A la quantité limitée de l’eau disponible au Liban, vient s’ajouter un nouveau problème, la dégradation de la qualité des eaux superficielles menacées continuellement par la pollution et la salinisation. Les utilisations agricoles et industrielles et l’augmentation de la population génèrent des pollutions des cours d'eau qui posent des problèmes environnementaux et sanitaires. Afin de limiter et d'anticiper ces pollutions, il est nécessaire de disposer de méthodes d'évaluation des effets des systèmes de culture sur la pollution des eaux de rivière. Pour cela, nous avons sélectionné la rivière Litani qui est la plus longue rivière et la plus importante au Liban, sur laquelle deux dispositifs de suivis ont été mis en œuvre entre 2010 et 2013. En raison de l'absence de données sur la qualité de l'eau, nous proposons dans cette étude de vérifier les paramètres de pollution du bassin supérieur qui constitue la majorité de surface du bassin. L’objectif de ce projet est de réaliser une étude prospective sur la qualité de la ressource en eau du bassin supérieur du Litani en incluant le lac de Qarraoun, de comprendre la relation entre la recharge et la consommation d’eau et, si pertinent, de proposer des solutions pour une meilleure gestion des eaux polluées. L'étude porte sur l'interprétation des sources de pollution en mesurant de nombreux paramètres physicochimiques (pH, T °, TDS, Ec), chimiques (Na, Ca2, Mg2, Cl-, SO2-4, NH3, NO-3, PO2-4, K, DBO5 et DCO), les métaux lourds (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) et des paramètres microbiologiques de l'eau et les sédiments de la partie supérieure du bassin Litani et dans le lac. Des échantillons ont été prélevés au cours des trois saisons d’hiver (Février), du printemps (mai) et d’été (Septembre) en 2010-2013. Les analyses microbiologiques et physico-chimiques sont effectuées en conformité avec les méthodes standards européennes et méthode standard (OMS). Des méthodes statistiques multi-variées (analyse hiérarchique de la concentration : HAC, et de l'analyse en composantes principales : PCA) et la corrélation de Pearson ont ensuite été appliquées pour déterminer l'influence des polluants dans le lac et la rivière / Lebanon has abundant water, but its river is polluted. The Litani River is the largest one, draining from north to south in the central core of the country (Bekaa Valley) before turning west to the sea. It crosses down a rather deep valley and passes by several urban agglomerations and industrial zones, which use its water as a discharge system of their waste. This study shows the impact of the anthropic activities on the water quality of this river. Physical (pH, T°, TDS, Ec), chemical (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl?, SO2?4, NH3+, NO?3, PO2?4, K+, BOD5 and COD), heavy metals (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Al, Ba, Pb, Mn) and microbiological parameters of water quality assessment and sediment for the Upper Litani River Basin was performed. They were investigated during three seasons of rainy, mid-rainy spring and wet season, during the years 2010-2013 to determine correlation between chosen chemical water parameters and bottom sediments parameters. Microbiological and physico-chemical analyses are performed in accordance International methods (e.g. European Standard Methods, WHO). In addition, Multivariate statistical methods (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis: HCA, and Principal Component Analysis: PCA) and Pearson’s correlation were applied to figure out the influence of pollutants disposal in the Lake and the River as well. Sediments were characterized by a set of chemical analyses, cations exchange capacity, mineralogical X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To assess metal contamination in sediments, Consensus-Based Sediment Quality Guidelines of Wisconsin (CBSQG) were applied. The metals contamination in the sediments was also evaluated by contamination factor (Cf), and the results showed that the effect of seasonal variations was important in the Upper Litani River Basin and the degree of contamination was increased in dry season. All the sites are characterized by moderate to highly microbial polluted range and some site was highly polluted and contaminated

The focus of this research was to obtain, specifically, data on the marriage customs of the Druze in the Shouf Mountains of southeastern Lebanon. Ten Druze informants were selected and classified according to sex, age, marital status and religious status (sheik/sheika). A detailed questionnaire was designed to use during the interviews with these informants. However, after two interviews, it became apparent that a variable questionnaire was necessary to take advantage of the new, richly-detailed, cultural information that emerged with each informant. New questions were developed, in the field, to reflect and gather this new ethnographic data on Druze marriage customs.

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The flow of political aid into civil society organizations has sparked extensive debates and controversies surrounding the impact of foreign aid on the efficacy of said organizations in recipient countries. These discussions explore foreign aid through theoretical and empirical lenses, investigating its implications on global, regional, and national levels of analysis. Consequently, fundamental notions of geopolitics, development, and normative considerations within the realm of International Relations (IR) have been called into question. By employing the theory of hegemony and the concept of agency, this paper aims to enhance our understanding of the interplay between the agency of civil society organizations and foreign aid. It addresses the question of What analyzing the agency of civil society organizations in Lebanon reveals about the possibilities for transforming the hegemonic relationships within foreign aid? The examination of Robert Cox’s contextualization of Gramsci's theory of hegemony in IR, combined with James C. Scott’s observation of peasant resistance in rural Malaysia, lays the foundation for this study. This study calls attention to the often-overlooked ability of civil society organizations to not only challenge but reshape the prevailing hegemonic dynamics of foreign aid. More importantly, this study instigates a nuanced exploration of agency, resistance, and the transformative capacity of CSOs derived from local perspectives and the subculture and values of the civil society in Lebanon

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There are many important factors that influence and even determine the work of middle and senior managers in the public and private sectors, NGOs, and international organizations such as the UN. Yet, despite this overall agreement, the study of ¿managerial effectiveness¿ has remained relatively neglected and unexplored particularly within the developing world. The present research explores the dimensions of the managerial effectiveness of middle and senior managers who work in the Education Programme of the UN Agency in Lebanon. These managers are dedicated to refugees and their children at primary and high schools, and vocational centers. In doing so this study has adopted the framework, ¿parameters of managerial effectiveness¿, developed by Analoui (1999) to explore and identify the factors and causal influences which form the basis for the effectiveness of these managers to develop policies and strategies for their increased effectiveness. The literature in the areas of development of management, management training and development, and recent works on managerial effectiveness confirm the importance of the parameters and interrelationship between them and the unique contextual factors, namely the personal, organizational and external factors. The Education Programme of the UNRWA in Lebanon provides a suitable case, and the middle and senior managers constitute the units of analysis. The entire cadre of senior and middle management (N= 132) were included in this first time study. The methodology adopted for collecting and generating relevant and adequate data was a combination of survey questionnaire, interviews and the use of secondary data available. The adoption of ¿triangulation¿ as a strategy yielded adequate and relevant data which was analyzed using statistical methods. The quantitative analysis was supported by qualitative data based on senior and middle managers¿ own perception of their effectiveness. The results, by and large, support Anloui¿s (1999; 2007) theory and led to the first time discovery of the eight parameters of the managerial effectiveness in UNRWA, Lebanon. The results revealed a myriad of factors and influences concerning the middle and senior managers¿ perception, managerial skills and competencies, organizations criteria for effectiveness, opportunities, demands and constraints involved, as well as the inter-organizational relationship and the dominant managerial philosophy of effectiveness. The study contributes to the literature on managerial effectiveness by contextualizing the model adopted thus contributing to this neglected field of managerial studies. It also provides the basis for the formulation of policies and strategies to improved and increase managerial effectiveness in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Palestine, and the developing world as the whole where UN is actively operating to support refugees. Like any empirical investigation the study suffers from limitations which need to be considered in the future research in this field.

This qualitative exploratory case study covers Lebanon’s conflicted history that has left its people with unfulfilling history education. The purpose was to explore potential stakeholders and possible factors to motivate participation in Lebanon’s process towards a formal history education. Previous research has shown a need to combine stakeholders with a top-down approach to resolve conflicts over history education in post-conflict societies such as Lebanon. The study was conducted through a sample of digital articles representing people from Lebanon. The sample was analysed with a Qualitative content analysis. The findings showed that sceptical individuals have the potential to act by both enabling and challenging historical narratives in the social space they have access to. Stakeholders such as teachers and historians are today already organised to move history forward within education. Potential factors that could motivate Lebanese to participate in the process were cognitive- and financial rewards that today are left out. These findings showed an optimistic outlook on the long struggle over history education in Lebanon and could work as a recommendation for further research.

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