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United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are regularly evaluated and critiqued by both scholars and policy-makers, however this scrutiny is commonly restricted to program- and project-level effects. This neglects the unique impacts that emerge from the individuals who populate interventions and those they encounter in conflict-affected communities. The objective of this research is to place these individuals, and their actions and relationships, at the centre of analysis and investigate their impacts independent of, or distinct from, program-level effects. Through the case study of south Lebanon and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), this dissertation explores the social and physical spaces that connect peacekeepers and Lebanese individuals in the course of their everyday lives and actions. Through the theoretical lenses of cultural peacebuilding and hybridity, I conceptualize the meaning of these relationships to the individuals involved, to the UNIFIL mission, and to peace at a broader level. This political ethnography undertakes a complex, relational approach to understanding intervention impacts and effectiveness, thereby 'peopling' a UN peacekeeping operation. Based on original empirical data consisting of 82 ethno-biographical interviews with Lebanese individuals and UNIFIL veterans, alongside 14 months of participant and field observation, I argue that Lebanese people agentially transform superficial, formal encounters with peacekeepers into substantial, impactful relationships through the Lebanese culture of hospitality. In informal, private and local spaces and contexts, 'thick' identities are enacted and cultural exchange occurs, which transforms and hybridizes the knowledges and identities of both peacekeepers and Lebanese people. Through this process of hybridization, interlocutors emerge who facilitate the connections of others in their social networks and function as bridges across the international-local divide. This hybridization augments UNIFIL's access to local knowledge, which improves local support and operational effectiveness. Further, the relationships and connections between peacekeepers and Lebanese people contribute to the restoration or amelioration of Lebanese human identity needs, which are threatened by the conflict with Israel and the ways in which it intersects with intrastate tensions. This constitutes incremental change productive to complex pathways toward peace in south Lebanon.

The theme of this research is smart power in Iran’s foreign policy toward Arab national security in the Middle East [Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen]. This important and influential topic was explained and analyzed on the regional and international political scene. Also, it highlighted how the IRI managed in employing this type of power in its foreign policy with the purpose to penetrate Arab national security and exporting its Islamic revolution to the Arab surrounding, and the gains it had made, in accordance with the directives of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini, and in line with what is stipulated in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979. The study examined the case studies of Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen during the time period (2003- 2015), where 2003 witnessed a significant turning point that contributed to reviving Iran’s dual-strategy to expand in the Arab world and reshaping its map and regimes in preparation for exporting its Islamic revolution to it and extending its control over it, relying on its hard and soft power instruments on the one hand, and taking advantage of some regional and international shifts that turned the balance of power in favor of Iran - such as the US-led occupation of Iraq, the strategic buffer for the Arab region, in addition to the outbreak of the Arab Spring in late 2010, which crowned in the Iranian-backed Houthis group’s seizure of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, in late 2014- that made the Middle East a fertile soil and conducive atmosphere to the implementation of Iranian agendas on the other hand. The research depended on Nay’s smart power model and Waltz’s neo-realism theory, as exclusive analytical frameworks. As well an interpretive case study was utilized as the main research method whose findings were derived from primary and secondary databases. The research concluded that the IRI had succeeded in employing smart power in its foreign policy, enabling it to occupy three Arab countries, which are considered fundamental pillars of Arab national security. This, in turn, has proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that the IRI poses an existential danger and a serious threat to the Arab nation and its national security, as evidenced by the research databases.

Yes / The remarkable evolution in the twentieth century has been a result of a new perspective in understanding the importance of investing in individuals and organizational human resources, and the implementation of capacity building strategies in various organizations and in societies. This paper explores the case of ICO, an international consultancy organization, based in the Middle East, specialized in architecture, engineering, planning, environment and economics. This qualitative study, using thirteen selected semi-structured interviews, observations, and secondary data, has been conducted in the Beirut design office of the organization. The paper aims to examine major human resource related capacity building themes in ICO which include employee involvement and motivation, recruitment and selection, in addition to performance appraisal and reward management.

An Edifice that establishes Identity through spatial Experience. An Environment traditional in its Values, modern in its Language, yet capturing a Mood inherent to Lebanon. An Architecture that Reveals a sense of Unity around a Central Court. A Design that reflects an Attitude toward the Totality of Space through Structure, Circulation, and Materials. A Place where Order prevails, where Sequence emphasizes Hierarchy, and Procession seeks a Rhythmic Stimulus of Higher Aspirations. / Master of Architecture

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Cette recherche décrit les évolutions du waqf des grecs-orthodoxes et des lois qui le gèrent à travers les années et donne un éclairage sur la condition des monastères de l’archevêché de l’Église grecque-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban. En mettant en correspondance, dans la première partie, les différents aspects historiques, structuraux, canoniques de cette Église et des waqfs avant la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, nous avons mis en évidence les situations et les conditions politiques et socio-économiques dans cette période qui ont influencé cette Église en général, et les waqfs des monastères, en particulier. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons présenté le monachisme dans l’Église grecque-orthodoxe d’Antioche, l’organisation des monastères dans l’archevêché du Mont-Liban et de leurs waqfs avant et après la période de renaissance et les défis rencontrés depuis la Première Guerre mondiale de 1914. En étudiant le fonctionnement des monastères et de leurs waqfs dans l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban dans la seconde moitié du XXème siècle, la période de reprise, et plus particulièrement Saint-Georges à Deir elHarf, Notre-Dame à Kaftoun, Saint-Michel à Beq‘ata, Saint-Selwan et Saint-Jean à Douma, Notre-Dame à Hamatoura et Notre-Dame elNouriyé, nous avons découvert la spécificité de chacun. Les études de terrain ont montré que c’est l’importance théologique, écologique et socio-économique qui a permis de favoriser le développement des waqfs et de permettre ainsi aux biens monastiques de contribuer avec évidence à l’épanouissement spirituel et ethico-religieux d’une partie des Libanais. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons utilisé la méthode financière de l’analyse des recettes et des dépenses de trois monastères de l’archevêché grec-orthodoxe du Mont-Liban de 2005 à 2010 ; et celle-ci, en mettant en avant les bonnes qualités de gestion et d’administration des waqfs malgré les difficultés rencontrées, nous a permis d’obtenir la preuve concrète que toutes les actions de développement ont été entreprises dans l’optique de répondre à la vocation première théologique, spirituel, écologique et socio-économique des monastères. Afin de répondre aux exigences de la conjoncture socio-économique du monde contemporain et de ne pas se laisser dépasser par les évolutions techniques, il semble indispensable d’avoir recours aux méthodes les plus modernes en matière d’économie, de gestion et de finances dans la gestion du waqf. L’étude propose différentes solutions pour atteindre ces objectifs et prendrait en compte les solutions pour faire face aux nombreux obstacles susceptibles de se dresser sur le chemin du développement des waqfs. / This research depicts the evolution through time of the Greek Orthodox waqf as well as the laws that govern it. It also highlights the condition of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Monasteries. In the first part, this study introduced the different historical, structural, and canonical aspects of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and its waqf before the second half of the Twentieth century. It has showed the socio-economic and political situations and conditions that have influenced this Church in general, and the waqf and monasteries in particular. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met since the First World War in 1914. By studying the functioning of monasteries and their waqf in Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese in the second half of the Twentieth Century – more particularly Saint George in Deir al-Harf, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Kaftoun, the Archangel Michael in Beq’ata, Saint Selwan and Saint John in Douma, the Dormition of the Theotokos in Hamatoura, and the Lady al-Nouriyyah – we were able to discover the specificity of each one. In the second part, we introduced monasticism in the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch, the organization of monasteries in the Archdiocese of Mount Lebanon before and after the period of renaissance and the challenges they met in the second half of the Twentieth Century. We followed the improvement of the structure of monasteries and their development – infrastructure, construction, new equipment, agriculture, etc. Field studies have showed that it is the theological, ecological, and socio-economic importance that helped to promote the development of waqf and thereby enable the monastic properties to contribute efficiently to the social wellbeing of some of the Lebanese. In the third part, we used financial analysis method of revenue and expenditure of three monasteries of Mount Lebanon’s Greek Orthodox Archdiocese from 2005-2010; this highlighting the good qualities of management and administration of waqf despite the difficulties, we were able to get concrete proof that all development actions were undertaken with a view to answer the monasteries’ primary mission – i.e. one that is theological, spiritual, ecological, and socio-economic – and to serve social welfare. To meet the requirements of the contemporary world’s socio-economic conditions and not be overtaken by technical evolutions, it seems essential to resort to the latest methods in economics, management and finance to manage the waqf. The study proposes various solutions to achieve these objectives and take into account the solutions to address the many barriers that may stand in the way of the development of the waqf.

Cette thèse revient sur l’histoire du camp de réfugiés palestiniens de Chatila, situé dans la banlieue sud de Beyrouth, depuis sa fondation en 1949 jusqu’à nos jours, en mettant l’accent plus particulièrement sur la période du conflit libanais (1975-1990) et ses lendemains. À partir d’une variation des échelles d’analyse, il s’agit de mieux comprendre comment des événements marquants de l’histoire palestinienne et libanaise se sont déclinés et articulés à la vie du camp et y ont résonné. La recherche interroge les recompositions sociopolitiques et urbaines dans le camp, les parcours individuels et familiaux, ainsi que les traces et les usages du passé de guerre à la lumière de l’histoire de Chatila. Elle s’appuie sur plusieurs enquêtes ethnographiques menées entre 2003 et 2011 et sur les archives de l’UNWRA. Cette réflexion s’est développée au sein du champ de recherches de l’anthropologie politique et urbaine et de la socio-anthropologie de la mémoire. / This thesis revisits the history of Shatila Palestinian refugee camp that is located in the southern suburb of Beirut, from its foundation in 1949 to nowadays. I focus more specifically on the period of the Lebanese conflict (1975-1990) and its aftermath. Using different analytical scales, it aims to better understand how striking events of the Palestinian and Lebanese history impacted and were echoed in the camp life. My research examines the social, political and urban transformation, individual and familial courses and the traces, as well as uses of the past of the war in light of the history of Shatila. The research is based on ethnographical fieldwork in Shatila conducted between 2003 and 2011 and on the archives of UNRWA. The analysis is part of the field of political and urban anthropology, and of memory in anthropology and sociology.

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