Os estudos sobre a diversidade cultural na Organização do Conhecimento estão imbricados na temática do local/global. Em uma sociedade da informação globalizada, aspectos culturais e éticos adquirem grande relevância nas discussões sobre as implicações da utilização de sistemas de organização do conhecimento em escala global/local. Enquanto produtos culturais, os sistemas de organização do conhecimento expressam valores, que podem ser analisados do ponto de vista das garantias sobre as quais tais sistemas se constituem. As garantias estão sempre presentes em sistemas de organização o conhecimento, embora nem sempre sejam aplicadas de modo consciente e sistemático, ou mesmo apresentadas de modo transparente para os usuários dos sistemas. Desse modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o conceito de garantias como ferramenta teórico-metodológica que, em suas diversas formas, pode contribuir para a incorporação da diversidade cultural às práticas da Organização do Conhecimento. Parte da hipótese de que formas de garantias estão sendo desenvolvidas e/ou reformuladas para permitir a elaboração de sistemas organização do conhecimento que incorporem a diversidade cultural como valor ético. Discute os conceitos de cultura, diversidade cultural, globalização e sociedade da informação como elementos-chave em estudos voltados para as dimensões cultural e ética da Organização do Conhecimento. Discute os pressupostos teóricos dos conceitos de garantia, garantia literária, garantia cultural e garantia ética. Identifica demais formas de garantias propostas na literatura da área para verificar o contexto de uso das garantias, a precisão conceitual dos termos e identificar suas possíveis inter-relações por meio da análise de artigos publicados em periódicos acadêmicos e da construção de um glossário com os termos identificados. Verifica que as discussões de conceitos já estabelecidos, como os de garantia cultural e garantia do usuário, e a formulação de outras garantias, tais como a garantia autopoiética ou a garantia do ponto de vista podem ser relacionadas à incorporação da diversidade cultural às práticas da Organização do Conhecimento. / Research about cultural diversity in Knowledge Organization is connected to the theme local/global. In a globalized information society, cultural and ethical aspects come to the fore in discussions about the implications of using knowledge organization systems in a global/local scale. As cultural products, knowledge organization systems embody values which can be analyzed from the standpoint of the warrants on which they are based. Warrants are always present in knowledge organization systems, even though they are not always applied consistently and systematically, or even made transparent to the users of such systems. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze the concept of warrants as a theoretical and methodological tool which, in its various forms, may contribute to the integration of cultural diversity to knowledge organization practice. The research is based on the hypothesis that forms of warrant are being developed and/or reconceptualized to allow for the design of knowledge organization systems in which cultural diversity is integrated as an ethical value. It discusses the concepts of culture, cultural diversity, globalization and information society as key elements in research about the ethical and cultural dimensions of Knowledge Organization. It discusses the theoretical framework of the concepts of warrant, literary warrant, cultural warrant and ethical warrant. It identifies other forms of warrant in the literature to analyze their context of use, their conceptual accuracy and potential inter-relations through a survey of the terms in conceptual papers to write a glossary. It was noted that research about more established concepts, such as cultural warrant and user warrant, and the development of other warrants, such as autopoietic warrant or viewpoint warrant are related to the integration of cultural diversity in knowledge organization practice.

Apresentação do campo da Organização da Informação e do Conhecimento com o subsídio das disciplinas da Terminologia e da Linguística Aplicada com o intuito de aprofundar os fundamentos da pesquisa terminológica para fins documentários. Com isso, foi possível justificar a eficiência da articulação entre os termos nos tesauros, para permitir melhor acesso aos documentos artísticos dos museus. Assim, o problema de pesquisa pauta-se nas possibilidades informacionais alternativas em relação ao cerceamento representativo dos tesauros. Expõe-se a hipótese de que a expansão das relações terminológicas nos tesauros possibilitaria a integração social do museu por meio da confluência entre o Ciclo da Informação e a Espiral da Cultura Científica, denominada Espiral da Informação. Trata-se de uma pesquisa hipotético-dedutiva que combina indução e dedução, fato que permite a mobilidade essencial do pensamento, de modo que de um contexto específico é retirado o problema de pesquisa e, a ele, formulada uma possível solução que será comprovada ou refutada ao longo do desenvolvimento investigativo. Propostas de aperfeiçoamento são realizadas, a fim de evidenciar a importância da Organização da Informação e do Conhecimento para a comunicação e a geração de conhecimento no âmbito museológico. A interpretação subjetiva do indivíduo no museu deve ser respeitada, proporcionando maiores possibilidades de recuperação informacional, a partir da representação adequada de documentos. / Introducing the field of Information and Knowledge Organization with the subsidy disciplines of Terminology and Applied Linguistics in order to deepen the foundations of terminology research for documentary. Thus, it was possible to justify the efficiency of the relationship between the terms in the thesaurus, to allow better access to the documents of art museums. Thus, the research problem is guided in informational alternative possibilities in relation to the restriction of the representative thesauri. Exposes the hypothesis that the expansion of terminological relations of thesaurus enable the social integration of the museum through the confluence of the Information Cycle and the Spiral of Scientific Culture, called Spiral of Information. This is a hypothetical-deductive research that combines induction and deduction, a fact that allows the essential mobility of thought, so that a specific context is removed and the research problem, it formulated a possible solution that is proven or refuted over investigative development. Proposed improvements are made in order to highlight the importance of the Information and Knowledge Organization for communication and knowledge generation within museum. The subjective interpretation of the individual must be respected in the museum, providing greater possibilities for informational recovery from the proper representation of documents.

As coleções precedem o gabinete de curiosidades e o museu e remete a motivações diferentes que revelam aspectos da matriz cultural de cada época. De modo análogo, as formas de organização dos objetos, livros e obras de arte seguem as referências de seu tempo sendo sensíveis às mudanças. Neste trabalho, procuramos mostrar como se dá esta relação em determinados momentos, escolhidos por suas características de ruptura e transformação. Enquanto nas \'bibliotecas\' (ou bibliografias) e nos Gabinetes de Curiosidades do Renascimento a ordem se ligava à analogia e à semelhança por parentesco (divinatio), com Descartes a semelhança passa a ser feita pela comparação, obtida pela medida. Tais mudanças se refletem tanto nas formas de arranjo e classificação dos objetos, como na própria vida dos museus, que passam a organizar suas coleções a partir de critérios artificiais e abstratos. Com o Modernismo europeu, na passagem do séc. XIX para o séc. XX, a introdução de novas tecnologias acaba por provocar novas mudanças que são sentidas até os nossos dias com a comunicação digital. Grande parte dos problemas desse museu pode ser creditado ao fato de que estabeleceu a coleção como foco de sua atuação e com isto suas atividades operacionais passaram a predominar sobre seus propósitos ou papel social. O museu do século XXI, no entanto, deverá alterar esse procedimento de modo a contemplar as relações entre as pessoas e o museu, bem como com a coleção e a obra. Só assim o museu passará a ser um espaço de experiência ou um espaço-relacional. / Collections precedes the Cabinet of Curiosities and the museum and refers to different motivations that disclose aspects of the cultural matrix of each time. In an analogous way, the forms of organization of objects, books and works of art follow the references of their time being sensible to changes. In this paper, we intend to show the way this relation happens at specific moments in history, chosen for their characteristics of rupture and transformation. While in the ?libraries? (or bibliographies) and in the Cabinets of Curiosities from the Renaissance the order was bound up with the analogy and the similarity by kinship (divinatio), with Descartes the similarity starts to be characterized by comparison of measurable attributes. Such changes are reflected in the forms of arrangement and classification of objects, as in the proper life of the museums, which start to organize their collections from artificial and abstract criteria. With the European Modernism, from century XIX to XX, the introduction of new technologies ends up provoking new changes that are felt until nowadays with the digital communication. Most of the problems of this museum can be credited to the fact that it established the collection as the focus of its performance and with this its operational activities that started to predominate on its intentions or social paper. The XXI century museum, however, will have to modify this procedure in order to contemplate the relations between the people and the museum, as well as with the collection and the workmanship. Thus the museum will start to be a space of experience or a relational space one.

The purpose of this study is to describe how a high school student retrieves information in order to write a history research paper, and to investigate the role genre plays in this process of search and paper construction. This study interrogates the conditions under which students are sent to the library to complete research assignments. What is absent from the research of school library use is how the kinds of knowledge expected from the students, and how the kinds of uses and manipulations that information is to be put through are connected to the access and retrieval of information. Because use is the final stage in the information process, this problem is approached by examining the assumptions about language, knowledge, and genre that teachers and students bring to research assignments in the school library. Rhetorical genre theory may be used to construct a representation of information use within an educational setting. Rhetorical genre theory will also be used to determine the method of analysis. By examining a few instances of high school history research, we can begin to systematize the features found beyond the sample to a larger study. An interdisciplinary approach that integrates classification theory, information seeking behavior, and rhetorical practices may help to characterize effective models in information retrieval. This model may provide a structure for understanding how a core set of research tasks utilizes a certain set of genres.

This is a preprint published in Journal of Documentation 62 (4): 462-481. Purpose: This paper examines William Stetson Merrill, the compiler of A Code for Classifiers and a Newberry Library employee (1889-1930) in an attempt to glean lessons for modern information studies from an early librarianâ s career. Methodology/Approach: Merrillâ s career at the Newberry Library and three editions of the Code are examined using historical, bibliographic, and conceptual methods. Primary and secondary sources in archives and libraries are reviewed to provide insight into Merrillâ s life at the Newberry and his attempts to develop or modify tools to solve the knowledge organization problems he faced. The concept of bricolage, developed by Levi-Strauss to explain modalities of thinking, is applied to Merrillâ s career. Excerpts from his works and reminisces are used to explain Merrill as a bricoleur and highlight the characteristics of bricolage. Research Implications and Limitations: Findings show that Merrill worked collaboratively to collocate and integrate a variety of ideas from a diverse group of librarians such as Cutter, Pettee, Poole, Kelley, Rudolph, and Fellows. Bliss and Ranganathan were aware of the Code but the extent to which they were influenced by it remains to be explored. Although this is an anachronistic evaluation, Merrill serves as an example of the archetypal information scientist who improvises and integrates methods from bibliography, cataloging, classification, and indexing to solve problems of information retrieval and design usable information products and services for human consumption. Originality/Value of Paper: Bricolage offers great potential to information practitioners and researchers today as we continue to try and find user-centered solutions to the problems of digital information organization and services. Paper Type: Research paper

In this paper we explore a method of decomposition of compound tags found in social tagging systems and outline several results, including improvement of search indexes, extraction of semantic information, and benefits to usability. Analysis of tagging habits demonstrates that social tagging systems such as del.icio.us and flickr include both formal metadata, such as geotags, and informally created metadata, such as annotations and descriptions. The majority of tags represent informal metadata; that is, they are not structured according to a formal model, nor do they correspond to a formal ontology. Statistical exploration of the main tag corpus demonstrates that such searches use only a subset of the available tags; for example, many tags are composed as ad hoc compounds of terms. In order to improve accuracy of searching across the data contained within these tags, a method must be employed to decompose compounds in such a way that there is a high degree of confidence in the result. An approach to decomposition of English-language compounds, designed for use within a small initial sample tagset, is described. Possible decompositions are identified from a generous wordlist, subject to selective lexicon snipping. In order to identify the most likely, a Bayesian classifier is used across term elements. To compensate for the limited sample set, a word classifier is employed and the results classified using a similar method, resulting in a successful classification rate of 88%, and a false negative rate of only 1%.

Recent research projects in North America that have advanced the integration of formal mathematical georeferencing and informal placename georeferencing in knowledge organization systems are described and related to visualization applications.

The aim of the Science Foresight Project was to design and assess a simple, objective and cost-effective technique to gather information about emerging short and long-term research developments, primarily in the physical and engineering sciences. International experts were objectively chosen using co-citation patterns in scientific and technical literature, and were invited to submit their predictions about emerging developments in their research fields. They were questioned about how the effects of various factors and driving forces might affect their predictions. The cost and time required to administer the questionnaire and collect the responses was minimised through the use of Internet and Web based technologies. A simple process was used to report the predictions; short excerpts from each prediction were used as the summary and each prediction was classified into one of ten categories of emerging developments. Authors from 114 papers (23.7%) responded, identifying a total of 190 short-term and 111 long-term predicted emerging developments. Expert responses were received from an international group of senior researchers between the ages of 36 and 55, mostly engaged in basic research in academic institutions. Some experts described specific emerging developments, some discussed broad emerging trends in their field and others described both. Emerging development categories such as Atomic & Stellar Matter, Biology & Biosphere, Biomedical & Clinical, Computers & Robotics and Genomics & Proteomics were closely aligned with conventional science areas while other categories such as Mathematical & Computational and Nano Science & Technology contained predictions from almost every area of science. The technique developed and applied here appears to constitute an efficient means of surveying the international research community in order to gain insights into common patterns that evolve from their collective research activities. Dynamically monitoring emerging research developments on a continuous basis could provide valuable information to policy makers, planners and researchers.

Over the last few years the bibliographic control community has initiated a series of experiments that aim to improve access to the growing number of valuable information resources that are increasingly being placed on World Wide Web (here after referred to as Web resources). Much has been written about these experiments, mainly describing their implementation and features, and there has been some evaluative reporting, but there has been little comparison among these initiatives. The research reported on in this paper addresses this limitation by comparing five leading experiments in this area. The objective was to identify characteristics of success and considerations for improvement in experiments providing access to Web resources via bibliographic control methods. The experiments examined include: OCLC's CORC project; UKOLN's BIBLINK, ROADS, and DESIRE projects; and the NORDIC project. The research used a multi-case study methodology and a framework comprised of five evaluation criteria that included the experiment's organizational structure, reception, duration, application of computing technology, and use of human resources. This paper defines the Web resource access experimentation environment, reviews the study's research methodology, and highlights key findings. The paper concludes by initiating a strategic plan and by inviting conference participants to contribute their ideas and expertise to an effort will improve experimental initiatives that ultimately aim to improve access to Web resources in the new Millennium.

This paper deconstructs the "MARC format" and similar newer tools like DC, XML, and RDF, separating structural issues from content-driven issues. Against that it examines the pressures from new types of digital resources, the responses to these pressures in format and content terms, and the transformations that may take place. The conflicting desires coming from users and librarians, the plethora of solutions to problems that constantly appear (some of which just might work), and the traditional access expectations are considered. Footnotes There are a large number of terms being used in the broader information community that often mean approximately the same thing, but relate concepts to the different backgrounds of the players. For example librarians are sometimes confused that metadata is something new and a replacement for either cataloging or MARC. Metadata is cataloging and not MARC. In this article terms based on library specialist terminology are used, with occasional use of alternative terms indicated below, depending on context. No difference in meaning is intended by the use of alternative terminology . The descriptions of the terms are indicative, not strict. cataloging data or cataloging content = metadata - used broadly, in this context, for all data (descriptive, administrative, and structural) that relates to the resources being described. content rules - rules for formulation of the data including controlled lists and codes. data elements - the individual identifiable pieces of cataloging data (e.g., name, title, subtitle) and including elements that are often called attributes or qualifiers (since generally this paper does not need to isolate data elements in to subtypes). relationships - the semantics that relate data elements, e.g., name is author of title, title has subtitle. content rules - the rules for formulating data element content structure = syntax - the physical arrangement of parts of an entity record - the bundle of information that describes a resource format = DTD - a defined specification of structure and markup markup = tag set = content designation - a system of symbols used to identify in some way the following data. ANSI/NISO Z39.2, Record Interchange Format, and ISO 2709, Format for Data Interchange. The two standards are essentially identical in specification. ANSI/NISO has a few provisions where the ISO standard is not specific, but there is no conflict between the two standards. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for the Bibliographic Record. Munich, Saur, 1998. ISO 8879, Standardized General Markup Language (SGML).