Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of IsiZulu namaGugu in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2004. / Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuqhakambisa iqhaza elibanjwe izindawo zomlando, ezemveIo nezokwakhiwa ekuthuthukiseni ezokuvakasha endaweni yasebaQulusini. Ucwaningo lukuveze kwagqama ukuthi indawo yasebaQulusini icebile ngezigigaba zomlando ezehla khona, icebile futhi ngezindawo eziyizikhungo zokongiwa kwemveIo, konke lokhu kuyiwozawoza elidonsa izivakashi ukuthi zithutheleke kule ndawo ukuze zizitike ngolwazi nobuhle bale ndawo.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR PHILOSOPHIAE (D.PHIL) in the Department of Criminal Justice at the University of Zululand, 2010. / This study is intended to assess correctional supervision in the KwaZulu- Natal province, since the inception of correctional supervision in the early 1990s and also to investigate the political, economic and societal changes that resulted in the development of diverse perceptions (opinions). Relevant Acts (or legislation) and reports of government appointed commissions in the field of corrections were also examined for evidence of the prevailing trends. This study is therefore intended to serve two distinct purposes. Firstly, the study assist the community–based offenders to come to a better understanding of themselves as well as the societal norms and values which might improve such offenders’ attitudes and perceptions – provided these are utilised to their full potential. On the other hand, this study assists members of the society to fully understand and interpret the role that they are expected to play in the offender’s rehabilitation process – if rehabilitation of community–based offenders is to be realised successfully. For purposes of clarity, the statement of the problem and accompanying empirical research issues are clearly set out and discussed. The most important concepts and terms relating to correctional supervision as a social phenomenon were also highlighted and/or defined. (vii) Additionally, the present study also investigated various aspects pertaining to theoretical explanations underlying the concept of correctional supervision, the historical background and development of the idea of correctional supervision as a sentencing option, followed by a comparative view of probation and parole in South Africa and around the globe. Methodologically, specific aims (objectives) of the study were stated and hypotheses formulated in search of valid and reliable data. Correctional supervision was also compared with incarceration with a view to show the similarities and dissimilarities, advantages and disadvantages, of these orientations and, most importantly, the potential of correctional supervision to rehabilitate and reintegrate community-based offenders in a safe, secure and humane environment. In undertaking this study, appropriate research methods and techniques were selected and implemented for data analyses purposes. Two different questionnaires namely, for the correctional officers (Annexure A) and for public respondents (Annexure B), were designed and implemented as data capturing instruments. Analyses of perceptions pertaining to correctional supervision as a dependent variable were cross-correlated in respect of two independent (viii) samples: (a) correctional officers and (b) public respondents in two different regions of KwaZulu-Natal. Apart from gender, other independent variables like higher and lower management levels, representing a merger of the rank system of correctional officers, and two artificially created southern and northern regions, were also implemented in subsequent frequency distributions to portray respondents’ evaluations - either positive or negative opinions, towards various facets of correctional supervision. With minor exceptions, the findings of the study overwhelmingly emphasise favourable perceptions towards the present policies in regard to correctional supervision adopted by the Department of Correctional Services in the 2005-White Paper. The conclusions and recommendations are based on data contained in various statistical tables, either included in the text or attached as annexure at the end of this manuscript. / The Research Committee of the University of Zululand.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Recreation and Tourism, at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2012. / The growth of tourism as a social phenomenon, a tourist industry as well as an economic enterprise have been full of drama during the last half of the twentieth century. Tourism has become a major economic force in many countries and regions throughout the world. Increasingly, it has been agreed that the growth of tourism offers means for developing countries to escape the confines of underdevelopment and that new forms of tourism allow this transition to be achieved sustainably and equitably (Mowforth & Munt, 1998: 221). As a global tourism player, KwaZulu-Natal has not been immune to the global trend of massive tourism development. The province of KwaZulu-Natal currently holds number one position in the domestic market and is number three in attracting the international market in South Africa (South African Tourism, 2004: 12). The research problem in this study is seen as four-fold: Firstly, tourism in KwaZulu- Natal is governed in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Act of (1996) as amended in (2000), which regrettably has serious shortcomings. The Act only advocates the establishment of Destination Management Organisation, the KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority, and regulation of tourist guides without any reference to the mandate and functions of the provincial Department of Economic Development and Tourism [DEDT]. The Act confers the tourism marketing, development and investment function to KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority. This state of affairs has culminated to serious clashes in operational roles between the department and the destination management organisation. Secondly, KwaZulu-Natal does not have a provincial tourism master plan. The municipalities are developing their tourism plans and strategies without a guiding provincial tourism plan or tourism strategy. Thirdly, the tourism coordinating structures in Kwazulu-Natal are inefficient and ineffective and do not succeed in providing a coordinated tourism development approach and alignment of tourism policies and strategies between the provincial and local government. Lastly, the local communities are not properly consulted and involved in tourism matters at a local level. The objectives of this study were set to facilitate better comprehension of the study as well as to accomplish the main goals of the study. The objectives are: (a) To analyse the gaps in the legislative frameworks governing tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal and how these influence creation of the enabling environment for co-ordinated planning in the tourism industry. (b) To analyse the national, provincial and local government tourism policies and strategies, revealing how these are aligned to positively influence tourism planning and development in KwaZulu-Natal. (c) To scrutinise relevance, composition, stakeholder efficacy, operations and effectiveness of tourism co-ordinating structures for the public and private sector engagements in KwaZulu-Natal. (d) To investigate policy and strategic planning challenges facing a broad crosssection of tourism stakeholders in planning, coordination and delivery of tourism development in KwaZulu-Natal. (e) To establish the perceptions of tourism stakeholders towards the effectiveness of existing policy, institutional frameworks and their implementation in achieving co-ordinated tourism development in the study area. (f) To propose a mechanisms or model-related master plan that could be utilised to ensure a co-ordinated and integrated tourism planning and development process in KwaZulu-Natal. The section on methodology provides a discussion on the research strategy and general approach that was adopted in conducting the study. In essence the research design utilised the qualitative and quantitative approaches, which according to KZNTA (2008) are ideal in assessing the state of tourism in KwaZulu-Natal. The sample of the study included a number of diverse organisations and institutions, namely; provincial and local government, private sector, local communities, development finance institutions which are all organisations somehow responsible for tourism policy, planning, development and management in KwaZulu-Natal. The study was conducted as an applied research The main findings of the study revealed that the legislative framework in KwaZulu- Natal has gaps and causes challenges in the tourism industry; national and provincial tourism policies are not fully communicated to local communities; the tourism coordinating structures are not effective and fully inclusive of the local stakeholders; the local communities are not adequately consulted on policy and planning matters in the province; and that municipalities do not have necessary by-laws to regulate the industry. The study was conducted as applied research and it developed a conceptual model for tourism planning and management in KwaZulu-Natal which is a new model that adds the body of knowledge in the field of tourism policy and planning. The new model is called the Community Coordination Matrix for Tourism Planning. The model was not adapted from any existing model but was developed to provide coordination and alignment of tourism activities among a number of tourism authorities and coordinating structures that exist in KwaZulu-Natal and to ensure that they are properly coordinated, synergised and work in unison to improve tourism policy, planning and development in the study area.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master Degree in Recreation and Tourism in the Department of Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2008. / Any development, be it tourism development needs to be well planned and executed so as to effectively benefit the broader society in any entrepreneurial environment. Municipalities, such as strategic management model, the national mandate to promote tourism development within their areas with a bias to enhance entrepreneurship and Black economic empowerment. The application of such principles is particularly needed in the GDMA mainly for addressing of basic needs, equity and redistribution of tourism wealth for the benefit of the previously disadvantaged communities. The main purpose of this study is therefore to advocate for the exploitation of tourism opportunities to the superlative degree by historically disadvantaged individuals. The focus of the study is on the identification of tourism business opportunities around the Durban Metropolitan Area. In addition, to develop strategic management approaches that could be used as a guideline to manage the tourism business and empowerment of the previously disadvantaged communities. Some of the objectives of the study are: (a) To reveal the extent of Black people's awareness of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area. (b) To establish the levels of stakeholder participation in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area. (c) To investigate whether the BEE policy contributes towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area. (d) To identify appropriate competitive strategies that can be widely applied in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area. (e) To propose a strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by entrepreneurs in the tourism industry. The methodology for collecting data comprised a stratified sample size of 178 respondents, which was distributed in the GDMA as follows: sample consisting of Black entrepreneurs [92], tourism officials [8], government officials [5], tourism business persons [27], local community and public [103]. The findings of the study indicated that, on the whole, a significant number of respondents were not sufficiently in support of many of the hypotheses. The findings of the study established that: (a) Black people are adequately aware of tourism entrepreneurial opportunities associated with the study area; (b) Black stakeholders do not participate significantly in the tourism entrepreneurial initiatives within the study area; (c) The present BEE policy as practiced makes an inadequate contribution towards tourism entrepreneurship within the Durban Metropolitan Area; (d) The existing competitive strategies are not adequately successful in enhancing tourism entrepreneurial opportunities for the benefit of stakeholders in the study area; (e) There is no readily existing strategic management model that can be used as a blue print by tourism entrepreneurs in the study area. In conclusion the study found that there was an urgent need for designing a strategic entrepreneurial development or management model that could be used as a blue print for tourism delivery in the study area. The study actually put forward a strategic BEE entrepreneurial management model with the hope that it would contribute to the solution of tourism entrepreneurial shortcomings, towards achieving an equitable distribution of tourism benefits to all stakeholders in the Durban Metropolitan Area. The prospects for future research in this area include: the sustainability of tourism entrepreneurial development initiatives, the community benefits from emerging BEE initiatives in the area, and the adjustment of tourism legislation so as to benefit the BEE infrastructural requirements within the study areas.

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in the Department of Psychology of Education of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zululand, 2002. / The aims ofthis research were: • To detennine the status of teacher efficacy in a number of selected schools in KwaZulu-Natal. • To suggest a number of recommendations for the improvement of teacher efficacy in these schools. The life-world of the teacher involves a complex network of relationships with himself, with ideas, with objects and with others. Teachers are achievement oriented. Most teachers strive to realise their full potential through self-actualisation. Various studies have been conducted on teacher efficacy to determine the different dynamics that influence teacher motivation, teachers' professional esteem, thinking, decision-making, and classroom discipline and management. Results have shown that teachers with a high sense of efficacy are generally strongly motivated and satisfied with their jobs, persevere when faced with obstacles, maintain good classroom discipline, and attempt to bring out the best in their students. Conversely, teachers with a low sense of efficacy give up easily when faced with obstacles, are afraid to accept challenges, feel inadequate in the classroom, and harbour feelings of guilt and trepidation when their students perform poorly. For the purpose of the empirical investigation, a structured questionnaire "vas used. Teachers from schools in the City of Durban District were asked to complete the questionnaire. An analvsis was done of the 150 completed questionnaires that were returned. The data obtained was processed and interpreted by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. The null hypothesis, namely that there is no relation between the teacher's experience of the teaching situation and his efficacy, that is, the power to produce the effect wanted, has to be accepted. In conclusion, a summary and certain fmdings emanating from the literature study and the empirical investigation were presented. Based on these findings, the following recommendations were made: • Teachers need to be developed professionally. Proactive professional development programmes should be designed to extend the personal strengths of teachers. Professional development provides opportunities for teachers to acquire new skills and attitudes which can enhance their efficacy. • Teaching conditions need to be reformed. This involves transforming the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. Teachers need to undertake initiatives which are designed to improve their efficacy. At the same time, school management and education authorities need to improve working conditions so that more effective teaching can take place. • Teachers need to be satisfied \vith their jobs in order to perform effectively. The workload of teachers needs to be reduced considerably to enable them to focus more on particular tasks. Furthermore, teachers reqmre greater incentives to motivate them to perform more effectively. • Stress in the workplace needs to be reduced if teachers are to perform optimally. The onus rests on all role players to make a concerted effort to control the level of stress in the workplace

Submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Didactics at the University of Zululand, 1997. / The aims of this study were : • to investigate the effects of teacher absenteeism on secondary school pupils in KwaZulu Natal. • to suggest in the light of the findings obtained didactically justifiable guidelines for reducing the absenteeism rate among secondary school teachers. To address these problems information was collected from school principals through interviews and questionnaires. Analytical methods were also used to collect information regarding the effects of teacher absenteeism on secondary school pupils. In order to curb the problem of disjunction caused by an overemphasis on empirical research, this study also concentrated on a literature review in which recent sources on classroom management were used to identify criteria for effective classroom management, with specific reference to disruptive behaviour caused by the absence of teachers in the classroom. The study identified the following didactic criteria: democracy, conflict resolution, effective learning environment, motivation and order. These theoretical findings were blended with the empirical findings to analyse the effects of teacher absenteeism on the quality of teaching-learning actions in the schools included in the sample. The findings revealed that teacher absenteeism had the following major effects: • ignorance of pupils' names and achievements • demotivation among pupils • fighting and other forms of violence such as intimidation, defiance and vandalism • truancy • incomplete work programmes and poor performance • drunkenness and other forms of substance abuse by pupils • failure to do homework and assignments an increase in the drop-out rate • cheating in the examination The recommendations flowing from the research included, inter alia, that the Department of Education should establish a clear code of conduct regarding teacher absenteeism and a definite procedure to ensure that principals as well as teachers honour this code of conduct. Measures should be introduced to (a) combat the problem of teachers who fake sickness to absent themselves from duty and (b) compel principals to be more strict in keeping attendance registers, not only for pupils, but also for teachers. Since three of the most common causes of teacher absenteeism appear to be the attendance of funerals, part-time studies and long distances teachers travel between homes and schools, the dissertation contains several recommendations to alleviate problems in these areas.

Wild mustard (Brassica spp.) is used as an edible wild leafy vegetable by indigenous people in South Africa. The potential of wild leafy vegetables in agriculture is not well understood, because there is generally no agronomic research on their production practices. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of three wild mustard species (herein referred to as I, K and M) over four cropping seasons in an intercropping system with green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Imbali). The crops were grown with and without organic fertiliser under dryland conditions at two sites (The University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Farm, Ukulinga and in a rural area of Umbumbulu, KwaZulu-Natal within the farmers' locality) during autumn, winter, spring and summer of 2004 to 2005. Plant development (leaf number, plant height and fresh biomass) during the first six weeks after sowing and seed yield were used to determine agronomic performance of each species. Nutrient status of the rhizosphere soil was determined at 42 days after sowing for each species to determine what effect growing the species would have on mineral availability. Wild mustard production significantly (P < 0.01) performed better at Ukulinga than Umbumbulu. Polyculture was beneficial for wild mustard leaf accumulation and green bean production as determined by land equivalent ratios greater than one for all species combinations, regardless of fertiliser application. Cool environmental conditions occurring in autumn and spring were more favourable (P < 0.05) for wild mustard and green bean biomass accumulation than summer and winter conditions. However, wild mustard seed yield was highest in winter compared with autumn and spring, and there was no measurable seed production in summer. Soil analysis results at 42 days after sowing showed an increase in P, K, Cu and Mg in the rhizosphere of wild mustard without organic fertiliser. Polyculture improved Zn, Cu, Mn and K in wild mustard leaf tissue. It is concluded that wild mustard can be grown as a leafy vegetable throughout the year, but it requires cool environmental conditions to enhance seed yield. Species M significantly yielded better biomass and seeds than species I and K during all the seasons. However, species K performed the least in all aspects. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Crop production is widely promoted as a solution to food insecurity, but its real impact on household food security has not been measured in South Africa. Small-scale production is a common practice for many rural poor households of South Africa. While agriculture may play a major role in reducing food insecurity, agricultural growth alone cannot solve the problem of food insecurity at household level. South Africa is food secure at the national level, but available data suggest that between 58.5 and 73 percent of South African households experience food insecurity. This study set out to measure the impact of crop production on household food security among sampled households in two communal regions, Umbumbulu and Maphephetheni, of KwaZulu-Natal, to establish whether participation in food production improved household food security. Household surveys which explored the types of crops produced, food consumed, income obtained from crop sales and the food security situation, were carried out at Umbumbulu and Maphephetheni respectively (n = 200 and n = 68). The types of crops produced were investigated using crop production seasonality charts, while the household food security situation was measured using the Coping Strategy Index tool. The main findings of the study indicated that household gardens provided food for household members, but did not provide sufficient quantities to meet year-round consumption requirements. Most sampled households relied largely on purchased foods. More than 80% of the food consumed by households came from purchases, 4% and 13% came from own production in Umbumbulu and Maphephetheni respectively. Among the households surveyed, 58% and 89% were below the poverty line for Umbumbulu and Maphephetheni respectively. Umbumbulu and Maphephetheni’s largest household income contributions came from wages or salaries. Social grants were the second most important source of household income. As participation in crop production alleviated food shortages somewhat, its contribution to food security cannot be ignored. A study needs to be conducted to investigate whether participation in both farm/non farm activities reduces the number of households below the poverty line. Government should provide extension officers to monitor and evaluate the impact of gardens on household food security. To guide the design and implementation of commercial and home gardens, households need to develop clear and consistent policies, strategies, processes and procedures, and (a sound) monitoring and evaluation framework. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

Land degradation and soil nutrient depletion have become serious threats to agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. Soil fertility depletion in smallholder areas has been cited as the fundamental biophysical cause of declining per-capita food production in Africa. Manure application is a well established and known practice, but not effectively used among South African smallholders. This study investigated the practice, constraints and perceptions of improving soil quality through manure application through a case study of three smallholder farmer groups. Three groups from rural areas of KwaZulu-Natal (Mkhambatini, Mooi River and Richmond) were selected to participate in the study. Participatory methodologies were used to identify and clarify the study problem. Three participatory focus group discussions, one per area, were conducted with farmers at the study sites to discuss farming methods, experience and perceptions of manure use, manure management practices and constraints farmers experience with manure use. Force Field Analysis was used for each group to explore for forces against and in support for manure use. Random soil and manure samples were collected for laboratory analysis to determine fertility levels. Some farmers indicated that soil fertility was low. However, half the sample perceived the land to be productive to some extent. The study showed that 40 per cent of farmers reported improved soil fertility following the application of manure. Due to the limited availability of livestock manure, farmers prefer to use both livestock manure and commercial fertilisers. Furthermore, the study found that except for young farmers (20 per cent of the sample), farmers had not received formal training and very limited extension advice on composting and manure use and management. The study participants were aware of the consequences of declining soil fertility and were attempting to improve soil quality. However, low livestock numbers and poor management led to inadequate amounts of manure, and, limited access to information on manure and compost use. Unless better knowledge of optimal soil nutrient management practice is acquired by the farmers, soil fertility levels will continue to decline, further reducing production potential and rural household food security. Government needs to revisit extension support to meet the needs of smallholders and offer training on sound soil management, sustainable production methods, composting and livestock management. A handbook with graphic detail should be accompanied to provide smallholders with information and advice on how to manage soil fertility. / Thesis (M.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.

This study provides feedback from the Extension Officers and community garden members involved in community garden projects of the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, by investigating the contribution of community gardens to household food security. The investigation included interviews with 61 Extension Officers from the Bergville, Hlanganani, Eshowe, Vryheid and Mbumbulu districts and 106 community garden members from 31 community gardens in the Bergville and Hlanganani districts. It was found that the people involved in community gardens were older persons, with little or no education. Those involved in community gardens were unemployed and relied on pensions, remittances and selling handicrafts to purchase garden inputs. The average household dependency ratios were 4, 5 and 5, 5 persons per active household member in Hlanganani and Bergville, respectively. Community garden members were mostly females, but most community garden members’ households were male-headed. The community garden members indicated that the most important reason for producing vegetables was for household use. Extension Officers were not satisfied with the state of community gardens and the relationship between the regional and district offices. Community gardens do not reflect the effort put in by the Extension Officers. The Extension Officers want to be involved in determining research priorities and be regularly informed about research findings and policy changes made at the regional level. The Extension Officers would like to see all government departments working together towards the development of communities. Extension Officers believe that if the government departments pool their resources, they would be able to serve the communities better than when each department works alone on community garden projects in the same community. Despite the initial funding of community gardens by the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs, there were many factors limiting production of vegetables in community gardens. The limiting factors included poor soil fertility; small garden plot sizes; low water availability; high start-up costs and poor management of the community garden finances. The community garden members were positive about the contribution of community gardens to their lives. The benefits were in the form of information about vegetable production, cropping practices and the availability of fresh vegetables that provided nutritious food and allowed them to buy other household requirements instead of vegetables. Community garden projects have a potential role to play in the lives of many rural people if the following concerns raised by the Extension Officers are addressed: the relationship between the offices at district level and the regional level improves; the establishment and maintenance of sound channels of communication between the district field staff and the regions; research support is received from the regions; and government departments work together. The KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs should not only focus on providing infrastructure for projects but should also ascertain that the proposed project achieves the objectives of both the community garden members and the Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs and that the beneficiaries are trained before the project is handed over. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.