This thesis reports an experimental investigation of low Reynolds number particle-laden turbulent flows in a horizontal plane channel. Experiments were conducted over a smooth wall and over two rough surfaces made from sand grain and gravel of relative roughness k/h ≈ 0.08 and 0.25, respectively, where k is the roughness height and h is the channel half-height. The flow was loaded with small solid particles with diameters less than 1/10 of the length scale of the energy-containing eddies, and whose concentrations decreased with time due to sedimentation. A novel particle image velocimetry (PIV) method that employed colour filtering for phase discrimination was used to measure the velocities of the fluid and solid particles. Over the smooth wall, the particles mean velocity, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress matched those of the unladen flow very well. There were substantial differences between particle and fluid profiles over the rough wall, which include more rapid reduction in the particle mean velocity and significantly larger turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stress compared to the unladen flow values. Stratification of the particle concentration led to attenuation of the fluid wall-normal turbulence intensity. This effect was nullified by the roughness perturbation leading to collapse of the wall-normal turbulence intensities over the rough wall. The streamwise turbulence intensity also collapsed over the rough wall but it was found that particles augmented the fluid Reynolds shear stress due to enhanced correlation between the rough wall streamwise and wall-normal velocity fluctuations. A quadrant decomposition of the fluid Reynolds shear stress also revealed corresponding enhancements in ejections and sweeps, the dominant contributors to the Reynolds shear stress, over the rough wall. Based on two-point correlations between the velocity fluctuations and between the velocity fluctuations and swirling strength, it was concluded that both wall roughness and particles modified the turbulence structure by increasing the size of the larger-scale structures. The idea of eddies growing from the wall, thereby enhancing communication between the inner layer and outer parts of the flow, has implications for wall-layer models that assume that the outer layer is detached from the turbulence in the inner region.

This dissertation research focused on the growth of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers in low-pressure horizontal hot-wall chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactors. The goal of the research was to develop a growth process that maximized the growth rate and produced films of smooth morphology. The epitaxial growth of SiC was carried out in two different reactor sizes, a 75 mm reactor and a 200 mm reactor. The maximum repeatable growth rate achieved was 30-32 um/h in the 200 mm reactor using the standard chemistry of hydrogen-propane-silane (H2-C3H8-SiH4) at growth temperatures <̲ 1600 °C, which is the highest growth rate reported to date in a horizontal hot-wall reactor at these temperatures. This growth rate was achieved with a silane flow rate of 30 sccm. The process development and characterization of 4H-SiC epitaxial films grown using the standard chemistry are presented. There are many ways to increase the growth rate, such as changing the pressure, increasing the reactant flow rates, or increasing the temperature. The method of choice for this dissertation work was to first increase the reactant flow rates, i.e. silane flow rate, and then to alter the growth chemistry by using a growth additive. When the silane flow is increased, while maintaining a specific growth temperature, supersaturation of silicon may occur. When this happens, particulates may form and deposit onto the sample surface during growth which degrades the film morphology of the epitaxial layers. In order to overcome this severe limitation in the growth of SiC, hydrogen chloride (HCl) was added to the standard chemistry of H2-C3H8-SiH4 during growth when the SiH4 flow was increased beyond 30 sccm. With the addition of HCl, the Si supersaturation was suppressed and the growth rate was increased from ~32 um/h to ~ 49 um/h by increasing the silane precursor up to 45 sccm, while maintaining the Si/C ratio of the standard chemistry process. The addition of HCl to the standard chemistry for growth of SiC films was pioneering work that has since been duplicated by several research groups.

This study aims at providing results for the analysis of the stratigraphy underlying contaminated sediments in Ångermanälven. The contaminated sediments, containing heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, are derived from wastewater discharged into Ångermanälven from nearby paper and pulp industries. These sediments consist of cellulose fibres deposited as fibrebanks, or as fibre-rich sediments in the case where fibres are mixed with natural sediments. The importance of the underlying geology is enhanced since the contaminated sediments are deposited in an area where submarine landslides and slope movements occur frequently. In this study two sediment cores from a fibrebank in Ångermanälven are analysed. This is done in order to assess the risk of contaminants being dispersed in the ecosystem as a result of mass movements. Stratigraphic correlation with results from previous sediment core analysis in the middle of the estuary (International Ocean Discovery Program expedition #347) is achieved through magnetic susceptibility and density measurements of the sediment. Results show that silt layers and clay units situated throughout the estuary are potentially weak and geotechnical investigations are necessary to assess the risk of slope movements over these units. With further analysis of fibrebanks and the use of a vibro-corer, the contact between the fibrebanks and underlying sediment could be captured and further correlation establishing the stratigraphy of the estuary achieved. / Denna studie syftar till att tillhandahålla resultat och tolkningar för analys av den underliggande stratigrafin i Ångermanälven, som överlagrats av förorenade antropogena sediment. De förorenade sedimenten, vilka innehåller tungmetaller samt organiska föroreningar, härrör från avfallsvatten som släppts ut i älven från pappers- och massaindustrin. Sedimenten består av cellulosafibrer och har deponerats som fiberbankar eller fiberrika sediment, varav det sistnämnda består av cellulosa uppblandat med naturliga sediment. Eftersom fiberbankarna och de fiberrika sedimenten är avsatta i ett område där jordskred är vanligt förekommande, är den underliggande geologin som de miljöfarliga sedimenten är avsatta på av avsevärd betydelse. I studien ingår analys av två sedimentborrkärnor från en fiberbank i Ångermanälven. Syftet är att ta fram underlag för att möjliggöra riskbedömning kring spridning av föroreningarna som följd av potentiella jordskred, där de förorenade sedimenten är inblandade. Stratigrafisk korrelation med resultat från tidigare studier i den djupare delen av älven (International Ocean Discovery Program expedition #347) har uppnåtts genom jämförelse av två sedimentegenskaper: sedimentens respons av magnetisk susceptibilitet och densitet. Resultaten visar att silt- och lerlager som återfinns genom hela älven är potentiellt svaga. Vidare är geotekniska undersökningar nödvändiga för att bedöma risken för skred över dessa lager. Analys av fler fiberbankar och användning av ”vibro-corer” istället för kolvbaserad borrmetod, skulle möjliggöra analys av kontakten mellan fiberavsättningarna och den underliggande geologin, samt ytterligare tydliggöra stratigrafin i Ångermanälven.

Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η δημιουργία ενός προγράμματος ηλεκτρονικού υπολογιστή για τη μελέτη της συμπεριφοράς δοκών ενισχυμένων με πρόσθετες στρώσεις σκυροδέματος, στο εφελκυόμενο και στο θλιβόμενο πέλμα. Η διατριβή αυτή αποτελείται από οκτώ κεφάλαια τα οποία συνοπτικά περιλαμβάνουν τα εξής: Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο είναι εισαγωγικό και κάνει μια αναφορά στις βλάβες των δοκών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος, στους τρόπους επισκευής και ενίσχυσής τους καθώς και στον τρόπο εξασφάλισης της σύνδεσης στη διεπιφάνεια παλιού και νέου στοιχείου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο γίνεται περιγραφή του προβλήματος με το οποίο πραγματεύεται η παρούσα εργασία. Γίνεται αναφορά στη συμπεριφορά των σύνθετων μελών, στον τρόπο προσομοίωσης της διατμητικής τάσης στη διεπιφάνεια καθώς και μια σύντομη βιβλιογραφική ανασκόπηση. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο περιγράφεται το αναλυτικό μοντέλο που δημιουργήθηκε για τη μελέτη δοκών ενισχυμένων με νέες στρώσεις σκυροδέματος. Περιγράφονται αναλυτικά οι θεωρητικές εξισώσεις που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, δίνονται τα διαγράμματα ροής των προγραμμάτων που γράφτηκαν σε γλώσσα προγραμματισμού FORTRAN για τη μελέτη ενισχυμένων και μονολιθικών δοκών, καθώς και κάποιες εφαρμογές των προγραμμάτων αυτών. Στο επόμενο κεφάλαιο γίνεται ένας έλεγχος της αξιοπιστίας των προγραμμάτων που αναφέρθηκαν προηγουμένως, με σύγκριση με πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Επίσης γίνεται και μία παραμετρική διερεύνηση για τα συγκεκριμένα πειραματικά δοκίμια. Η γενίκευση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν από την παραμετρική διερεύνηση του τέταρτου κεφαλαίου γίνεται μέσω της παραμετρικής διερεύνησης του κεφαλαίου πέντε και που αφορά ένα πλήθος δοκιμίων ενισχυμένων με διάφορους τρόπους. Στο έκτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται έλεγχος κάποιων θεωρητικών εξισώσεων που δίνουν τη διατμητική τάση στη διεπιφάνεια του ενισχυμένου δοκιμίου καθώς και μιας ακόμη εξίσωσης που υπολογίζει τον οπλισμό ενίσχυσης. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται κάποιες θεωρητικές εξισώσεις που προέκυψαν στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής, από την προσπάθεια να εκτιμηθεί η κατανομή της ολίσθησης κατά μήκος της ενισχυμένης δοκού. Η εργασία τελικά ολοκληρώνεται με το όγδοο κεφάλαιο που παρουσιάζει συγκεντρωτικά όλα τα συμπεράσματα. / The object of this thesis was the creation of computer programs to predict the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by placing additional layers in the tensile and compressive regions. This thesis consists of eight chapters. By way of introduction, the first chapter describes the damage sustained by reinforced concrete beams, outlines methods of strengthening and describes techniques used to connect between old and new elements. The second chapter presents a literature review. The behaviour of composite members and a method that simulates the shear stresses that develop at the interface between the old and the new concrete are described. The analytical models that were created to model the strengthening of reinforced beams is described in the third chapter. An analytical description of the theoretical equations that were used is presented as well as a flow chart of the programs that were created in FORTRAN in order to predict the behaviour of monolithic and strengthened beams. Some applications of the programs are also presented in this chapter. The fourth chapter conducts reliability study of the programs that were created and results are compared to experimental results. In addition, there is a parametric study of experimental beams. An additional parametric study of several specimens that were strengthened by using different methods is performed in the fifth chapter in order to generalize the results from the fourth chapter. In the sixth chapter theoretical equations that calculate the shear stress at the interface of the strengthened specimen and the amount of the reinforcing steel that is required are examined. Theoretical equations that have been derived from this thesis are presented in the seventh chapter. These theoretical equations can be used to calculate the distribution of sliding along the interface of a strengthened beam. Finally, all conclusions of this thesis are presented in the eighth chapter. It was found that the programs gave results that are very close to experimental results. In addition, the program that was written for strengthened elements can also be used for the monolithic elements by using a large value for the stuffiness factor of the interface. This program also gave results very close to those of the theoretical equations that calculate shear stress at interface presented in chapter six, especially when a new layer is added to the compressive region of the beam. The theoretical equations that are derived in chapter seven need further examination and the modification of the programs to use these equations could be a part of a future work.

This thesis presents research in the area of creation of coated electrodes for hard surfacing. The principal subject of research is coated electrodes and metals deposited by means of them. The main objective of the thesis is to develop new electrode coatings, to obtain the metal having the proper mechanical properties which enable to produce the surface layers with acquire strength and resistance to abrasive wear. The application area of newly developed welding electrodes is surfacing of working parts of agricultural, mining and road-building machines. The thesis also deals with optimization of alloying elements transfer from electrode to liquid pool with a view to obtain economically alloyed deposited metal. Welding electrodes are being produced in Lithuania, multi-purpose hard-facing electrodes being among them. All over the world a lot of welding materials manufacturers produce the analogous production, but their products are expensive. A challenge to the competition in the electrodes market is to expand the production range, to offer new products whose quality and price could satisfy customer’s demands. The dissertation analyzes the regularities of alloying elements transfer in developed electrodes from electrode coating to deposited metal and the influence of alloying elements on the properties of coated layers. Two principal tasks are solved: development of coated electrodes coatings and investigation of hard-faced surfaces. The first task is formulated with respect to... [to full text] / Disertacijoje nagrinėjamas glaistytųjų elektrodų rankiniam elektrolankiniam apvirinimui kūrimas ir taikymas. Pagrindinis tyrimo objektas yra glaistytieji elektrodai ir šiais elektrodais prilydytas metalas. Pagrindinis disertacijos tikslas yra sukurti naujus elektrodų glaistus, gauti gerų mechaninių savybių metalą, kuriuo apvirinti sluoksniai būtų atsparūs abrazyviniam dilimui. Sukurtų apvirinimo elektrodų taikymo sritis yra žemės dirbimo, kalnakasybos mašinų, rūdų smulkinimo įrenginių darbinės dalys. Disertacijoje siekiama optimizuoti legiruojančiųjų elementų koncentraciją lydinyje, ir taip gauti ekonomiškai legiruotą prilydytą metalą. Lietuvoje gaminami suvirinimo elektrodai. Viena iš gaminamos produkcijos rūšių yra įvairios paskirties apvirinimo elektrodai. Pasaulyje yra daug suvirinimo medžiagų gamintojų, kurie gamina analogišką produkciją, tačiau šie elektrodai brangūs. Siekiant konkuruoti elektrodų rinkoje, būtina plėsti gaminamos produkcijos asortimentą, pateikti naujus gaminius, kurie savo kokybe ir kaina galėtų patenkinti įvairiausius vartotojų poreikius. Darbe sprendžiami du pagrindiniai uždaviniai: glaistytųjų elektrodų glaistų kūrimas ir šiais elektrodais apvirintų sluoksnių savybių tyrimas. Pirmasis uždavinys suformuluotas, atsižvelgiant į legiruojančiųjų elementų perėjimo iš elektrodo į prilydomą metalą dėsningumų tyrimą. Antrasis siejasi su apvirintų sluoksnių lydinių struktūros ir abrazyvinio dilimo tyrimu.

The spatial and temporal structure of the flow, vorticity and stress over equilibrium orbital-scale sand ripples are investigated at turbulence-resolving scales with a wide-band coherent Doppler profiler (MFDop) in an oscillating tray apparatus. The oscillation period and horizontal excursion were 10 s and 0.5 m. Velocity profiles were acquired with 3 mm vertical resolution and at a 42 Hz sampling rate. Ripple wavelength and amplitude were 25 cm and 2.2 cm. The MFDop measurements are used to investigate the development of the lee vortex as a function of phase, and the co-evolution of turbulent kinetic energy, Reynolds stress and turbulence production. Shear stress is determined from the vertically-integrated vorticity equation and using the double-averaging approach. Friction factors obtained from the two methods are comparable and range from 0.1 to 0.2.

Large-eddy simulations are carried out to study the combined effects of roughness and favourable pressure gradient in boundary layer flows, where the high acceleration (on smooth walls) may cause flow reversion to the quasi-laminar state. A sand-grain roughness model is used, with the no-slip boundary condition modeled by an immersed boundary method. The properties and accuracies of the scheme are studied, the roughness model is validated, and the spatial-resolution requirements are determined. The roughness model is applied to boundary layers subject to mild or strong acceleration, with simulations carried out underlining the effects of three parameters: the acceleration parameter, the roughness height, and the inlet Reynolds number. The roughness effects are limited to the roughness sublayer; the outer layer is affected indirectly only, through the changes that roughness causes in the relaminarization and retransition processes. The roughness significantly affects the inner-layer quantities like the friction velocity and the friction coefficient, while the local Reynolds number, the outer-layer mean velocity, as well as the Reynolds stresses beyond the roughness sublayer, are not sensitive to the roughness. The acceleration decreases the Reynolds stresses in the overlap region and promotes a laminar-like velocity profile. The acceleration leads to stabilization of near-wall structures and causes one-dimensional turbulence. The roughness generates small-scale structures at the bottom wall, which disturb the larger structures originally stabilized by the pressure gradient, leading to a decrease in the Reynolds-stress anisotropy. Roughness increases the Reynolds stresses in the roughness sublayer and tends to restore the fully turbulence flow early. The inlet Reynolds number affects the flow stability by determining the viscous length scale compared to the roughness length scales, and by determining how far the roughness effect extents into the boundary layer. / Thesis (Master, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-10-17 11:19:08.063

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Organizational Networking is an eminently modern concept and has been more and more investigated by scholars in recent years. However, little research has focused on the impact of Organizational Culture on Organizational Networking. The reason of this is that there is a duality in the field of culture between culture within organizations and culture within organizational networks. We argue that none of those stances alone can provide a comprehensive view of cultural phenomena within networking organizations and that a new perspective should be taken. In order to investigate the subject, we bring in the concept of Interorganizational Culturing and investigate it from an Actor-Network Theory perspective, which leads us to the following research question: which are the actors of Interorganizational Culturing in a networking organization? To gain insight on the topic, we have searched for theories on cultures within both the scope of organizations and organizational networks to build upon. In order to illustrate our research, we have conducted unstructured interviews in accordance to Actor-Network Theory principles. Our investigation was led through the use of convenience sampling method and was performed with six large Swedish organizations which activities differ and size varies. Our findings suggest that there are both structural and cultural actors to Interorganizational Culturing, the latter being the ones that can be influenced by the organization. The Actor-Network Theory perspective enabled us to show that many of the dynamics are sparked by nonhuman entities such as components or Organizational Culture (values, beliefs, behaviours). Therefore managers should reflect upon the fact that the potential of improving interorganizational collaboration in their organization lies in their very hands and that they should ask themselves the following question: how ready are we to collaborate more in order to compete better?