Tidigare forskning indikerar att organisationskultur är en viktig aspekt för organisatorisk framgång. Hur arbetet mot en gemensam organisationskultur i praktiken sker finns däremot motstridiga åsikter kring. Att sträva efter en väletablerad och stark organisationskultur kan försvåras av ett flertal aspekter, varav en decentraliserad organisationsstruktur är ett exempel. Syftet med undersökningen var att identifiera praktiska tillvägagångssätt för att stödja och förstärka en enhetlig organisationskultur i en verksamhet präglad av decentralisering. Undersökningen avsåg testa och vidareutveckla Scheins tolv mekanismer inom kulturskapande. En fallstudie genomfördes på Handelsbanken där affärsrådgivare, kontorschefer, rörelsechef, regionbankschef och delar av koncernledningen, inklusive personalchef, kreditchef och VD, intervjuats. Resultatet har visat att Handelsbankens tillvägagångssätt går att kategorisera in i Scheins modell för kulturskapande, men att beskrivningen av primära och sekundära faktorer inte överensstämmer med teorin. Istället utgör den decentraliserade strukturen en utgångspunkt för kulturen, där många övriga faktorer används i syfte att stödja decentraliseringen.

Organisational culture is a construct for conceptualising the way people experience and describe their work setting, and can be linked to organisational benefits and employee well-being. Researchers suggest that culture is created through group dynamics and interactions over time, the influence of surrounding environment and the founders of the organisation. This study aims to understand the main aspects of culture creation in semi-enclosed environments, i.e. environments where employees are physically enclosed to their workplace and colleagues without being deprived of their liberty. To fulfil the aim, an explorative, qualitative study of the onboard superyacht environment was conducted. The data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 31 crew members of various rank and position, employed on superyachts of sizes between 40- 90 meters. The thematical analysis of the interviews found unique characteristics of the environment in terms of customer requirements, work conditions, interactions between crew members and challenges experienced. These findings are discussed in terms of how culture is created through industry impact, crew behaviour and the leader’s role in the organisation. The study concludes that the main important aspects for culture creation in semi-enclosed environments are how relationships, behaviour and identity are shaped by intense interactions due to the enclosed and limited physical space, time spent together and distance from external relations. Furthermore, it is concluded that the industry characteristics create a strong community culture, making the onboard environment on various superyachts fundamentally similar despite not being connected to each other on an organisational level. It is also concluded that the challenges experienced by members in this environment are in line with the these aspects, and therefore closely related to the culture creation. Ultimately, the study found that the environment and superyacht case has great potential for further research. This thesis can therefore be considered a base that outlines the semi-enclosed environment onboard superyachts for future studies. / Organisationskultur kan beskrivas som en konstruktion för hur människor upplever och beskriver sin arbetsmiljö, och kan kopplas till organisatoriska fördelar och de anställdas välmående. Forskare anser att kultur skapas genom gruppdynamik och interaktioner över tid, den omgivande miljöns påverkan samt organisationens grundare. Den här studien ämnar att förstå de huvudsakliga förutsättningarna för kulturskapande i halvslutna miljöer, d.v.s. miljöer där de anställda är fysiskt begränsade till sin arbetsplats och sina kollegor, men utan att vara berövade av sin frihet. För att uppnå detta syfte så har en explorativ, kvalitativ undersökning av miljön ombord superyachts utförts. Datainsamlingen bestod av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 31 besättningsmedlemmar av varierande rang och position, anställda ombord superyachts i storleksordning 40 meter till 90+ meter. Den tematiska analysen av intervjuerna visade på unika särdrag i miljön ombord i avseende på krav från kunder, arbetsförhållanden, interaktion mellan de anställda och upplevda utmaningar. Dessa resultat diskuteras i samband med kulturskapande genom industripåverkan, de anställdas beteende och ledarens roll i organisationen. Slutsatsen av studien är att de huvudsakliga aspekterna för kulturskapande i halvslutna miljöer är hur relationer, beteende och identitet skapas genom intensiva interaktioner, som uppstår på grund av den fysiskt begränsade miljön, tiden de anställda spenderar tillsammans och avståndet till externa relationer. Vidare så kan det anses att industrins särdrag skapar en stark kultur inom yacht-samfundet, vilket gör att den upplevda miljön ombord olika superyachts i grunden är samma, även om de olika fartygen inte är kopplade till varandra rent organisatoriskt. En annan slutsats från studien är att de utmaningar som anställda upplever ombord relaterar till kulturskapandet. Slutligen så visar studien att miljön, och i synnerhet fallstudien om superyachter, har stor potential för vidare studier. Denna uppsats kan därför anses som en grund till framtida studier om halvslutna miljöer och studier om superyachtorganisationer.

<p>Abstract</p><p>The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to study how interactional strategies are used by children and what these strategies mean or imply in the preschool cultural context. The theoretical point of departure in the study is the socio-cultural perspective (William Corsaro, Roger Säljö, Jim Wertsch). The study is a contribution to the field of research that focuses upon contextual issues and an overall way of seeing the child. This is in opposition to the strong traditional psychological perspective in the development of the child, where a focus upon the individual dominates in special education. This ethnographic study aims to answer the following research questions; What interactional strategies are co-constructed by the children in preschool play? How do the interactional strategies influence the creation of culture in preschool play? The children, 3-5 years olds, and their play situation were in focus. Participant observations and video recordings of preschool play constituted the empirical material. These were analysed through a “child perspective” to understand interactional strategies in a cultural context.</p><p>Detailed transcriptions, CA (Conversation Analysis, Per Linell) of the empirical material highlights that interactional strategies can be categorised under the following themes; Taking turns, Protecting play, Dividing roles, Understanding roles and Confirming play themes. These themes furthermore, give rise to three common central elements: Interaction space; the children create a common space to interact that they defend and protect; Role dividing is a starting point in interaction and is an important part in producing and reproducing play; Meaning-making, the children’s common play leads to interaction and the space and roles are safe and confirmed.</p><p>The results indicate that interaction includes verbal and nonverbal elements. The children’s use of artefacts’ plays an important role in the interaction, meaning-making and cultural expressions that they create and reproduce in the preschool context. Through these themes an explanatory model is presented with the aim of highlighting the strategies that influence the creation of culture. The explanatory model shows relationships between aspects of culture-making in children’s interaction. The use of artefacts in interactional strategies presented here influence and plays an important part in the common meaning-making and can therefore be seen as an expression of culture.</p><p>Key Words: Ethnographic study, Socio-cultural Perspective, Culture-making, Interactional Strategies, Artefacts’, Preschool play</p>

Abstract The aim of the research presented in this thesis is to study how interactional strategies are used by children and what these strategies mean or imply in the preschool cultural context. The theoretical point of departure in the study is the socio-cultural perspective (William Corsaro, Roger Säljö, Jim Wertsch). The study is a contribution to the field of research that focuses upon contextual issues and an overall way of seeing the child. This is in opposition to the strong traditional psychological perspective in the development of the child, where a focus upon the individual dominates in special education. This ethnographic study aims to answer the following research questions; What interactional strategies are co-constructed by the children in preschool play? How do the interactional strategies influence the creation of culture in preschool play? The children, 3-5 years olds, and their play situation were in focus. Participant observations and video recordings of preschool play constituted the empirical material. These were analysed through a “child perspective” to understand interactional strategies in a cultural context. Detailed transcriptions, CA (Conversation Analysis, Per Linell) of the empirical material highlights that interactional strategies can be categorised under the following themes; Taking turns, Protecting play, Dividing roles, Understanding roles and Confirming play themes. These themes furthermore, give rise to three common central elements: Interaction space; the children create a common space to interact that they defend and protect; Role dividing is a starting point in interaction and is an important part in producing and reproducing play; Meaning-making, the children’s common play leads to interaction and the space and roles are safe and confirmed. The results indicate that interaction includes verbal and nonverbal elements. The children’s use of artefacts’ plays an important role in the interaction, meaning-making and cultural expressions that they create and reproduce in the preschool context. Through these themes an explanatory model is presented with the aim of highlighting the strategies that influence the creation of culture. The explanatory model shows relationships between aspects of culture-making in children’s interaction. The use of artefacts in interactional strategies presented here influence and plays an important part in the common meaning-making and can therefore be seen as an expression of culture. Key Words: Ethnographic study, Socio-cultural Perspective, Culture-making, Interactional Strategies, Artefacts’, Preschool play