmente aqueles voltados às profissões de enfermagem são norteados por inúmeras rotinas, normatizações e protocolos. A escolha do tema "saberes da experiência" decorreu do fato de termos tantos regulamentos nesta área e valorizarmos tão pouco os saberes da experiência no trabalho de enfermagem e sua contribuição para a qualidade do cuidado prestado. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a forma como os saberes da experiência entram em relação com os saberes/normas técnicas que regulam a enfermagem no exercício do cuidado humano e como são utilizados pelos auxiliares e técnicos em enfermagem na arte de cuidar o/a outro/a. É uma pesquisa qualitativa e teve como fonte de dados o trabalho 'in ato', sendo que para a análise dos dados utilizei a Análise de Conteúdo. Foi organizada em duas etapas, cujos dados compuseram o corpus da análise e tiveram como base teórico-metodológica a perspectiva ergológica. Na primeira etapa, foi realizada entrevista com o objetivo de fazer o trabalhador falar sobre o seu trabalho. Na segunda, foi realizada a observação do trabalho 'in ato', sendo os registros feitos em diário de campo. Os eventos empíricos principais, decorrentes do evento banho de leito, foram agrupados nas categorias de análise: normas antecedentes, renormalizações, usos de si por si e pelos outros e valores. A análise dos resultados foi feita buscando a temática e o que se repete entre as falas dos trabalhadores. Pude perceber que o processo de trabalho contribui para que aconteçam as renormalizações, sendo que a demanda excessiva de pacientes, o ritmo acelerado de trabalho e o espaço restrito para a realização das tarefas aparecem como sendo os principais determinantes. As renormalizações, segundo os trabalhadores, acontecem para que o trabalho possa realmente ser realizado e em benefício do paciente. Os usos de si por si e pelos outros são demonstrados pelos trabalhadores ao cumprirem as tarefas prescritas em condições não ideais de execução por consideram estas relevantes no cuidado dos pacientes sob sua responsabilidade. Os valores que se destacaram foram a otimização do tempo, qualidade e limpeza do material usado no cuidado e conforto do paciente. Há, por parte desses trabalhadores, um debate de valores centrado na manutenção da vida desses pacientes, as escolhas prioritárias, mas sem deixar de valorizar cuidados que envolvem as necessidades humanas básicas. / Nursing, by its historical origin, adds up a variety of professions and specializations that work in caring for people. They are nurses, technicians and nursing assistants sharing the same workspace. The practices and procedures in healthcare, especially those geared to the professions of nursing, are guided by numerous routines, norms and protocols. The choice of the theme "experiential knowledge" resulted from the fact that we have so many regulations in this area and we appreciate so little the knowledge of experience in nursing work and its contribution to the quality of care provided. The main objective of this study was to understand how the knowledge of experience comes into relation with the knowledge / technical standards governing nursing in the exercise of human care and how it is used by technicians and nursing assistants in caring. It is a qualitative research and had the data source work 'in ato', and for data analysis, it used the Content Analysis. It was organized in two phases, which formed the corpus of data and analysis and were based theoretically and methodologically on the ergological perspective. In the first stage, an interview was conducted with the goal of making workers talk about their work. In the second, there was the observation 'in ato', the records being made in the field diary. The main empirical events arising from bed bath event, were grouped in categories of analysis: history standards, renormalizations, uses by oneself and others and values. The analysis was done searching the theme that repeats itself and between the lines of workers. I realized that the work process that contributes to the renormalizations happen, and the excessive demand of patients, the fast pace of work and the restricted space to perform the tasks appear to be the main determinants. The renormalizations, according to workers, who happen to work can actually be done and for the benefit of the patient. The uses by oneself and others are demonstrated by workers to fulfill the tasks prescribed in non-ideal conditions for implementing consider relevant in the care of patients under their responsibility. The values that stood out were the optimization of time, quality and cleanliness of the material used in the care and comfort of the patient. There is, for these workers, a discussion of values centered on the maintenance of life of these patients, the priority choices, but at the same time valuing care that involves basic human needs.

Existem demarcações visíveis no campo dos saberes, que separam a aprendizagem do fazer, as pessoas e a materialidade, o mundo natural e o humano, as ciências humanas das ciências exatas e assim por diante. Em relação ao tema aprendizagem organizacional e dos saberes, essa tendência dicotômica não destoaria tanto, já que existem linhas teóricas diferentes que tratam o fenômeno por um viés mais técnico e cognitivista, descolado do social, e outras abordagens que assumem o tema através de seu caráter processual, fluído e relacional. A teoria da aprendizagem baseada em práticas, que se inspira em quatro possíveis abordagens, dentre elas a teoria ator- rede, é uma dessas possibilidades teóricas e empíricas para se analisar e compreender os fenômenos de outra maneira: não mais pela segmentação, mas através das relações estabelecidas entre atores heterogêneos de uma rede, que se constituem nas práticas. O objetivo desse estudo foi compreender os saberes desenvolvidos nas práticas de trabalho de um grupo de mulheres de uma cooperativa, a partir da teoria ator-rede. Para isso, foi necessário, além da analise das práticas predominantes no cotidiano, identificar e descrever os processos de aprendizagem e analisar os elementos não-humanos presentes nas práticas de trabalho do grupo pesquisado. Para viabilizar a pesquisa, desenvolveu-se um estudo etnográfico, conduzido entre os meses de outubro de 2011 e setembro de 2012, em uma cooperativa de costureiras, em Porto Alegre, RS. Para concretizar os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, são descritas e analisadas as principais práticas de trabalho presentes no cotidiano do coletivo, que revelaram o imbricamento ontológico entre as práticas, os saberes e a aprendizagem. Após essa referência, são discutidas as hibridizações que se formam na constituição das práticas, a incompletude de ser e a agência provocada pelos atores não-humanos. Com o intuito de demonstrar a complexidade e a dinamicidade dos saberes, são descritas e relacionadas algumas sequências de gestos realizadas no desenvolvimento dos fazeres de corte, serigrafia e costura da cooperativa. A pesquisa apontou a possibilidade de uma articulação teórica entre a teoria ator-rede e a noção de saberes; indicou também que os saberes são complexos, estão vinculados a uma rede-de-práticas e são aprendidos e desenvolvidos por meio das relações, estabelecidas entre os actantes da rede. / There are visible demarcations in the field of knowledge, which separate learning from doing, people from materiality, the natural world from the human world, humanities from hard sciences and so on. On the subject of knowledge and organizational learning, this dichotomic tendency would not distune too much, since there are different theoretical lines that deal with the phenomenon of a more technical and cognitive bias, detached from social, and other approaches that assume the theme through its processual, fluid and relational character. The practice based learning theory, which is based on four possible approaches, among them actor- network theory, is one of those theoretical and empirical possibilities to analyze and understand the phenomena in another way: not by segmentation, but through relations among heterogeneous actors in a network, which are constituted in practice. The aim of this study was to understand the knowing developed in the working practices of a group of women in a cooperative through the actor-network theory. For that, it was necessary, in addition to the analysis of the prevailing practice in daily life, to identify and to describe the learning processes and analyze non- human elements present in the working practices of the studied group. In order to enable the research, an ethnographic study was developed, from October, 2011 to September, 2012, in a cooperative of dressmakers in Porto Alegre, RS. To achieve the proposed goals, the main practices of collective everyday work are described and analyzed, which revealed the ontological overlapping between practices, knowledge and learning. Upon this reference, hybridizations that are formed in the constitution of practices are discussed, the incompleteness of being and the agency caused by non- human actors. In order to demonstrate the complexity and dinamicity of knowing, some sequences of gestures performed in the development of cutting, screen printing and sewing doings are described and related to each other. The study indicated the possibility of a theoretical link between the actor-network theory and the notion of knowing, and also indicated that knowledges are complex and they are linked to a network-of-practices and they are learned and developed through the relationship established among actants from the network.