La ciudad de Lima actualmente alberga aproximadamente más de 9.3 millones de habitantes, y de acuerdo al Instituto de la Construcción y el Desarrollo (ITC) de Capeco, los limeños de clase media prefieren vivir en la Lima Moderna, que comprende los distritos de Jesús María, Lince, Magdalena del Mar, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel y Surquillo. Esto debido a que, en la primera década del presente siglo, el 10% de las ventas totales de viviendas de la capital correspondían a los distritos mencionados, pero en los últimos tres años se incrementó en un 30%. Es importante mencionar que actualmente los departamentos que se adquieren cuentan con un metraje entre 60 a 80m2 y pocas veces se considera un espacio completo para la lavandería, ocasionando un problema para las familias que no cuentan con un espacio para secar su ropa y originando por consecuencia un desorden dentro del nuevo hogar. De otro lado la vida tan agitada que lleva el ser humano en estos tiempos no le permite contar con el tiempo para realizar las actividades del hogar como también para descansar. Es por ello que se observa la necesidad de un servicio de lavandería a domicilio, el cual se realice mediante una aplicación, que funcione las 24 horas del día y en donde la entrega del pedido se realice en menos de 48 horas. / The city of Lima currently houses approximately more than 9.3 million inhabitants, and according to the Institute of Construction and Development (ITC) of Capeco, the middle-class Limeños prefer to live in Modern Lima, which includes the districts of Jesús María, Lince, Magdalena del Mar, Pueblo Libre, San Miguel and Surquillo. This is because in the first decade of this century, 10% of the total sales of housing in the capital corresponded to the districts mentioned, but in the last three years it increased by 30%. It is important to mention that currently the apartments that are purchased have a size between 60 to 80m2 and is rarely considered a complete space for laundry, causing a problem for families who do not have a space to dry their clothes and originating as a result a mess inside the new home. On the other hand, the hectic life that the human being has in these times does not allow him to have the time to carry out the activities of the home as well as to rest. That is why we see the need for a laundry service at home, which is done through an application, which operates 24 hours a day and where the delivery of the order is made in less than 48 hours. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo contiene información para sustentar la idea de negocio de la prestación de servicios de cocina a domicilio para el segmento NSE B de las zonas 6 y 7 según el estudio distribución geográfica de APEIM. Las etapas revisadas son planificación y ejecución del proyecto antes del lanzamiento del mismo. En el planeamiento estratégico se expuso la información sobre el análisis externo e interno, que permitieron situar a la empresa en el rubro de servicios de preparación de alimentos. Así mismo, se elaboró el análisis FODA, visión, misión, estrategias generales y objetivos estratégicos. Así mismo, se realizó la validación de la idea mediante encuestas y la creación de un landing page, que permitió conocer la opinión del target, además de realizarse el plan de marketing, tomando el análisis de las 4P’s de marketing: producto, precio, plaza y promoción. En la estructura de operaciones se refleja las políticas, especificaciones y todo el proceso para desarrollar el servicio, teniendo en cuenta cada detalle para el buen desempeño de la empresa. La estructura organizacional y de recursos humanos establece los principales beneficios, que la empresa brindará a sus trabajadores para poder retener y atraer talento humano. Finalmente, se analiza los flujos financieros para validar la viabilidad del proyecto y la rentabilidad del mismo. / This work contains information to support the business idea of the provision of home cooking services for segment B of zones 6 and 7 according to the geographical distribution study of APEIM. The stages reviewed are planning and execution of the project before its launch. In the strategic planning, the information about the external and internal analysis was exposed, which allowed to place the company in the food preparation services category. Likewise, the FODA analysis, vision, mission, general strategies and strategic objectives were elaborated. Likewise, the validation of the idea was carried out through surveys and the creation of a landing page, which allowed knowing the opinion of the target, in addition to carrying out the marketing plan, taking as reference the analysis of the marketing 4P's: product, price, place and promotion. The operations structure reflects the policies, specifications and the entire process to develop the service, taking into account each detail for the good performance of the company.The structure of operations reflects the policies, specifications and the entire process to develop the service, taking into account each detail for the good performance of the company. The organizational and human resources structure establishes the main benefits that the company will provide its workers in order to retain and attract human talent. Finally, financial flows are analyzed to validate the viability of the project and its profitability. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad que las empresas importadoras de frutas de Lima – Perú, tengan información real sobre la rentabilidad que tienen por producto. El objetivo es poder ver los costos que incurre en cada producto y en cada uno de sus actividades mediante los inductores de costos, identificando los productos con los cuales la empresa gana, y aquellos en los que el precio de venta no llega a cubrir los costos de conservación y comercialización. A diferencia de los sistemas tradicionales el costeo por actividades permite una adecuada asignación de los costos los productos. El capítulo I, abarcar el marco teórico, en el cuál se encuentra las diversas fuentes relacionadas a nuestro tema de investigación que nos sirve como base para nuestra investigación. El capítulo II, describe el plan de investigación, en donde analiza la situación problemática, el problema, la hipótesis y los objetivos tanto generales como específicos. El capítulo III, se desarrolla la metodología del trabajo de investigación, en donde se describe la investigación cuantitativa y cualitativa. El capítulo IV, describe el desarrollo de la investigación, los resultados de los instrumentos y el caso práctico correspondiente aplicando el sistema de costeo ABC. El capítulo V, se realiza el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. Finalmente, se realiza las conclusiones y recomendaciones en base a las hipótesis planteadas inicialmente. / The purpose of this research work is that the fruit importing companies of Lima - Peru, have real information on the profitability they have per product. The objective is to be able to see the costs incurred in each product and in each of its activities through the cost drivers, identifying the products with which the company wins, and those in which the sales price does not cover the costs of conservation and commercialization. Unlike traditional systems, the cost of activities allows an adequate allocation of the costs of the products. Chapter I, cover the theoretical framework, which is the various sources related to our research topic that serves as a basis for our research. Chapter II describes the research plan, where it analyzes the problematic situation, the problem, the hypothesis and the general and specific objectives. Chapter III, the methodology of the research work is developed, where quantitative and qualitative research is described. Chapter IV describes the development of the research, the results of the instruments and the corresponding case study applying the ABC costing system. Chapter V, the analysis of the results obtained is performed. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are made based on the initial hypotheses. / Tesis

El presente proyecto es una de las propuestas que beneficia a muchas personas. A lo largo de estas semanas, hemos visto diferentes perspectivas de los problemas que las personas plantean cuando quieren optar por un servicio eficiente y confiable. La ciudad en la que vivimos hace que cada vez más personas acudan a un servicio de entrega y que las empresas estén a la vanguardia de la tecnología y la necesidad de los clientes. Somos una empresa que realiza la entrega de lentes de varias clínicas oftalmológicas, que tienen nuestros principales clientes. Esta idea de negocio tiene la necesidad de tener las clínicas. Las soluciones oftalmológicas de potencia proporcionan las lentes para que sus pacientes eviten los problemas logísticos en la clínica, reducen el tiempo y el costo del almacenamiento de los artículos visuales que permanecen en el área de envío. . Además, tomar un servicio de entrega de lentes hace que la clínica sea un valor agregado. De esta manera evita a sus pacientes en la pérdida de tiempo por el tráfico. Tenemos nuestros asesores de ventas que sirven como enlace para captar nuestro objetivo principal, las clínicas oftalmológicas, que desean utilizar nuestro servicio de entrega de lentes. Nuestra distribución se realiza a través de diferentes puntos de Lima que externalizan el servicio de motorizado a una empresa que tiene las aplicaciones roja y móvil. Licencias de servicio, tiempo de espera y tiempo de entrega. / The present project is one of the proposals that benefits many people. Throughout these weeks we have seen different perspectives of problems that people bring when they want to opt for an efficient and reliable service. The city in which we live makes more and more people come to a delivery service and that companies are at the forefront of technology and the need of customers. We are a company that performs the delivery of lenses from various ophthalmological clinics, who have our main clients. This business idea has the need to have the clinics. The ophthalmologic solutions of power provide the lenses for their patients to avoid the logistical problems in the clinic, they reduce the time and the cost of the storage of the visual articles that remain in the area of dispatch. . Also, taking a lens delivery service makes the clinic an added value. In this way he avoids his patients in the loss of time by traffic. We have our sales consultants who serve as a link to capture our main objective, ophthalmological clinics, who wish to take our lens delivery service. Our distribution is made by different points of Lima that outsource the service of motorized to a company that has the red and mobile applications. Service licenses, waiting time and delivery time. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente proyecto muestra un modelo de negocio estructurado en base al desarrollo, producción y venta de productos biodegradables con origen en la cascarilla de arroz. Los objetivos principales de este modelo son contribuir con el cuidado del medio ambiente, la protección de los recursos naturales como, por ejemplo, el agua y la generación de valor para las empresas que toman consciencia de esta problemática y buscan un cambio en su visión de negocio a través del uso de envases eco-amigables. Bio Verde nace, entonces, como propuesta para las empresas eco-amigables -del rubro restaurantes- al elaborar envases de degradación rápida y amable con nuestro ecosistema. El trabajo apuntó a los sectores de NSE A y B de los distritos más apegados a esta visión como son Miraflores, Surco, San Isidro, San Miguel, La Molina, entre otros. La inversión inicial se calculó en un aproximado de s/ 141,577 entre gastos de constitución, activos fijos y capital de trabajo. Del mismo modo, la estimación de ventas en unidades, para los 5 años del proyecto, se calculó entre 1 Millón y 8 Millones entre ambos modelos. Por otro lado, los ingresos se estiman entre s/ 850,000 y s/4’300,00 durante el periodo de estudio del proyecto. En cuanto al periodo de recupero, se calculó en 3 años aproximados y el VPN arrojó cifras superiores a los s/300,000. Finalmente, la TIR arrojó una tasa promedio del 65%, lo que se considera atractivo para los inversionistas. / This project presents a business model based on development, production and sale of biodegradable products made from rice shells. The principal objectives of this model are to contribute to the maintenance and care of the environment, the protection of natural resources such as water, and further the consciousness businesses should take in regard to this problem by looking to change their business model with the promotion of eco-friendly containers. BioVerde, in producing fast decomposing containers that are friendly to the environment, is born as a proposal for eco-friendly businesses in the restaurant industry. The appointed sectors of NSE A and B of the districts most closely tied to the vision include Miraflores, Surco, San Isidro, San Miguel, and La Molina among others. The initial investment is calculated at approximately s/ 141,577 which includes constitution expenses, fixed assets, and working capital. In the same way, the unit sales estimate for the five year project is calculated to be between 1 - 8 million between both models. Revenue is estimated to be between s/ 850,000 and s/ 4,300,000 during the period of study of the project. Regarding the recuperation period, the estimate is approximately 3 years. Net present value generated figures are shown to be higher than s/ 300,000. Finally, the internal rate of return figures shows a median rate of 65% which is considered attractive to investors. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente trabajo de investigación nace a partir de la premisa de que en la actualidad no existe servicio alguno, en Perú, que permita a los consumidores identificar los diferentes centros de entretenimiento disponibles. Asimismo, nos encontramos en un contexto en el que el mercado de Smartphone tiene una penetración del 40% y cada año presenta una evolución más agresiva. Por ello, nace la aplicación Fun Time, que permitirá a los usuarios poder reservar y disfrutar de promociones en distintos centros de entretenimiento de Lima. El modelo de negocio está soportado por dos tipos de audiencia, por un lado, se tendrá a los usuarios. Aquellas personas interesadas en descubrir qué actividades o centros de entretenimiento hay disponibles a su alrededor. Y, por otro lado, estarán los establecimientos. Los cuales podrán mostrar su oferta y promociones a los usuarios, a través de distintos planes publicitarios que ofrecerá el aplicativo. Para llevar a cabo el negocio, necesitaremos de una inversión de S/ 240,443. La cual estará compuesta por el aporte de los accionistas y una entidad financiera en una proporción de 60% y 10% respectivamente. Se ofrecerá una tasa de rentabilidad para los inversionistas de 14.11% y se espera recuperar la inversión desde el primer año. La inversión en el plano digital y de telecomunicaciones está en auge y el Perú aún tiene un mercado atractivo por explotar. Fun Time ingresará al mercado en un momento clave, en el que no tendrá competencia directa y podrá cubrir una necesidad actualmente no atendida. / This research work was born from the premise that currently there is no service, in Peru, that allows consumers to identify the availability of various entertainment centers. Also, we are in a context in which the smartphone market has a penetration of 40% and each year it presents a more aggressive and constant evolution. For this reason, the App Fun Time was born, which will allow users to book and enjoying discounts applied in different entertainment centers, located at Lima. The business model is supported by two types of audience, available to customers. People interested in discovering what activities or entertainment centers are available near them in addition to the establishments. The mentioned system will show their offer and discounts to the users, through different advertising plans offered by the application. To carry out the business, we will need an investment of S / 240,443. It will be composed of the contribution of shareholders and a financial institution in a proportion of 80% and 20% respectively. The rate of return for investors will be of 14.11% and it is expected to recover the investment during the first year. Investment in digital and telecommunications is booming and Peru has an attractive market to exploit. Fun Time will enter the market at a key moment, in which it will not have direct competition and may cover a need that is currently not met. / Trabajo de investigación

La presente investigación es un estudio cualitativo, que tiene como objetivo describir las experiencias de migración interna de jóvenes universitarios en relación a la formación de su identidad. Para ello se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a migrantes jóvenes de 20 a 25 años. Del estudio se concluye que la motivación para migrar se construye dentro del plano personal, como un deseo propio del migrante, y un plano del entorno, tanto familiar como social que fomenta la idea de migrar para obtener mejores oportunidades. En el plano de la identidad se observa que se van generando estrategias para poder adaptarse al nuevo entorno y la importancia que tiene un grupo de apoyo. / This article is a qualitative method study conducted in Perú. which aims to objectively document the internal migratory experiences of a group of young Peruvian university students (20 -25 years old) and the impact of these experiences on the formation of their identities. The qualitative technique used was the semi–structured interview. The study found that the motivation to migrate is dependent internal factors, as a personal desire, as well as on environmental factors, familiar and social, that fosters the idea of migration to obtain better opportunities. In terms of identity, it was observed that coping strategies are developed to adapt to new environments as well as the importance of a having a support group. / Tesis

La presente investigación se enmarca en la investigación cualitativa que tiene como objetivo conocer las fuentes internas y externas de la resiliencia en un grupo de mujeres migrantes que tienen un negocio propio en el Emporio de Gamarra. Se realizó un estudio de caso con 7 mujeres entre 35 y 60 años las cuales fueron escogidas de manera homogénea y conveniente. Para ello, el instrumento utilizado para la recolección de datos fue la entrevista semiestructurada. Para comprender el propósito de la presente investigación se contextualiza, en base a estadísticas de género, la situación de la mujer en el Perú, así como su creciente participación en Gamarra, particularmente en la micro y pequeña empresa, para proceder a analizar las fuentes externas e internas fundamentales en el proceso de emprendimiento en este grupo de mujeres. Finalmente, las conclusiones a las cuales se llegaron son que las características del entorno impulsan a iniciar el negocio; así mismo, para el desarrollo del emprendimiento se evidenciaron habilidades para resolver problemas, tomar iniciativa, identificar oportunidades, ser persistentes, entre otros. Además, las fortalezas internas propias de la personalidad como ser responsables, comunicativas y respetuosas les ha permitido mantener el negocio hasta el día de hoy. Finalmente, todo ello, conlleva a un cambio positivo en la vida de las mujeres, sobre todo, a nivel familiar y personal. / This research is a qualitative study that aims to know the internal and external sources of resilience in a group of entrepreneurial migrant women in “Emporio de Gamarra”. A case study was conducted with 7 women between 35 and 60 years of age who were chosen in a homogeneous and convenient manner. For this, semi-structured interview was used for the data collection. To understand this research’s purpose it is contextualize, based in gender statistics, women’s situation in Peru and their growing participation in middle and small businesses to proceed with the analysis of internal and external sources of resilience, which are fundamental in the entrepreneurship process of this group of women. Finally, it can be concluded that the sources of external support impulse them to initiate their entrepreneurship, likewise for the business development it was showed problem solving skills, initiative, opportunities’ identification, perseverance, among others. Also, the internal strengths related to personality, such as being responsible, communicative and respectful, allowed them to maintain the business up to date. Finally, all of this, entails a positive change in women’s life, especially, in the personal and familiar level. / Tesis

Neste trabalho estudou-se a variação da área de contato de hemiesferas de borracha contra uma superfície plana de vidro, variando-se a força de compressão aplicada, o tempo de aplicação da força e a força de separação das superfícies em contato. Os experimentos foram realizados com quatro borrachas de módulos de elasticidade 16,8, 5,77, 5,42 e 2,64 MPa e durezas de 87, 68, 57 e 44 Shore A, respectivamente. Para borrachas de dureza mais elevada, a variação da área de contato é menor para um mesmo carregamento de referência. Para borrachas com maior módulo viscoso, maior é a variação da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição e maior a força de separação entre as superfícies. Os resultados reafirmam o modelo de Jonhson, Kendall e Roberts para o contato com baixos carregamentos de esferas de borracha e contribui para o entendimento da área de contato em função do tempo de exposição ao carregamento, onde a variação chegou a 23% para a borracha de maior módulo viscoso. / Contact area variation and separation forces of rubber hemispheres against a flat glass plate were studied with increasing normal forces and load exposure time. The experiments were performed on four different rubbers with Youngs modulus of 16.8, 5.77, 5.42 e 2.64 MPa and hardness of 87, 68, 57and 44 Shore A, respectively. For higher hardness rubbers, the contact area variation is smaller for the same load parameters. For higher viscous modulus rubber, the contact area variation over time is higher and it is also higher the surface separation force required. The results found are in agreement with Johnson, Kendall and Roberts model for the contact at low loads of rubber spheres and it does a contribution for the understanding of contact area due to load exposure time where variation reached up to 23% for the higher viscous modulus rubber.

O Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), cujas atividades iniciaram-se em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) Federais em 2009, é um programa voltado para formação inicial de professores e tem como principal característica a aproximação entre a universidade e a escola de educação básica (EB). Tal parceria é concretizada por meio de subprojetos dos quais fazem parte licenciandos, professores das escolas de EB (supervisores) e professores da IES (coordenadores de área). Muitos trabalhos recentes (relatos de experiência e trabalhos de investigação) apontam impactos significativos do programa, principalmente, na formação inicial dos licenciandos e na formação continuada dos supervisores (GATTI et al., 2014; NASCIMENTO, 2014). Neste trabalho concentramos a atenção nos coordenadores de área de subprojetos PIBID que envolvem cursos de licenciatura em Física de IES públicas do estado de São Paulo e buscamos responder à seguinte questão de pesquisa: Quais são os impactos da participação no PIBID para o desenvolvimento profissional de coordenadores de área de subprojetos que envolvem cursos de licenciatura em Física? Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com onze coordenadores de área. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados teve como base as contribuições de diversos autores para o entendimento sobre o desenvolvimento profissional docente (MARCELO GARCÍA, 1999; DAY, 2001; PONTE, 1994, 1998; PERRENOUD, 2000; entre outros). Essas contribuições foram sintetizadas em seis dimensões do desenvolvimento profissional e adequadas para o coordenador de área do PIBID: carreira acadêmica e profissional, atualização científica e profissional, condução de ensino, sustentação da aprendizagem, gestão universitária e imagem dos sujeitos. Os dados foram apresentados por meio de análises narrativas (FREITAS; FIORENTINI, 2007) organizadas em quatro categorias que emergiram desses dados. São elas: a parceria universidade-escola, as articulações com a pesquisa, a relação com a instituição universitária e os impactos na própria prática como formador de professores. Após um aprofundamento da análise, encontramos como principais resultados que a participação no PIBID abre a possibilidade aos coordenadores de área de repensar a formação que oferecem aos licenciandos, tanto no contexto de suas próprias práticas quanto no contexto institucional; transformar suas práticas formativas a partir dessas reflexões; e incorporar resultados obtidos por meio das ações do PIBID em seus trabalhos de pesquisa. Pudemos inferir que as mudanças que levaram ao desenvolvimento profissional para a maioria dos coordenadores foram provocadas principalmente pelo trabalho colaborativo realizado com os supervisores e pelo conhecimento sobre a realidade das escolas de EB. Concluímos, portanto, que a parceria com as escolas de EB foi o principal motor de desenvolvimento profissional para os coordenadores. / The Institutional Scholarship Program for Teaching Initiation (Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência - PIBID), whose actions began in brazilian Federal Higher Education Institutions (HEI) in 2009, is a program devoted to the initial teacher education that has as its main feature promote the approach between the university and the basic education (BE) school. This partnership is realised in subprojects in which participate undergraduate students, BE school teachers (supervisor) and undergraduate degree courses professors (coordinators). Many recent works (whether experience reports or research) indicate significant impacts of the program, mainly in the initial training of future teachers and continued training of supervisors (GATTI et al., 2014; NASCIMENTO, 2014). We focus, in this research, on PIBID subprojects coordinators that envolve undergraduate degree courses in Physics from the state of São Paulo public HEI. We aim to respond to the following research question: what are the impacts of participation in PIBID for the professional development of coordinators from subprojects envolving undergraduate degree courses in Physics? We conducted semi-structured interviews with eleven coordinators. Our data collection instrument was based on the contributions of several authors for the understanding of teachers professional development (MARCELO GARCÍA, 1999; DAY, 2001; PONTE, 1994, 1998; PERRENOUD, 2000; among others). These contributions were summarized in six professional development dimensions and were suited to the PIBID coordinators: academic and professional career, scientific and professional development, teaching conduction, learning support, university management and individuals image. The data were reported using narratives analysis (FREITAS; FIORENTINI, 2007) that were organized within four categories that emerged from the data. They are: the university-school partnership, the links with research, the relationship with the university and the impact on their own practice as a teachers trainer. After futher analysis, we found out, as the main results, that the participation in PIBID provides to the coordinators the opportunity to rethinkthe training they offer to undergraduates, both in the context of their own practices as in their institutional context; transform their training practices based in these reflections; and incorporate the PIBID actions\" results in their research works. We deduced that the changes that led the majority of coordinators to professionnal development were mainly caused by the collaborative work did with the supervisors and by the knowledge about BE schools\" reality. Thus, we conclude that the partnership with the BE schools was the main promoter for the coordinators professional development.