We consider systems of polynomial equations and inequalities to be solved in integers. By applying the circle method, when the number of variables is large and the system is geometrically well-behaved we give an asymptotic estimate for the number of solutions of bounded size. In the case of R homogeneous equations having the same degree d, a classic theorem of Birch provides such an estimate provided the number of variables is R(R+1)(d-1)2^d-1+R or greater and the system is nonsingular. In many cases this conclusion has been improved, but except in the case of diagonal equations the number of variables needed has always grown quadratically in R. We give a result requiring only d2^dR+R variables, obtaining linear growth in R. When d = 2 or 3 we require only that the system be nonsingular; when d<4 we require that the coefficients of the equations belong to a certain explicit Zariski open set. These conditions are satisfied for typical systems of equations, and can in principle be checked algorithmically for any particular system. We also give an asymptotic estimate for the number of solutions to R polynomial inequalities of degree d with real coefficients, in the same number of variables and satisfying the same geometric conditions as in our work on equations. Previously one needed the number of variables to grow super-exponentially in the degree d in order to show that a nontrivial solution exists.

Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’étude des pratiques infocommunicationnelles des diasporas malgaches connectées. Celles-ci se distinguent par leurs usages des réseaux socionumériques notamment dans la perspective d’entretenir des relations particulières avec leur pays d’origine mais aussi avec leur pays d’accueil. La diaspora malgache est largement présente sur un dispositif technique particulier qui est le réseau socionumérique Facebook où des formes de socialisations en ligne se manifestent. Certains membres des diasporas malgaches éparpillées dans le monde se retrouvent sur des groupes pour échanger, informer, ou tout simplement rester en contact. Ces groupes sont devenus le véritable reflet de pratiques sociales connectées à travers des échanges en ligne, et par la suite hors ligne grâce à l’organisation de rencontres. Notre question de recherche se réfère ainsi au processus d’appropriation sociale du dispositif technique que représente le réseau socionumérique. En outre, si les échanges qui se mettent en place au sein du dispositif technique permettent de mettre à jour la présence de formes socioculturelles ; il s’agit de déterminer en quoi la prégnance et la circulation de ces formes qu’elles soient en ligne ou hors ligne tendent à formaliser la construction d’une communauté connectée. Cette thèse propose ainsi de réfléchir sur le processus d’ancrage social du dispositif technique au sein d’une communauté transnationale, tout en questionnant la réalité technique du dispositif au regard des traces sociales laissées par ses usagers. / This research focuses on the infocommunicationnal practices of Malagasy connected diaspora. Indeed its uses of social networks are characterised by their need to maintain relationships with their home country but also with their host country. Malagasy diaspora has clearly invested a social network which is Facebook, where online forms of socialisation appear. Some members of the worldwide malagasy diaspora join Facebook groups in order to exchange, to inform or to keep in touch. These groups become a true reflect of online and offline social practices. Our research is about the understanding of the social appropriation process of the social network considered as a sociotechnical device. The social network supports sociocultural forms ; our work aims at identifying how these online and offline forms allow the construction of a connected community. The aim of this thesis is to explore the « social anchoring » of a technical device in a transnational community, and to understand its technical reality regarding social marks produced by users.

An integral quadratic form is said to be strictly regular if it primitively represents all integers that are primitively represented by its genus. The goal of this dissertation is to extend the systematic investigation of the positive definite ternary primitive integral quadratic forms and lattices that are candidates for strict regularity. An integer that is primitively represented by a genus, but not by some specific form in that genus, is called a primitive exception for that form. So, the strictly regular forms are those forms for which there are no primitive exceptions. Our computations of primitive exceptions for each of the 119 positive definite regular ternary forms which lie in multiple-class genera, and of the companion forms in their genera, show that there are 45 inequivalent such forms that are candidates for strict regularity. We provide a proof of the strict regularity of one of these candidates, bringing the total number of forms for which such proofs are known to 15, and prove partial results on the integers primitively represented by the other form in its genus. The theory of primitive spinor exceptional integers is used to analyze the primitive exceptions for the forms in two other genera known to contain a regular ternary form. In these cases, results are obtained relating the primitive representation of certain integers c by a given form in one of these genera to the primitive representation of the integers 4c and 9c by the forms in the genus.

Entendida como um processo histórico e relacional, a heterogeneidade social das formas familiares de trabalho e produção na agricultura é abordada nesta tese a partir de uma perspectiva que prima pela análise do universo significativo dos atores da pesquisa. A problematização da política de imigração europeia empreendida no Brasil no século XIX foi o ponto de partida para a definição do recorte empírico. Esta tese responde ao objetivo principal de compreender como se constitui a heterogeneidade social dos coletivos de agricultores nos municípios de Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa e Santa Leopoldina (estado do Espírito Santo) e quais os principais efeitos sociais relacionados ao processo de classificação e distinção social. Para responder a essa pergunta, foram construídos quatro objetivos específicos: o primeiro se refere à compreensão da conformação histórica da região. O segundo objetivo está particularmente relacionado às práticas de agricultura e aos significados socialmente compartilhados. Um terceiro objetivo foi compreender os esquemas nativos de classificação, hierarquização, diferenciação e distinção social. O quarto objetivo centra-se na compreensão dos impactos dos processos de diferenciação que circulam no contexto da pesquisa. A abordagem histórica e a perspectiva etnográfica orientaram as opções metodológicas e as técnicas mais utilizadas foram a pesquisa documental, a observação direta e a aplicação de entrevistas em diferentes fases da pesquisa de campo, que compreendeu períodos nos anos de 2015 e 2016. Como resultado, constatamos que, no contexto da pesquisa, há diferentes formas de fazer agricultura e modos de ser agricultor que relacionam importantes esquemas de produção e apreciação das práticas. Ao utilizar-se desses esquemas, os diferentes coletivos constroem (criam) suas práticas e estratégias num contexto no qual circulam processos de classificação social utilizados para explicar a heterogeneidade e promover distinções. Neste sentido, evidenciam-se dois planos constitutivos da heterogeneidade: um plano que explicita as práticas de agricultura e a agência dos agricultores em definir diversificadas estratégias a partir de esquemas sociais que orientam e dão sentido a suas ações, promovendo a constituição e a reprodução da heterogeneidade socialmente significativa. Num segundo plano de análise, a constituição da heterogeneidade revelou hierarquias e oportunidades desiguais entre os coletivos a partir da naturalização das diferenças dentro de princípios de divisão baseados na origem étnico-racial dos agricultores e no estabelecimento de distanciamento estrutural a partir da retórica da modernização da agricultura. / Understood as a historical and relational process, the social heterogeneity of family work forms and agriculture production is addressed in this thesis from a perspective that take precedence by the analysis of the significant universe of the actors involved in this research. The problematization of the European immigration policy undertaken in Brazil in the 19th century was the starting point for the definition of the empirical cut. This thesis responds to the main objective of understanding how the social heterogeneity of farmers' collectives in the municipalities of Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa and Santa Leopoldina (Espírito Santo state) is constituted and which are the main social effects related to the process of classification and social distinction. Four specific objectives were built to answer this question: the first refers to an understanding of the historical conformation of the region. The second objective is more specific to agricultural practices and to socially shared meanings. A third objective was to understand the native schemes of classification, hierarchy, differentiation and social distinction. The fourth objective focuses in understanding the impacts of differentiation processes that circulate in the research context. A historical approach and ethnographic perspective oriented the methodological options. Documentary research, direct observation and application of interviews in different phases of field research between 2015 and 2016 were the most used techniques. As a result, we found that in the context of the research there are different forms of doing agriculture and ways to be a farmer that relate important schemes of production and appreciation of practices. Using these schemes, different collectives create their practices and strategies in a context in which a process flow of social classification is used to explain heterogeneity and promote distinctions. In this sense, it is noted that two plans constitute the heterogeneity: a plan that exhibits the agricultural practices and the ability of farmers to define diversified strategies based on social schemes that guide and give meaning to their actions, promoting the constitution and reproduction of heterogeneity socially significant. On the second plane of analysis, the constitution of heterogeneity revealed unequal hierarchies and opportunities among the collectives from the naturalization of differences within the principles of di-vision based on the ethnic-racial origin of the farmers and the establishment of structural distance from the rhetoric of the agriculture modernization.

Entendida como um processo histórico e relacional, a heterogeneidade social das formas familiares de trabalho e produção na agricultura é abordada nesta tese a partir de uma perspectiva que prima pela análise do universo significativo dos atores da pesquisa. A problematização da política de imigração europeia empreendida no Brasil no século XIX foi o ponto de partida para a definição do recorte empírico. Esta tese responde ao objetivo principal de compreender como se constitui a heterogeneidade social dos coletivos de agricultores nos municípios de Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa e Santa Leopoldina (estado do Espírito Santo) e quais os principais efeitos sociais relacionados ao processo de classificação e distinção social. Para responder a essa pergunta, foram construídos quatro objetivos específicos: o primeiro se refere à compreensão da conformação histórica da região. O segundo objetivo está particularmente relacionado às práticas de agricultura e aos significados socialmente compartilhados. Um terceiro objetivo foi compreender os esquemas nativos de classificação, hierarquização, diferenciação e distinção social. O quarto objetivo centra-se na compreensão dos impactos dos processos de diferenciação que circulam no contexto da pesquisa. A abordagem histórica e a perspectiva etnográfica orientaram as opções metodológicas e as técnicas mais utilizadas foram a pesquisa documental, a observação direta e a aplicação de entrevistas em diferentes fases da pesquisa de campo, que compreendeu períodos nos anos de 2015 e 2016. Como resultado, constatamos que, no contexto da pesquisa, há diferentes formas de fazer agricultura e modos de ser agricultor que relacionam importantes esquemas de produção e apreciação das práticas. Ao utilizar-se desses esquemas, os diferentes coletivos constroem (criam) suas práticas e estratégias num contexto no qual circulam processos de classificação social utilizados para explicar a heterogeneidade e promover distinções. Neste sentido, evidenciam-se dois planos constitutivos da heterogeneidade: um plano que explicita as práticas de agricultura e a agência dos agricultores em definir diversificadas estratégias a partir de esquemas sociais que orientam e dão sentido a suas ações, promovendo a constituição e a reprodução da heterogeneidade socialmente significativa. Num segundo plano de análise, a constituição da heterogeneidade revelou hierarquias e oportunidades desiguais entre os coletivos a partir da naturalização das diferenças dentro de princípios de divisão baseados na origem étnico-racial dos agricultores e no estabelecimento de distanciamento estrutural a partir da retórica da modernização da agricultura. / Understood as a historical and relational process, the social heterogeneity of family work forms and agriculture production is addressed in this thesis from a perspective that take precedence by the analysis of the significant universe of the actors involved in this research. The problematization of the European immigration policy undertaken in Brazil in the 19th century was the starting point for the definition of the empirical cut. This thesis responds to the main objective of understanding how the social heterogeneity of farmers' collectives in the municipalities of Domingos Martins, Santa Teresa and Santa Leopoldina (Espírito Santo state) is constituted and which are the main social effects related to the process of classification and social distinction. Four specific objectives were built to answer this question: the first refers to an understanding of the historical conformation of the region. The second objective is more specific to agricultural practices and to socially shared meanings. A third objective was to understand the native schemes of classification, hierarchy, differentiation and social distinction. The fourth objective focuses in understanding the impacts of differentiation processes that circulate in the research context. A historical approach and ethnographic perspective oriented the methodological options. Documentary research, direct observation and application of interviews in different phases of field research between 2015 and 2016 were the most used techniques. As a result, we found that in the context of the research there are different forms of doing agriculture and ways to be a farmer that relate important schemes of production and appreciation of practices. Using these schemes, different collectives create their practices and strategies in a context in which a process flow of social classification is used to explain heterogeneity and promote distinctions. In this sense, it is noted that two plans constitute the heterogeneity: a plan that exhibits the agricultural practices and the ability of farmers to define diversified strategies based on social schemes that guide and give meaning to their actions, promoting the constitution and reproduction of heterogeneity socially significant. On the second plane of analysis, the constitution of heterogeneity revealed unequal hierarchies and opportunities among the collectives from the naturalization of differences within the principles of di-vision based on the ethnic-racial origin of the farmers and the establishment of structural distance from the rhetoric of the agriculture modernization.

Conforme a Lei n.º 9.307, de 23 de setembro de 1996, as sentenças arbitrais nacionais produzem os mesmos efeitos das sentenças judiciais, independentemente de homologação. A despeito disso, elas se encontram sujeitas ao controle do Poder Judiciário. A Lei de Arbitragem disciplina os limites e meios para a impugnação judicial das sentenças arbitrais nacionais basicamente em dois dispositivos, os arts. 32 e 33. Optou-se por um regramento bastante sucinto, mas que é suficiente para resolver as situações práticas que podem se verificar quando uma sentença arbitral é impugnada. Compreendido que a arbitragem é processo de origem convencional (privada) e que por força daquelas e outras regras, como os arts. 17, 18, 20, § 2º, e 31 ela se insere no círculo da teoria geral do processo (aplicando-se-lhe, por conseguinte, os respectivos princípios e conceitos) e se sujeita aos ditames essenciais do devido processo legal, torna-se possível, a partir das técnicas interpretativas existentes, chegar a soluções para as diversas questões envolvendo o controle judicial das sentenças arbitrais nacionais das quais a Lei n.º 9.307 não tratou expressamente ou de que tratou de forma imprecisa. / According to Law n.o 9.307, which came into effect in September 23rd, 1996, domestic arbitral awards have the same effect on the parties as a ruling by a State Court, without the need for judicial confirmation. The Brazilian Arbitration Act regulates the limits and means for the judicial challenge of domestic arbitral awards in, essentialy, two articles, art. 32 and 33. The Act opted for brief rules on the issue, but they are sufficient to resolve the practical situations that may arise when an arbitral award is challenged. Understanding that arbitration is a process of conventional origin (private) and that due to those as well as other rules, such as articles 17, 18, 20, paragraph 2, and 31 it is contained in the field of general procedural theory (so that, consequently, the same principles and concepts are applicable) and is subject to the essential dictates of due legal process, it becomes possible, due to existing techniques of interpretation, to develop solutions to the many issues involving the judicial control of domestic arbitral awards that Law n.o 9.307 either did not expressly regulate or regulated imprecisely.

The graduation theses is engaged in theoretical and practical analysis of particular sorts of life insurance on Czech market. The theoretical analysis describes traditional and modern forms of life insurance. In the practical analysis are interpreted statistical data from The Czech association of insurance companies.

Der von Gerd Hentschel herausgegebene Band umreißt allgemeine und grundsätzliche Problemfelder sprachlicher Formen, deren wesentliches Merkmal die Mischung unterschiedlicher Codes ist. Drei Autoren stellen jeweils ein Beispiel in polnischer, ukrainischer und deutscher Sprache vor, an dem sie veranschaulichen, dass bestimmte Forschungsansätze hinsichtlich der gemischten Rede im Kontext der Slavia ausbaufähig sind. Erkennbare Stabilisierungstendenzen spielen für sie eine entscheidende Rolle im Hinblick auf neue theoretische Ansätze.

Résumé anglais: <p><p>This thesis consists of an introductory text followed by two separate parts which may be read independently of each other. In Part I we analyze certain hyperbolic structures arising when studying gravity in the vicinity of spacelike singularities (the BKL-limit). In this limit, spatial points decouple and the dynamics exhibits ultralocal behaviour which may be mapped to an auxiliary problem given in terms of a (possibly chaotic) hyperbolic billiard. In all supergravities arising as low-energy limits of string theory or M-theory, the billiard dynamics takes place within the fundamental Weyl chambers of certain hyperbolic Kac-Moody algebras, suggesting that these algebras generate hidden infinite-dimensional symmetries of gravity. We investigate the modification of the billiard dynamics when the original gravitational theory is formulated on a compact spatial manifold of arbitrary topology, revealing fascinating mathematical structures known as galleries. We further use the conjectured hyperbolic symmetry E10 to generate and classify certain cosmological (S-brane) solutions in eleven-dimensional supergravity. Finally, we show in detail that eleven-dimensional supergravity and massive type IIA supergravity are dynamically unified within the framework of a geodesic sigma model for a particle moving on the infinite-dimensional coset space E10/K(E10). <p><p>Part II of the thesis is devoted to a study of how (U-)dualities in string theory provide powerful constraints on perturbative and non-perturbative quantum corrections. These dualities are typically given by certain arithmetic groups G(Z) which are conjectured to be preserved in the effective action. The exact couplings are given by moduli-dependent functions which are manifestly invariant under G(Z), known as automorphic forms. We discuss in detail various methods of constructing automorphic forms, with particular emphasis on a special class of functions known as (non-holomorphic) Eisenstein series. We provide detailed examples for the physically relevant cases of SL(2,Z) and SL(3,Z), for which we construct their respective Eisenstein series and compute their (non-abelian) Fourier expansions. We also discuss the possibility that certain generalized Eisenstein series, which are covariant under the maximal compact subgroup K(G), could play a role in determining the exact effective action for toroidally compactified higher derivative corrections. Finally, we propose that in the case of rigid Calabi-Yau compactifications in type IIA string theory, the exact universal hypermultiplet moduli space exhibits a quantum duality group given by the emph{Picard modular group} SU(2,1;Z[i]). To verify this proposal we construct an SU(2,1;Z[i])-invariant Eisenstein series, and we present preliminary results for its Fourier expansion which reveals the expected contributions from D2-brane and NS5-brane instantons. <p><p>/<p><p>Résumé francais: <p><p>Cette thèse est composée d'une introduction suivie de deux parties qui peuvent être lues indépendemment. Dans la première partie, nous analysons des structures hyperboliques apparaissant dans l'étude de la gravité au voisinage d'une singularité de type espace (la limite BKL). Dans cette limite, les points spatiaux se découplent et la dynamique suit un comportement ultralocal qui peut être reformulé en termes d'un billiard hyperbolique (qui peut être chaotique). Dans toutes les supergravités qui sont des limites de basse énergie de théories de cordes ou de la théorie M, la dynamique du billiard prend place à l'intérieur des chambres de Weyl fondamentales de certaines algèbres de Kac-Moody hyperboliques, ce qui suggère que ces algèbres correspondent à des symétries cachées de dimension infinie de la gravité. Nous examinons comment la dynamique du billard est modifiée quand la théorie de gravité originale est formulée sur une variété spatiale compacte de topologie arbitraire, révélant ainsi de fascinantes structures mathématiques appelées galleries. De plus, dans le cadre de la supergravité à onze dimensions, nous utilisons la symétrie hyperbolique conjecturée E10 pour engendrer et classifier certaines solutions cosmologiques (S-branes). Finalement, nous montrons en détail que la supergravité à onze dimensions et la supergravité de type IIA massive sont dynamiquement unifiées dans le contexte d'un modèle sigma géodesique pour une particule se déplaçant sur l'espace quotient de dimension infinie E10/K(E10).<p><p><p>La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à étudier comment les dualités U en théorie des cordes fournissent des contraintes puissantes sur les corrections quantiques perturbatives et non perturbatives. Ces dualités sont typiquement données par des groupes arithmétiques G(Z) dont il est conjecturé qu'ils préservent l'action effective. Les couplages exacts sont donnés par des fonctions des moduli qui sont manifestement invariantes sous G(Z), et qu'on appelle des formes automorphiques. Nous discutons en détail différentes méthodes de construction de ces formes automorphiques, en insistant particulièrement sur une classe spéciale de fonctions appelées séries d'Eisenstein (non holomorphiques). Nous présentons comme exemples les cas de SL(2,Z) et SL(3,Z), qui sont physiquement pertinents. Nous construisons les séries d'Eisenstein correspondantes et leurs expansions de Fourier (non abéliennes). Nous discutons également la possibilité que certaines séries d'Eisenstein généralisées, qui sont covariantes sous le sous-groupe compact maximal, pourraient jouer un rôle dans la détermination des actions effectives exactes pour les théories incluant des corrections de dérivées supérieures compactifiées sur des tores.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Web forms are one of the main points of user interaction on the internet. It is important that these forms are developed to be accessible to as many people as possible. The project aims to reduce the complexity for application developers when developing accessible web forms that conform to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) using HTML and React. The result is a prototype library that creates an abstraction that application developers can use to build accessible web forms that conform to the WCAG.