Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-28T12:43:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_final_Barbara_pgetema.pdf: 1961642 bytes, checksum: e697bce70379b05d18b7de59fe7b4784 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-11-29T10:34:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_final_Barbara_pgetema.pdf: 1961642 bytes, checksum: e697bce70379b05d18b7de59fe7b4784 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T10:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diss_final_Barbara_pgetema.pdf: 1961642 bytes, checksum: e697bce70379b05d18b7de59fe7b4784 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / An efficient and low-cost strategy in the search for processes for the separation of CO2 from the natural gas is the physical immobilization of the ionic liquids (ILs) in solid materials. Mesoporous silicas are interesting materials to be used as supports because they have high surface area and pore volume. Besides that, the ionic liquids have been studied and appointed as a potential substitute for the commercial solvents, due to their characteristics and the possibility of combining a selection of anions and cations. In this case, anions having direct interference in the sorption capacity. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the physical immobilization of two ionic liquids with different anions (bmim [Cl] and bmim [OAc]) on two mesoporous supports (commercial silica SBA-15 and silica extracted from rice husk) for the separation of CO2 from the natural gas through the experimental determination of CO2 sorption, selectivity (CO2/CH4) and sorption kinetics. The results have shown that pure solid supports have the greatest sorption capacity of CO2 when compared to immobilized. However, the CO2 removal efficiency in the CO2/CH4 mixture of the immobilized supports (evaluated by the selectivity) improves considerably. The best selectivity results were obtained for supports immobilized with the IL bmim[Cl] and the contribuition of SIL-Cl (3.03 ? 0.12) to separation performance (CO2/CH4) is similar to SBA-Cl (3.29 ? 0.39). The materials supported with ionic liquids have also presented fastest sorption kinetics when compared to the pure ILs. Also, the SIL-Cl was the most interesting combination of support and ionic liquid, when considering these parameters and the cost. / Uma estrat?gia interessante na busca de processos para separa??o de CO2 do g?s natural mais eficiente e de baixo custo ? a imobiliza??o f?sica de l?quidos i?nicos (LIs) em materiais s?lidos. As s?licas mesoporosas s?o materiais interessantes para a utiliza??o como suportes, pois apresentam grande ?rea superficial e volume de poros, j? os l?quidos i?nicos v?m sendo estudados e apontados como potencial substituinte aos solventes comerciais, devido a suas caracter?sticas e possibilidade de combina??o atrav?s da escolha de c?tions e ?nions, sendo que os ?nions t?m interfer?ncia direta na capacidade de sor??o. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da imobiliza??o f?sica de dois l?quidos i?nicos com ?nions diferentes (bmim[Cl] e bmim[OAc]) em dois suportes mesoporosos (s?lica comercial SBA-15 e s?lica extra?da da casca de arroz) para separa??o de CO2 do g?s natural atrav?s da determina??o experimental da sor??o de CO2, seletividade (CO2/CH4) e cin?tica de sor??o. Os resultados mostraram que os suportes s?lidos puros tem a maior capacidade de sor??o do CO2 quando comparados com os imobilizados, entretanto a efici?ncia de remo??o do CO2 na mistura CO2/CH4 (avaliada pela seletividade) dos suportes imobilizados melhora consideravelmente. Os melhores resultados de seletividade foram obtidos com os suportes imobilizados com o LI bmim[Cl] e a contribui??o de SIL-Cl (3,03 ? 0,12) para a separa??o (CO2/CH4) foi similar a SBA-Cl (3,29 ? 0,39). Os materiais suportados com l?quidos i?nicos tamb?m apresentaram cin?tica de sor??o r?pida quando comparados com os LIs puros, sendo SIL-Cl a combina??o mais interessante de suporte e l?quido i?nico, considerando estes par?metros e o custo.

Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro são biomateriais constituídos de polímeros ácidos, vidro básico (ionizável) e água, sendo usados amplamente no campo odontológico, como materiais restauradores ou ainda como cimentadores de bandas ortodônticas. Estes compostos podem ser suscetíveis a formação de biofilmes por espécies de Candida na sua superfície em função da rugosidade associada a colonização fúngica do meio bucal. Pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de biomateriais funcionais tem buscado desenvolver compostos de alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade que sejam capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes sobre superfícies biológicas. Considerando a busca por novos biomateriais, foi desenvolvido um estudo ex vivo com o objetivo de modificar a estrutura de um cimento de ionômero de vidro comercialmente disponível (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) através da inserção do sal imidazólico cloreto de 1-nhexadecil- 3-metilimidazol comparado ao cloreto de cetilpiridínio para compor um novo composto com atividade antibiofilme. O sal imidazólico e o cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram acrescentados diretamente ao pó do ionômero de vidro na proporção de 10 ppm p/p. A partir desta adição inicial, foi realizada a reação de polimerização do ionômero, obtendo corpos de prova (CP) medindo 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, os quais foram divididos em 03 grupos: CP1, constituído do ionômero na formulação original (controle de crescimento de biofilme); CP2, constituído do ionômero acrescido com o cloreto de cetilpiridínio (referência) e CP3, constituído do ionômero acrescido do sal imidazólico. Foram testadas nove cepas de Candida não albicans resistentes ao antifúngicos usuais, sendo três cepas de C. glabrata (RL22, RL24 e RL25), três cepas de C. tropicalis (57A, 72A e 72P) e três cepas de C. parapsilosis (RL11, RL20 e RL32), todas depositadas no Laboratório de Micologia da UFRGS. Avaliou-se a resistência a deformação plástica pelo teste de microdureza; a atividade antibiofilme pela avaliação de inibição de crescimento na superfície dos CP por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de hipoalerginicidade pelo teste da membrana cório-alantoide. O teste de microdureza não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os três grupos, com valor médio de 44.2 HV para o CP1, 43.5 HV para o CP2 e 43,1 HV para o CP3. A avaliação da superfície dos CP através da análise de microscopia eletrônica demonstrou haver inibição completa da formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas. O teste da membrana cório-alantoide indicou que o ionômero de vidro na sua composição original, bem como acrescido dos dois compostos testados, demonstrou ser hipoalergênico. Considerando os dados apresentados, podemos concluir que a adição do sal imidazólico na formulação do ionômero de vidro promoveu a ação antibiofilme contra cepas multirresistente sem perda nas características de microdureza e hipoalergenicidade. / Glass ionomer cements are biomaterials composed of acid polymers, basic glass (ionizable) and water, being widely used in dentistry, as restorative materials or as orthodontic bands. These compounds may be susceptible to biofilm formation on their surface by Candida species because of the roughness associated with fungal colonization of the oral cavity. Research on antifungal drugs development has focused on the synthesis of new compounds, that present effective action and low toxicity that are able to inhibit the formation of biofilms on biological surfaces. Considering the demand for biomaterials with antibiofilm activity, an ex vivo study was developed with the objective of modifying the structure of a commercially available glass ionomer cement (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) by insertion of the imidazole salt 1-n-hexadecyl-3- methylimidazole chloride compared to the cetylpyridinium chloride to make a novel compound with antibiofilm activity. The imidazole salt and cetylpyridinium chloride were added directly to the glass ionomer powder at a ratio of 10 ppm w/w. From this initial addition, the ionomer polymerization reaction was performed, obtaining test specimens (TS) measuring 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, divided into three groups; i) TS1, composed only of GIC (growth control reference); ii) TS2, glass ionomer and cetylpyridinium chloride added directly to the powder (drug reference); and iii) TS3, glass ionomer and imidazolium salt using the same procedure. Nine strains of nonalbicans Candida, resistant to usual antifungals, were used; three C. glabrata strains (RL22, RL24 and RL25), three C. tropicalis strains (57A, 72A and 72P) and three C. Parapsilosis strains (RL11, RL20 and RL32), all the strains are deposited in the Mycology Collection at UFRGS. The plastic deformation was evaluated by the microhardness test; the antibiofilm activity by the evaluation of inhibition of growth on the surface of the specimens by scanning electron microscopy and evaluation of hypoallerginicity by the test of the chorioallantoic membrane. The plastic deformation evaluation showed no significant difference among the three groups, with a mean value of 44.2 HV for TS1, 43.5 HV for TS2 and 43,1 HV for TS3. Evaluating the biofilm formation on TSs, all the isolates form biofilm on TS1 (reference). On the other hand, both TS2 and TS3 were able to inhibit surface biofilm growth. The allergenicity evaluation of the three TSs showed no evidence of tissue alteration, considering that the eggs’ chorioallantoic membrane remained intact. Considering the presented data, we can conclude that the addition of the imidazole salt in the glass ionomer formulation promoted the antibiofilm action against multiresistant strains without loss in the characteristics of microhardness and hypoallergenicity.

[pt] Metais pesados contidos em efluentes industriais são fontes de grande potencial de degradação ambiental; visto que eles produzem alterações físicoquímicas na qualidade da água. Estas alterações têm um impacto direto na mortandade da flora e fauna afetando indiretamente a saúde dos seres humanos. Esta dissertação refere-se ao estudo dos aspectos cinéticos da remoção de cromo (III) por flotação de precipitados a partir de cloreto de cromo hexahidratado, utilizando dodecilsulfato de sódio (DSS) como coletor aniônico. Para este estudo, foram realizadas medidas de potencial zeta, bem como ensaios de flotação do cromo (III) para determinar os parâmetros adequados de operação: vazão de ar, concentração de coletor e concentração de espumante. Medições de potencial zeta das partículas de hidróxido de cromo na presença de eletrólito indiferente KCl, indicaram ponto isoelétrico (PIE) em pH em torno de 8,5. A presença do coletor aniônico (DSS) no sistema hidróxido de cromo-água indicou uma redução do potencial zeta, para os três níveis de concentrações investigados. Havendo um deslocamento do PIE na direção de valores de pH mais inferiores, atribuindo tal comportamento à adsorção do coletor sobre o Cr(OH)3 através de interação eletrostática. Com relação aos resultados dos ensaios de flotação de precipitados do cromo (III), obtiveram-se remoções de aproximadamente 96,2%, conseguindo-se chegar a valores inferiores ao estabelecido pela norma do CONAMA (20/86), ou seja, [Cr3+]£0,5 mg/L. O estudo da cinética da flotação mediante as análises integral e diferencial evidenciaram que o processo de remoção do precipitado de hidróxido de cromo segue um modelo de primeira ordem. / [en] Heavy metals contained in industrial effluents are sources of great potential environmental degradation, since their presence produce physicochemical alterations harming in the quality of the water. These alterations have a direct impact in the mortality of the flora and fauna affecting indirectly the human health. This dissertation refers to the study of the kinetic aspects of chromium (III)removal by precipitate flotation from chromium chloride (CrCl3.6H2O), using sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as anionic collector. For this study, measurements of zeta potential were accomplished as well as chromium (III) tests of flotation to determine the appropriate parameters operation: gas flow rate, concentration of collector and frother. Measurements of zeta potential of the particles of chromium (III) hydroxide in the presence of indifferent electrolyte KCl, indicated an isoelectric point (PIE)in pH around 8,5. The particles of chromium (III) hydroxide in the presence of anionic collector (SDS) showed a decrease in module of the zeta potential, for the three levels of concentrations investigated, as well as a displacement of the PIE in the direction of the more inferior pH values. This behavior can be attributed to the adsorption of the anionic collector on Cr(OH)3 due to the electrostatic attraction. Chromium (III) removals of 96,2% were obtained by precipitate flotation. Residual values of chromium reached are lower than the standards values established by the CONAMA (20/86), that mean [Cr3+]£0,5 mg/L. The kinetic flotation study showed that the removal of chromium (III)hydroxide precipitates followed a first order model.

Este trabalho tem por finalidade o estudo da permeabilidade da madeira, com ênfase nas espécies de florestas plantadas do gênero de Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis e Eucalyptus citriodora. Com a sua determinação, avalia-se o quanto uma dada espécie de madeira é permeável a preservativos (tratamentos químicos) e o quanto ela é permeável a aplicação de adesivos estruturais (confecção de peças estruturais em Madeira Laminada Colada MLC). A avaliação da permeabilidade é um fator fundamental para definição do tratamento preservativo da madeira. Para isto foi projetado e construído um equipamento alternativo, para uso laboratorial, visando determinar a permeabilidade e analisar qual espécie dentre as estudadas seriam mais permeáveis a fluidos líquidos e gasosos em madeiras brasileiras de florestas plantadas. O equipamento construído permite a determinação do escoamento de fluidos em corpos-de-prova cilíndricos de madeira, em todas as suas direções ortogonais. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o equipamento é adequado para a determinação da permeabilidade a líquido ou gás em madeiras, onde na direção longitudinal, o alburno E. grandis é a parte do lenho mais permeável a líquido e gás, seguido do alburno do E. citriodora, Pinus elliottii e cerne do E. grandis. Com exceção do Pinus elliottii na direção transversal, as demais espécies não apresentaram vazão nesta direção. / This work aims to study permeability of wood especially in reforestation species like Pinus elliotti, Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus citriodora in order to evaluate how much a given wood species is permeable to preservatives (chemical treatments) and how much it is permeable to application of structural adhesives (making of structural pieces in Glued Laminated - MLC). Evaluation of permeability is a fundamental factor when defining the preservative treatment to able applied in the wood, so an alternative equipment has been especially designed and built aiming to determine its permeability and analyze which one of the studied Brazilian reforestation species would be more permeable to liquid and gaseous fluids. This laboratorial equipment has allowed determination of fluid drainage in cylindrical samples of wood in all of its orthogonal directions. Obtained results have shows that it is appropriate for determining liquid or air permeability of wood where, in longitudinal direction, E. grandis sapwood has been the most permeable part, followed by E. citriodora sapwood, Pinus elliottii and E. grandis heartwood. None of the species has presented any flow in traverse direction, except Pinus elliottii.

O método de imobilização de uma biomolécula é um dos principais fatores que melhoram o desempenho eletroquímico de um biossensor e o emprego de materiais como solução de quitosana, nanotubos de carbono e líquidos iônicos na preparação de eletrodos modificados tem sido cada vez maior devido as suas propriedades que facilitam a reação de transferência de elétrons entre a biomolécula e a superfície do eletrodo. Baseado neste conceito, o presente trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento eletroquímico da heme-proteína citocromo c quando imobilizado nos eletrodos de carbono vítreo e num novo substrato tridimensional de feltros de microfibras de carbono recobertos por nanotubos de carbono do tipo \"cup stacked\" (FCSNTc). Para imobilizar o citocromo c, compósitos contendo quitosana e o líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio (BMMIBF4) foram formulados, indicando que a otimização das quantidades destes componentes podem influenciar na atividade redox do biomaterial. A partir da caracterização eletroquímica do citocromo c em carbono vítreo foi observado que a presença do líquido iônico BMMIBF4 no compósito manteve a sua eletroatividade devido a reação de oxidação e redução do átomo de ferro do grupo heme, e ao utilizar os feltros FCSNTc o citocromo c apresentou o desempenho eletroquímico superior aos obsevados em carbono vítreo, e a incorporação do líquido iônico no compósito de imobilização, resultou em biossensores com sensibilidade superiores durante os experimentos de detecção eletrocatalítica de peróxido de hidrogênio, quando comparados com outros FCSNTc modificados sem presença do material totalmente iônico. Os experimentos espectroscópicos na região da luz visível, foram fundamentais para mostrar que o novo microambiente causado pelos compósitos não modificam a integridade do citocromo c, e que a permanência da bioeletroatividade obtida durante os experimentos eletroquímicos sugerem a aplicação dos eletrodos de FCSNTc para o desenvolvimentos de novos biossensores com o citocromo c. / The immobilization method of biomolecules have been considered the major reason in order to improve a biosensor electrochemical performance and chitosan solution, carbon nanotubes and room temperature ionic liquids have been extensively used as a material for electrode preparation due to their properties of facilitating the direct electron transfer reaction between protein and electrode surface. In this context, the present work shows the electrochemical behavior of the heme-protein cytochrome c when it is immobilized onto a glassy carbon and in a new tridimensional substrate of carbon microfibers recovered by cup staked type carbon nanotubes (FCSNTc) electrodes. The cytochrome c immobilization was carried by the formulation of different composites based on chitosan solution and the ionic liquid 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMMIBF4), and it will be shown that a volume optimization ratio between these compounds can influence in the biomaterial redox activity. During the electrochemistry characterization of cytochrome c onto glassy carbon electrode, it was observed that composites with BMMIBF4 kept its electroactivity due the iron heme group redox process. When FCSNTc felt were used the electrochemical performance was enhanced, giving better biosensors due the increase on sensitivity during the electrocatalytic activity towards hydrogen peroxide reduction when it was compared with another modified FCSNTc without ionic liquid. In addition, the spectroscopic data in the visible region were essential to show that the new microenvironment promoted by the composite did not change the cytochrome c conformational structure. Finally, the bioelectroactivity obtained during electrochemical studies suggest the use of FCSNTc modified electrode as a new platforms to develop new cytochrome c biosensors.

Cette thèse de doctorat aborde de nouvelles conceptions de films à base de résines d’ester de cyanate (CER) en présence de liquides ioniques (LIs) en tant qu'agents multifonctionnels : catalyseurs, agents de modification réactifs, renforts ou agents porogènes. Les liquides ioniques de structures et de concentrations variables accélèrent de manière significative la polycyclotrimérisation du dicyanate d’ester de bisphenol E, en l'absence de tout solvant organique supplémentaire ou additif. Les réseaux de polycyanurates resultants dopés avec des liquides ioniques aprotiques peuvent constituer des matériaux prometteurs pour la production de structures photosensibles. De tels systèmes nanocomposites permettent la séparation, larécupération et le recyclage aisés des LIs par simple extraction, ce qui permet finalement l'obtention de films nanoporeux thermostables. Les caractéristiques de la porosité de ces matériaux dépendent de la concentration des LIs dans les précurseurs CERs. Les LIs protoniques contenant des groupements fonctionnels >NH et -OH, indépendamment de leurmasse molaire, de la structure chimique du cation et de l'anion, sont incorporés chimiquement dans le réseau polycyanurate. Ainsi, les matériaux hybrides obtenus avec des fragments de liquides ioniques pourraient fournir d’excellents candidats pour des recherches futures sur les ionomères et les nanocomposites. / This PhD thesis addresses new designs of cyanate ester resin (CER) films in the presence of ionic liquids as multifunctional agents: catalysts, reactive modifiers, fillers or porogens. It should be emphasized that ionic liquids (ILs) of varying structures and concentrations significantly accelerate the polycyclotrimerization of dicyanate ester of bisphenol E, in the absence of any additional organic solvent or additive. The resulting polycyanurate networks doped with aprotic ionic liquids can be promising materials for producing photosensitive structures. Such nanocomposite systems allow for easier separation, recovery, and recycling of ILs by mere extraction, which eventually affords thermally stable nanoporous films. The porosity features of these materials depend on the concentration of ILs in the CER precursors.Protic ILs containing functional >NH and -OH groups, regardless of molar mass, chemical structure of cation and anion, chemically incorporate into the polycyanurate network, thus the resulting hybrid materials with fragments of ionic liquids could provide excellent candidates for future research in ionomers and nanocomposites.

The oxidation of lignin model compounds was studied in conventional solvents in parallel with oxidations in ionic liquid solvents. Catalyst systems were investigated in ionic liquid solvents to determine how reaction rates and the selectivity for benzylic carbon oxidation were affected. Oxidation rates were often lower in ionic liquids than in conventional solvents ‒ as indicated by lower conversion in a standard reaction time ‒ likely due, at least in part, to the higher viscosity of ionic liquids. Mechano chemical treatment of Indulin AT kraft lignin by ball milling with KOH and toluene produced significant carbonyl functionality, among other changes. The chemical reactivity of the lignin was increased, resulting in greater lignin degradation from porphyrin oxidation followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The mechanochemical treatment produced a level of lignin oxidation that was similar to that produced by porphyrin-catalyzed oxidation. Combining mechanochemical treatment with porphyrin oxidation produced a synergistic positive effect on the depolymerization of lignin, as demonstrated by a significantly higher yield of monomers. The methyl ester of vanillic acid was obtained as the main monomeric product (after methylation), along with a small amount of methyl 5-carbomethoxyvanillate.

<p>When modelling the collapse of massive stars leading to supernova explosions and the cooling of neutron stars, understanding the microphysical processes, such as the interaction of neutrinos within a dense medium are of vital importance. The interaction of neutrinos with nucleons (neutrons and protons) is altered by the presence of the medium, compared to the same process with free nucleons. Neutrino scattering and production processes may be characterized in terms of the excitations that are created or destroyed in the nuclear medium. One way to analyse the effects of the medium is by using Landau's theory of normal Fermi liquids. This theory gives simple relationships between physical quantities such as the spin susceptibility or the response to a weak interaction probe in terms of Landau parameters, that are measures of the interaction between quasiparticles. One problem when using Landau Fermi liquid theory for nucleon matter is that the interaction has a tensor component. The tensor interaction does not conserve the total spin and, as a consequence, there are generally contributions to long-wavelength response functions from states that have more than one quasiparticle-quasihole pair in the intermediate state. Such contributions cannot be calculated in terms of Landau parameters alone, since in the usual formulation of Landau theory, only singlepair excitations are considered. In this thesis three problems are addressed. First, we obtain bounds on the contributions from more than one quasiparticle-quasihole pair by using sum-rule arguments. Second, we derive expressions for static response functions allowing for the tensor components of the interaction. We analyse which the most important effects are on the static response of nucleon matter, and find that the major contributions comes from renormalization of coupling constants and transitions to states with more than one quasiparticle-quasihole pair. Third, we show how contributions to the dynamical response coming from states containing two quasiparticle-quasihole pairs may be evaluated in terms of Landau theory if one allows for the effect of collisions in the Landau kinetic equation. We consider the case of asymmetric nuclear matter, and our work goes beyond earlier works in that they contain the effects of collisions in addition to those of the mean field.</p>

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung mesoporöser monolithischer Silica und deren Hybridmaterialien mit Ionischen Flüssigkeiten (ILs, ionic liquids). Zur Synthese der Silicaproben wurde ein Sol-Gel-Verfahren, ausgehend von einer Präkursorverbindung wie Tetramethylorthosilicat angewendet. Der Katalysator mit der geringsten Basizität führte zum Material mit der kleinsten Porengröße und der größten spezifischen Oberfläche. Eine Kombination von porösen Silica mit ILs führt zur Materialklasse der Silica-Ionogele. Diese Hybridmaterialien verbinden die Eigenschaften eines porösen Festkörpers mit denen einer IL (Leitfähigkeit, weites elektrochemisches Fenster, gute thermische Stabilität) und bieten vielfältige Einsatzmöglichkeiten z.B. in der Katalyse- Solar- und Sensortechnik. Um diese Materialien für ihren Verwendungszweck zu optimieren, bedarf es deren umfassenden Charakterisierung. Daher wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit das thermische Verhalten von Silica-Ionogelen unter Verwendung verschiedener 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-basierter ILs untersucht. Interessanterweise zeigen die untersuchten ILs deutliche Änderungen in ihrem thermischen Verhalten, wenn diese in porösen Materialien eingeschlossen werden (Confinement). Während sich die untersuchten reinen ILs durch klar unterscheidbare Phasenübergänge auszeichnen, konnten für die entsprechenden Hybridmaterialien deutlich schwächer ausgeprägte Übergänge beobachtet werden. Einzelne Phasenübergänge wurden unterdrückt (Glas- und Kristallisationsübergänge), während z.B. Schmelzübergänge in verbreiterten Temperaturbereichen, zum Teil als einzeln getrennte Schmelzpeaks beobachtet wurden. Diese Untersuchungen belegen deutliche Eigenschaftsänderungen der ILs in eingeschränkten Geometrien. Über Festkörper-NMR-Spektroskopie konnte außerdem gezeigt werden, daß die ILs in den mesoporösen Silicamaterialien eine unerwartet hohe Mobilität aufweisen. Die ILs können als quasi-flüssig bezeichnet werden und zeigen die nach bestem Wissen höchste Mobilität, die bisher für vergleichbare Hybridmaterialien beobachtet wurde. Durch Verwendung von funktionalisierten Präkursoren, sowie der Wahl der Reaktionsbedingungen, kann die Oberfläche der Silicamaterialien chemisch funktionalisiert werden und damit die Materialeigenschaften in der gewünschten Weise beeinflußt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluß der Oberflächenfunktionalität auf das thermische Verhalten hin untersucht. Dazu wurden zwei verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Funktionalisierung angewendet und miteinander verglichen. Bei der in-situ-Funktionalisierung wird die chemische Funktionalität während der Sol-Gel-Synthese über ein entsprechend funktionalisiertes Silan mit in das Silicamaterial einkondensiert. Eine postsynthetische Funktionalisierung erfolgt durch Reaktion der Endgruppen eines Silicamaterials mit geeigneten Reaktionspartnern. Um den Einfluß der physikalischen Eigenschaften der Probe auf die Reaktion zu untersuchen, wurden pulverisierte und monolithische Silicamaterialien miteinander verglichen. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Vielfältigkeit, mit der Silicamaterialien postsynthetisch funktionalisiert werden können demonstriert. Durch die Kenntnis von Struktur-Eigenschaftsbeziehungen können die Eigenschaften von Silica-Ionogelen durch die geeignete Kombination von fester und mobiler Phase in der gewünschten Weise verändert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit soll einen Beitrag zur Untersuchung dieser Beziehungen leisten, um das Potential dieser interessanten Materialien für Anwendungen nutzen zu können. / This work describes the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous monolithic silica and its hybrid materials with ionic liquids (ILs). For synthesis of the silica samples a sol-gel method was used. The catalyst with the weakest basicity leads to the material with the smallest pore size and the largest specific surface area. Combination of porous silica with ILs yields silica-ionogels. These hybrid materials combine the properties of porous solids with the properties of ILs (which is e.g. high conductivity, wide electrochemical stability window, and good thermal stability) and therefore offer a variety of possible applications like catalysis, solar and sensing. To optimize these materials for specific applications there is a need to understand their structure-composition-property relations. For this reason the thermal behavior of silica-ionogels was studied using different 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium [Emim]-based ILs. Interestingly the ILs show a clear change in their thermal behavior upon confinement in porous silica. Whereas the pure ILs show distinct phase transitions, the hybrid materials exhibit considerably weaker phase transitions. Phase transitions are suppressed (glass- and crystallization phase transitions); melting transitions show multiple melting peaks. Furthermore solid-state NMR also shows that ILs in mesoporous silica exhibit unusual high mobility. The confined ILs can therefore be classified as quasi-liquid and represents to our best knowledge the highest mobility observed so far in ionogels. By using functionalized silane precursors and different reaction conditions the silica surface was chemically functionalized which further changes the material properties. In a final approach a post-synthetic functionalization was performed by reaction of the selected groups of a silica material with suitable reactants. To study the effect of the physical appearance on the characteristics of the final material, powdered and monolithic samples were studied. In the last part of the work the versatility of post-synthetic silica functionalization was demonstrated. The current work contributes to a better understanding of structure-property correlations, to improve the potential of these interesting materials for possible applications.

Surfactants are molecules that contain a water-soluble and afat-soluble part. They have important functions in productssuch as detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and foods aswell as in many industrial processes. Surfactants are used onvery large scale, which makes it important to decrease theirimpact on the environment. This can be done by starting withnatural materials, by improving the synthetic methods and byreducing the use of limited resources such as energy andorganic solvents. This thesis focuses on lipase-catalyzed synthesis ofsurfactants based on natural products. It also includesfunctional studies of the produced surfactants; as antioxidantsin oils, or as surfactants to solubilize pharmaceuticals. Unsaturated fatty acid esters of ascorbic acid weresynthesized with catalysis by Candida antarctica lipase B int-amyl alcohol and in ionic liquids. High yields ofascorbyl oleate were obtained in an ionic liquid that wasdesigned to improve the solubility of the fatty acid, when thereaction was performed under vacuum. Ascorbyl oleate wasamorphous and was a better antioxidant than ascorbyl palmitatein rapeseed oil. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stearate, PEG 12-hydroxystearateand a series of PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates were synthesized in avacuum-driven, solvent-free system usingC. antarcticalipase B as catalyst. Critical micelleconcentration and solubilization capacity were determined forthe PEG 12-acyloxy-stearates. Their effects on living cellswere evaluated in studies of hemolysis and transepithelialelectrical resistance. Several PEG1500 12-acyloxy-stearateswere excellent solubilizers for pharmaceutical use and hadnegligible negative effects on living cells even at highconcentrations. Enzymatic and chemo-enzymatic methods offer uniquepossibilities to synthesize surfactants of high purity. Pureand well-defined surfactants enable new applications and areimportant for the understanding of surfactantstructure-function relationships.