The project has been implemented in collaboration with Carl-Johan Lundberg on Deltagruppen Ltd in Jönköping. Problem introduction comes from Carl-Johan's own experience from the hotel sector. The problem that all hotels has is that they sell two products, i e. simple - and double rooms. Persons that travel in companies do not desire always to share bed. Focus in the work is to develop a product that holds together two simple beds and forms double bed, concurrent that it goes that converters to two simple bed without needing to disassemble the product and be done invisible. A result with the work is a product that meets everyone the nonplussed requirements on function and cost. Keywords:  Cost-effectively  Bed ring  Link confiscating  Single bed  Double bed  Assessment

Denna miljöutredning avser företaget Elisolation htm AB, som ingår i Söderberg företagen och är lokaliserat i Laxå, Närke. Företaget bedriver försäljning, tillverkning och lagerhållning av härdplaster och termoplaster med goda elektriska, mekaniska och temperaturegenskaper. Idag är ISO 14001 ett konkurrensmedel som inget företag kan bortse från. Allt fler företag arbetar enligt miljösystemet och ställer därför krav på att även deras samarbetspartners och underleverantörer gör det. Klarar du inte av att möta dina kunders krav så finns risken att de vänder sig till en konkurrent. Detta examensarbete är en miljöutredning som är en del av miljöarbete på Elisolation htm AB och utredningen är det första och grundläggande steget i processen med att införa ISO 14001 i verksamheten. Motivet med en miljöutredning är att ge en nulägesbeskrivning av Elisolation htm AB:s aktiviteter, verksamheter och tjänster som påverkar miljön mest och att identifiera de miljöaspekter som finns på företaget.

This thesis concerns a mechatronic system, designed and developed for the forest industry, to trace logs from forest to sawmill. The research is a key part of a large research project launched by the EU in 2006 called the Indisputable Key project. Wood waste during harvesting, transportation and refinement is a major concern for the wood industry worldwide. Some raw materials are not suited for specific end products, and acknowledging this late in the wood value chain is cost inefficient. Pinpointing specific raw material suitable for a particular end product could increase quality, reduce waste and environmental impact; to accomplish this, traceability is essential. To trace the raw material of a final wood product to its origin, marking and reading of the different specimens must occur at each refining stage in the wood value chain. The traceability chain can be divided into three main stages: forest to sawmill, inside the sawmill, and from sawmill to second manufacturer. The research presented here covers the first part of the wood value chain, namely, forest to sawmill. In Scandinavian countries, logs are cut to length in the forest using a harvester machine. To trace logs, a unique identity code needs to be associated with each log at harvesting time in the forest and detected before further processing at the sawmill. Earlier research using RFID transponders as code carriers have been functionally verified but too costly. Although the cost of RFID transponders is declining, alternative methods are considered a necessity. This constitutes the main driver behind this thesis. The thesis presents a promising alternative log marking method comprising a harvester saw-integrated log code printer and a sawmill code detection system. An identity code in the form of a standard matrix code is applied via the harvester saw bar during cutting. A prototype has been designed and realized and the results point towards a both time and cost efficient solution. The code detection system, to be placed in one or more locations at the sawmill, is based on vision technology and image processing to detect the applied log codes. Both log code marking and reading systems communicate with an ICT system which maintains the traceability database. A major advantage of the system is that both marking and reading is performed without any time-loss and hence do not disturb the high pace production flow in todays forestry. Also, the item cost of each code mark is very low, compared to e.g.a transponder. The marking technology is patent pending. A field test was performed in December 2009 in northern Sweden. A test batch of 320 logs was marked and read. Two code structures (i.e., matrix and barcode) were applied, where 210 barcoded logs were used to demonstrate log traceability between forest and sawmill. This result indicates that this technology has potential. The prototype is not intended for commercial use, but serves merely to demonstrate the potential of the method; further research is needed to improve its functionality. / QC 20110512

<p>The aim of this thesis is to analyse the effects of train induced vibrations in a steel Langer beam bridge. A case study of a bridge over the river Ljungan in Ånge has been made by analysing measurements and comparing the results with a finite element model in ABAQUS. The critical details of the bridge are the hangers that are connected to the arches and the main beams. A stabilising system has been made in order to reduce the vibrations which would lead to increased life length of the bridge.</p><p>Initially, the background to this thesis and a description of the studied bridge are presented. An introduction of the theories that has been applied is given and a description of the modelling procedure in ABAQUS is presented.</p><p>The performed measurements investigated the induced strain and accelerations in the hangers. The natural frequency, the corresponding damping coefficients and the displacement these vibrations leads to has been evaluated. The vibration-induced stresses, which could lead to fatigue, have been evaluated. The measurement was made after the existing stabilising system has been dismantled and this results in that the risk of fatigue is excessive. The results were separated into two parts: train passage and free vibrations. This shows that the free vibrations contribute more and longer life expectancy could be achieved by introducing dampers, to reduce the amplitude of the amplitude of free vibrations.</p><p>The finite element modelling is divided into four categories: general static analysis, eigenvalue analysis, dynamic analysis and detailed analysis of the turn buckle in the hangers. The deflection of the bridge and the initial stresses due to gravity load were evaluated in the static analysis. The eigenfrequencies were extracted in an eigenvalue analysis, both concerning eigenfrequencies in the hangers as well as global modes of the bridge. The main part of the finite element modelling involves the dynamic simulation of the train passing the bridge. The model shows that the longer hangers vibrate excessively during the train passage because of resonance. An analysis of a model with a stabilising system shows that the vibrations are damped in the direction along the bridge but are instead increased in the perpendicular direction. The results from the model agree with the measured data when dealing with stresses. When comparing the results concerning the displacement of the hangers, accurate filtering must be applied to obtain similar results.</p>

<p>The aim is to share experience gained when simulating (and doing measurements on) the turbocharged SI-engine as well as describing the limits of current state of the technology. In addition an overview of current boosting systems is provided.</p><p>The target readers of this text are engineers employed in the engine industry as well as academia who will get in contact, or is experienced, with 1D engine performance simulation and/or boosting systems. Therefore the text requires general knowledge about engines.</p><p>The papers included in the thesis are, in reverse chronological order:</p><p>[8] SAE 2005-XX-XXX Calculation accuracy of pulsating flow through the turbine of SI-engine turbochargers - Part 2 Measurements, simulation correlations and conclusions Westin & Ångström</p><p>To be submitted to the 2005 SAE Powertrain and Fluid Systems Conference in San Antonio</p><p>[7] SAE 2005-01-2113 Optimization of Turbocharged Engines’ Transient Response with Application on a Formula SAE / Student engine Westin & Ångström</p><p>Approved for publication at the 2005 SAE Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Rio de Janeiro</p><p>[6] SAE 2005-01-0222 Calculation accuracy of pulsating flow through the turbine of SI-engine turbochargers - Part 1 Calculations for choice of turbines with different flow characteristics Westin & Ångström</p><p>Published at the 2005 SAE World Congress in Detroit April 11-14, 2005</p><p>[5] SAE 2004-01-0996 Heat Losses from the Turbine of a Turbocharged SI-Engine – Measurements and Simulation Westin, Rosenqvist & Ångström</p><p>Presented at the 2004 SAE World Congress in Detroit March 8-11, 2004</p><p>[4] SAE 2003-01-3124 Simulation of a turbocharged SI-engine with two software and comparison with measured data Westin & Ångström</p><p>Presented at the 2003 SAE Powertrain and Fluid Systems Conference in Pittsburgh</p><p>[3] SIA C06 Correlation between engine simulations and measured data - experiences gained with 1D-simulations of turbocharged SI-engines Westin, Elmqvist & Ångström</p><p>Presented at the SIA International Congress SIMULATION, as essential tool for risk management in industrial product development in Poissy, Paris September 17-18 2003</p><p>[2] IMechE C602/029/2002 A method of investigating the on-engine turbine efficiency combining experiments and modelling Westin & Ångström</p><p>Presented at the 7th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging in London 14-15 May, 2002</p><p>[1] SAE 2000-01-2840 The Influence of Residual Gases on Knock in Turbocharged SI-Engines Westin, Grandin & Ångström</p><p>Presented at the SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Baltimore October 16-19, 2000</p><p>The first step in the investigation about the simulation accuracy was to model the engine as accurately as possible and to correlate it against as accurate measurements as possible. That work is covered in the chapters 3 and 5 and in paper no. 3 in the list above. The scientific contribution here is to isolate the main inaccuracy to the simulation of turbine efficiency.</p><p>In order to have anything to compare the simulated turbine efficiency against, a method was developed that enables calculation of the CA-resolved on-engine turbine efficiency from measured data, with a little support from a few simulated properties. That work was published in papers 2 and 8 and is the main scope of chapter 6 in the thesis. The scientific contributions here are several:</p><p>· The application on a running SI-engine is a first</p><p>· It was proven that CA-resolution is absolutely necessary in order to have a physically and mathematically valid expression for the turbine efficiency. A new definition of the time-varying efficiency is developed.</p><p>· It tests an approach to cover possible mass accumulation in the turbine housing</p><p>· It reveals that the common method for incorporating bearing losses, a constant mechanical efficiency, is too crude.</p><p>The next step was to investigate if different commercial codes differ in the results, even though they use equal theoretical foundation. That work is presented in chapter 4, which corresponds to paper 4. This work has given useful input to the industry in the process of choosing simulation tools.</p><p>The next theory to test was if heat losses were a major reason for the simulation accuracy. The scientific contribution in this part of the work was a model for the heat transport within the turbocharger that was developed, calibrated and incorporated in the simulations. It was concluded that heat losses only contributed to a minor part of the inaccuracy, but that is was a major reason for a common simulation error of the turbine outlet temperature, which is very important when trying to simulate catalyst light off. This work was published in paper 5 and is covered in chapter 7.</p><p>Chapter 8, and papers 6 and 8, covers the last investigation of this work. It is a broad study where the impact of design changes of both manifold at turbines on both simulation accuracy as well as engine performance. The scientific contribution here is that the common theory that the simulation inaccuracy is proportional to the pulsation amplitude of the flow is non-valid. It was shown that the reaction was of minor importance for the efficiency of the turbine in the pulsating engine environment. Furthermore it presents a method to calculate internal flow properties in the turbine, by use of a steady-flow design software in a quasi-steady procedure. Of more direct use for the industry is important information of how to design the manifolds as well as it sheds more light on how the turbine works under unsteady flow, for instance that the throat area is the single most important property of the turbine and that the system has a far larger sensitivity to this parameter than to any other design parameters of the turbine. Furthermore it was proven that the variation among individual turbines is of minor importance, and that the simulation error was of similar magnitude for different turbine manufacturers.</p><p>Paper 7, and chapter 9, cover a simulation exercise where the transient performance of turbocharged engines is optimised with help from factorials. It sorts out the relative importance of several design parameters of turbocharged engines and gives the industry important information of where to put the majority of the work in order to maximize the efficiency in the optimisation process.</p><p>Overall, the work presented in this thesis has established a method for calibration of models to measured data in a sequence that makes the process efficient and accurate. It has been shown that use of controllers in this process can save time and effort tenfold or more.</p><p>When designing turbocharged engines the residual gas is a very important factor. It affects both knock sensitivity and the volumetric efficiency. The flow in the cylinder is in its nature of more dimensions than one and is therefore not physically modelled in 1D codes. It is modelled through models of perfect mixing or perfect displacement, or at a certain mix between them. Before the actual project started, the amount of residual gases in an engine was measured and it’s influence on knock was established and quantified. This was the scope of paper 1. This information has been useful when interpreting the model results throughout the entire work.</p>

The aim is to share experience gained when simulating (and doing measurements on) the turbocharged SI-engine as well as describing the limits of current state of the technology. In addition an overview of current boosting systems is provided. The target readers of this text are engineers employed in the engine industry as well as academia who will get in contact, or is experienced, with 1D engine performance simulation and/or boosting systems. Therefore the text requires general knowledge about engines. The papers included in the thesis are, in reverse chronological order: [8] SAE 2005-XX-XXX Calculation accuracy of pulsating flow through the turbine of SI-engine turbochargers - Part 2 Measurements, simulation correlations and conclusions Westin &amp; Ångström To be submitted to the 2005 SAE Powertrain and Fluid Systems Conference in San Antonio [7] SAE 2005-01-2113 Optimization of Turbocharged Engines’ Transient Response with Application on a Formula SAE / Student engine Westin &amp; Ångström Approved for publication at the 2005 SAE Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Rio de Janeiro [6] SAE 2005-01-0222 Calculation accuracy of pulsating flow through the turbine of SI-engine turbochargers - Part 1 Calculations for choice of turbines with different flow characteristics Westin &amp; Ångström Published at the 2005 SAE World Congress in Detroit April 11-14, 2005 [5] SAE 2004-01-0996 Heat Losses from the Turbine of a Turbocharged SI-Engine – Measurements and Simulation Westin, Rosenqvist &amp; Ångström Presented at the 2004 SAE World Congress in Detroit March 8-11, 2004 [4] SAE 2003-01-3124 Simulation of a turbocharged SI-engine with two software and comparison with measured data Westin &amp; Ångström Presented at the 2003 SAE Powertrain and Fluid Systems Conference in Pittsburgh [3] SIA C06 Correlation between engine simulations and measured data - experiences gained with 1D-simulations of turbocharged SI-engines Westin, Elmqvist &amp; Ångström Presented at the SIA International Congress SIMULATION, as essential tool for risk management in industrial product development in Poissy, Paris September 17-18 2003 [2] IMechE C602/029/2002 A method of investigating the on-engine turbine efficiency combining experiments and modelling Westin &amp; Ångström Presented at the 7th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging in London 14-15 May, 2002 [1] SAE 2000-01-2840 The Influence of Residual Gases on Knock in Turbocharged SI-Engines Westin, Grandin &amp; Ångström Presented at the SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Baltimore October 16-19, 2000 The first step in the investigation about the simulation accuracy was to model the engine as accurately as possible and to correlate it against as accurate measurements as possible. That work is covered in the chapters 3 and 5 and in paper no. 3 in the list above. The scientific contribution here is to isolate the main inaccuracy to the simulation of turbine efficiency. In order to have anything to compare the simulated turbine efficiency against, a method was developed that enables calculation of the CA-resolved on-engine turbine efficiency from measured data, with a little support from a few simulated properties. That work was published in papers 2 and 8 and is the main scope of chapter 6 in the thesis. The scientific contributions here are several: · The application on a running SI-engine is a first · It was proven that CA-resolution is absolutely necessary in order to have a physically and mathematically valid expression for the turbine efficiency. A new definition of the time-varying efficiency is developed. · It tests an approach to cover possible mass accumulation in the turbine housing · It reveals that the common method for incorporating bearing losses, a constant mechanical efficiency, is too crude. The next step was to investigate if different commercial codes differ in the results, even though they use equal theoretical foundation. That work is presented in chapter 4, which corresponds to paper 4. This work has given useful input to the industry in the process of choosing simulation tools. The next theory to test was if heat losses were a major reason for the simulation accuracy. The scientific contribution in this part of the work was a model for the heat transport within the turbocharger that was developed, calibrated and incorporated in the simulations. It was concluded that heat losses only contributed to a minor part of the inaccuracy, but that is was a major reason for a common simulation error of the turbine outlet temperature, which is very important when trying to simulate catalyst light off. This work was published in paper 5 and is covered in chapter 7. Chapter 8, and papers 6 and 8, covers the last investigation of this work. It is a broad study where the impact of design changes of both manifold at turbines on both simulation accuracy as well as engine performance. The scientific contribution here is that the common theory that the simulation inaccuracy is proportional to the pulsation amplitude of the flow is non-valid. It was shown that the reaction was of minor importance for the efficiency of the turbine in the pulsating engine environment. Furthermore it presents a method to calculate internal flow properties in the turbine, by use of a steady-flow design software in a quasi-steady procedure. Of more direct use for the industry is important information of how to design the manifolds as well as it sheds more light on how the turbine works under unsteady flow, for instance that the throat area is the single most important property of the turbine and that the system has a far larger sensitivity to this parameter than to any other design parameters of the turbine. Furthermore it was proven that the variation among individual turbines is of minor importance, and that the simulation error was of similar magnitude for different turbine manufacturers. Paper 7, and chapter 9, cover a simulation exercise where the transient performance of turbocharged engines is optimised with help from factorials. It sorts out the relative importance of several design parameters of turbocharged engines and gives the industry important information of where to put the majority of the work in order to maximize the efficiency in the optimisation process. Overall, the work presented in this thesis has established a method for calibration of models to measured data in a sequence that makes the process efficient and accurate. It has been shown that use of controllers in this process can save time and effort tenfold or more. When designing turbocharged engines the residual gas is a very important factor. It affects both knock sensitivity and the volumetric efficiency. The flow in the cylinder is in its nature of more dimensions than one and is therefore not physically modelled in 1D codes. It is modelled through models of perfect mixing or perfect displacement, or at a certain mix between them. Before the actual project started, the amount of residual gases in an engine was measured and it’s influence on knock was established and quantified. This was the scope of paper 1. This information has been useful when interpreting the model results throughout the entire work.

<p>The Kedertruss is the loadbearing part in the Keder weatherprotectionsystem and it has been analyzed concerning its loadbearing capacity. The Kedertruss is produced and manufactured by Wilhelm Layher GmbH & Co. KG and this report has been made for their Swedish division Layher AB.  The Kedertruss, designed in Germany according to German designcode, has been recalculated concerning Swedish conditions according to Eurocodes and a ongoing European standardization project. The two-dimensional program Winstatik Frame Analysis has been used for evaluation of load effects. Capacity has been calculated by hand-calculations and it has been verified that the Kedertruss in its larger spans isn’t able to withstand the loads. The main problem is the greater snowloads which has been proofed to be the most unfavorable load for the Kedertruss. Apart from the commission from Layher AB a parametric controlled model of the Kedertruss has been made in Revit Structure</p>

<p>The Kedertruss is the loadbearing part in the Keder weatherprotectionsystem and it has been analyzed concerning its loadbearing capacity. The Kedertruss is produced and manufactured by Wilhelm Layher GmbH & Co. KG and this report has been made for their Swedish division Layher AB.  The Kedertruss, designed in Germany according to German designcode, has been recalculated concerning Swedish conditions according to Eurocodes and a ongoing European standardization project. The two-dimensional program Winstatik Frame Analysis has been used for evaluation of load effects. Capacity has been calculated by hand-calculations and it has been verified that the Kedertruss in its larger spans isn’t able to withstand the loads. The main problem is the greater snowloads which has been proofed to be the most unfavorable load for the Kedertruss. Apart from the commission from Layher AB a parametric controlled model of the Kedertruss has been made in Revit Structure</p>

<p>This thesis work is a 30hp D-level assignment in design as a co-operation between MälardalenUniversity and Scania CV AB in Södertälje. The purpose was to develope a close fitted catwalk.The market has seen an increasing value for these types of applications and have the ambition to keep up with the rest of the competitors. The catwalks of todays standards shall be estetical attractive, have a non slippery surface and be costefficient.While working with this project I have spent a lot of time with the concept proposals and with the evaluation of the concepts, resulting in a final CAD model and a approximation of the cost estimate. The new catwalk fulfils all the new recommendations and rules as sharp edges, ADR, the height of the stepup and a non slippery surface with built in drainage.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet är på D-nivå 30hp inom konstruktion och är framarbetat i ett samarbete mellan Mälardalens Högskola samt Scania CV AB i Södertälje. Syftet med projektet var att ta fram ettheltäckande gångbord till helbilskonceptet European Tractor. Marknadens behov av heltäckande gångbord har ökat. Scania ser ett mervärde med detta och vill vara med i denna marknadsutveckling. Dagens gångbord ska vara estetiskt tilltalande, säkra ur halksynpunkt och samtidigt vara kostnadseffektiva. Under arbetets gång har det genererats fram olika konceptförslag som utvärderats, och sedan valts en slutgiltig lösning som resulterat i slutgiltig CAD modell och en grovt uppskattadkostnadskalkyl. Det nya heltäckande gångbordet uppfyller alla de nya lagkraven och rekommendationerna för vassa kanter, ADR (transport av farligt gods), uppstegshöjd samt ett tillfredsställande halkskydd med inbyggd dränering.</p> / Finns även en till version som bara är tillgänglig hos Scania CV AB.

<p>The present study concerns a concept development of a product idea that Bengt Magnuson, associate professor, had when a heavy storm caused a widespread power failure of long duration. With a basic power-producing unit one should be able to get through a power loss. The product could also be useful for other tasks if different modules are connected, e g grass mower or snow-blower.</p><p>According to the product idea the basic unit will be able to produce electric power enough for a fridge, freezer, TV, and a few electric lamps. Normally the basic unit can be used e g as a mower, when such a module is attached. An increased number of tasks would make the contraption useful and tempting for those who do not own an electrical power set in reserve. The study was limited, not involving the construction and characteristics of the power set, as such systems already exist. Power sets will be discussed according to size, weight, and effect to estimate there suitability in the base unit. Also was a consumers investigation not Per-formed, as the study is supposed to produce a basis for such an enquiry.</p><p>During the concept development, five ideas were compared in order to reach the best solution. This solution was compared to the alternative solutions which were brought forward at the critical scrutinisation of the product idea.</p><p>The result that was reached implied that the product would deflect buyers due to the considerable weight. Even if the weight would be reduced by making the generator unit lighter, two alternative solutions were considered better. One of them would use an alternator and put it on a modified mower with an extra shaft-coupling. The other one would be to add an alternator generator to a system already on the market, where the same motor could be moved between different products.</p><p>In conclusion: One should not continue further development of the original product idea but instead use one of the alternative solutions and perform a consumer’s investigation on that one. It is important as a need for an electricity supply in reserve seems to exist for many people outside the central urban areas.</p> / <p>Tyngdpunkten i arbetet ligger på konceptutveckling av en produktidé som docent Bengt Magnuson fick under våren 2005 i samband med stormen Gudrun. Med en strömförsörjande basenhet kan man dels klara sig genom ett strömavbrott och dels kan produkten få andra användningsområden genom att moduler med olika egenskaper, som t.ex. gräsklippare eller snöslunga, kan fästas på basenheten.</p><p>Enligt produktidén skall basenheten vid allmänt strömavbrott kunna producera tillräcklig effekt för kyl, frys, TV och några glödlampor. I dagligt bruk skall basenheten kunna användas som t.ex. en gräsklippare genom att en modul med denna funktion är påmonterad. Med fler användningsområden skall idén förhoppningsvis locka dem, som inte har ett reservaggregat, att köpa denna produkt.</p><p>Arbetet avgränsades såtillvida att generatoraggregatets konstruktion inte tas upp, då sådana system finns. Befintliga el-generatorer får stå som mall för basenhetens egenskaper angående mått, vikt och effekt. Någon kundundersökning ingår inte heller, eftersom föreliggande arbete får ses som framtagning av ett underlag för en sådan.</p><p>Under utvecklingen togs det fram fem konceptidéer som jämfördes med varandra för att man slutligen skulle komma fram till en lösning. Denna lösning jämfördes med alternativa lös-ningar, vilka togs fram under den kritiska granskningen av produktidén.</p><p>Det resultat som framkom var att produkten inte skulle få gensvar hos kunder med tanke på att den antagna vikten skulle anses alltför hög. Även om vikten kunde reduceras genom att generatorenheten görs lättare, var två alternativa lösningar bättre. Den ena innebär att en el-generator placeras på en modifierad gräsklippare med en extra utgående axel. Den andra inne-bär att sortimentet i ett befintligt system utökas med en generator, där samma motor kan flyttas mellan olika produkter.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att man inte skall fortsätta att utveckla produktidén utan inrikta sig på en av de alternativa lösningarna och genomföra en kundundersökning av denna. Behovet av en extra elförsörjningsmöjlighet finns trott allt hos många människor utanför storstäderna.</p>