From Introduction: The 'forensic aesthetic' presents the viewer with traces and debris - the residue that haunts sites of transgression, violence and death. In his book Scene of the Crime, art critic and curator Ralph Rugoff (1997:62) defines the forensic aesthetic as follows: "Inextricably linked to an unseen history, this type of art embodies a fractured relationship to time. Like a piece of evidence, its present appearance is haunted by an indeterminate past, which we confront in the alienated form of fossilized and fragmented remnants." Through its play on seemingly insignificant detail&, clues and traces, the forensic aesthetic suggests that meaning is dispersed, fragmentary and uncertain. According to Rugoff (1997:17), the forensic aesthetic "aims to engage the viewer in a process of mental reconstruction". It compels the viewer to adopt a 'forensic gaze' : to sift through broken narratives and fragments of information, reading the artwork as one might read a sample of evidence. Rugoff (1997:62) argues that: "[S]uch art insists that 'content is something that can't be seen' ... it requires that the viewer arrive at an interpretation by examining traces and marks and reading them as clues. In addition, it is marked by a strong sense of aftermath. ... Taken as a whole, this art puts us in a position akin to that of [the] forensic anthropologist or scientist, forcing us to speculatively piece together histories that remain largely invisible to the eye." One might argue that some of the earliest known examples of the forensic aesthetic in art presented themselves in the Renaissance period in the form of the pseudo-forensic anatomical drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. In his Studies of the Hand (fig. 1), for example, Da Vinci methodically represents the underlying structures of the human hand in a series of drawings that are scattered intermittently across the page. The remainder of the page is covered with hand-written notations. In this work, the artist approaches the human body with a scientific, almost forensic, gaze. Here the body is presented in fragments, rather than as a whole. According to Rugoff (1997:86&88), the forensic aesthetic addresses the body "not as a coherent whole but as a site of prior actions ... as a dispersed territory of clues and traces". When read in terms of the mode of the forensic aesthetic, Da Vinci's Studies of the Hand may be said to look at the human body as forensic object. In this way, this work may be said to speak of the manner in which the forensic gaze operates in the context of the artwork. Throughout the following essay, I discuss the various ways in which the forensic aesthetic manifests itself in art. I have necessarily been selective in the artworks that I have chosen for discussion, as this topic is very broad indeed. In Chapter One, I explore the tradition of the forensic aesthetic in art by way of a select number of artworks. This chapter focuses on investigating the way in which these works, whether consciously or unconsciously, speak of associations between violence and representation through the mode of the forensic aesthetic. The contents of Chapter Two concentrate on the work of South African artist Kathryn Smith. Smith's work may be said to possess a forensic quality, in that it references forensic practices and techniques. Her work has not been the topic of a lengthy monograph, but it has been considered in various exhibition catalogues, reviews and articles. For example, an essay by Colin Richards entitled 'Dead Certainties' (2004) investigates the forensic quality of Smith's imagery in terms of its play on notions of the trace. Similarly, an article by Maureen de Jager, entitled 'Evidence and Artifice' (2004), examines the manner in which Smith's work transgresses the boundaries between 'forensics and fantasy'. In her book, Through the Looking Glass (2004), Brenda Schmahmann addresses Smith's Still Life series (figs. 9, 10, 11) in relation to the issue of self-representation, exploring the relationship between the 'self' and the body as 'other'. Lastly, a review by James Sey, which was published in Art/South Africa (2004), considers Smith's work in terms of its aesthetic appeal, which serves as a framing device for the uncomfortable subject matter that informs the bulk of her imagery. My reading of Kathryn Smith's work departs from and expands on the available literature in that it focuses on the manner in which her images comment self-critically on the act of representation. I have chosen to focus on Smith's work in particular, as it uses the mode of the forensic aesthetic to speak of the field of artistic practice - a motif that runs throughout my own body of work as well. Moreover, Smith's work, like my own work, may be said to engage with the forensic aesthetic in a South African context. In Chapter Two, I compare a number of Smith's works to the artworks discussed in Chapter One, and examine the manner in which they speak of the links between art and crime. Chapter Three concentrates on outlining the ways in which my own work reads off the conventions of forensic investigation. In this chapter I discuss the manner in which my work, by way of a forensic approach, draws parallels between the medium of photography and the mechanisms of trauma. I focus on works that have been included in my Master's exhibition, Vigil (2005). The following essay is a study in representations of violence in art. In the course of this essay, I contextualize the forensic aesthetic as a mode of representation, as well as address the manner in which the forensic aesthetic seems to allow for, even facilitate, self-conscious reflection on the practices of representation itself.

La métaphore est une figure de style dans laquelle la signification d’un mot est transférée à un autre mot. Par exemple, l’énoncé « Axel est un renard » est une métaphore pouvant signifier qu’un homme appelé Axel est une personne rusée. La métaphore n’est pas seulement textuelle, elle se présente souvent sous une forme imagée. Par conséquent, l’image d’un homme avec un corps de renard pourra être traduite verbalement par : « cet homme est un renard ». Selon Forceville (2007, 2009), la métaphore picturale se définit en fonction de son type (métaphore contextuelle, métaphore hybride, métaphore de comparaison et métaphore intégrée), de sa structure (métaphore monomodale et multimodale) et de son usage (dans la publicité, dans les campagnes sociales, dans les caricatures politiques ou encore dans l’Art). L’objectif de ce travail est de créer une base de connaissances de métaphores picturales en examinant leur composition (topiques, véhicules). Les études expérimentales réalisées examinent la compréhension de métaphores picturales monomodales de type hybride en se focalisant sur le processus d’attribution de propriétés dans des situations où l’effet de la langue maternelle (française versus espagnole), du contexte, de l’âge et de l’usage de la métaphore est mesuré. La discussion met en évidence les apports et les limites de ce travail qui conduisent à des perspectives de recherche en considérant les travaux contemporains du domaine, l’utilisation d’outils spécifiques (e.g. oculomètre) et en élargissant le contexte d’étude de la métaphore à d’autres domaines de la psychologie (e.g. Neuropsychologie), d’autres publics (e.g. enfants) et des cultures éloignées (e.g. coréenne). / A metaphor is a figure of style in which the meaning of a term is transferred to that another term. For example, the sentence “Axel is a fox” is a metaphor in which a man is smart. The metaphor is not only introduced in a text. It can be depicted in a picture. Therefore, the image of a man with a body of a fox can refer to the sentence: “this man is a fox.” According to Forceville (2007,2009), a pictorial metaphor can be characterized considering its type (contextual metaphor, hybrid metaphor, simile and integrated metaphor), considering its structure (monomodal and multimodal metaphor) and its use (in commercials, in social campaigns, in political cartoons or in Art). The aim of this work is to create a knowledge base of pictorial metaphors examining their characteristics (topics, vehicles). Experimental studies examined the understanding of monomodal pictorial hybrid metaphors by focusing on property attribution process in several situations regarding the effect of the native language (French versus Spanish), context, age and the use of the metaphor. The discussion section illustrates perspectives of research considering current studies focused on pictorial metaphor comprehension and the use of specific tools (e.g. eye tracker). The understanding of pictorial metaphors could be applied to others field of expertise of psychology (e.g. Neuropsychology), other people (e.g. children) and different cultures (e.g. Korean).

GOMES, Languisner. Expressões idiomáticas: explorando as trilhas da geração do sentido. 2009. 274f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2009. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T16:36:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T17:22:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-25T17:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / We had some questions that have driven our investigation: (i) What are the mechanisms that are involved in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idiomatic expressions (IE) and its pictorial representation (PR)?, (ii) What is the role of the conceptual metaphor/blending in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation between the two modalities (verbal IE and non-verbal PR)? And (iii) What is the role of the congruent projections of each modality in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation? To answer these questions we had a main objective: describe the internal structure of the conceptual integration network of the mechanisms responsible for the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idioms and its PRs and some specific objectives: (i) to describe, by use of a model, the internal structure of conceptual integration network and of the mechanisms involved in the generation of meaning of IEs and their PRs; (ii) to describe the figurative and/or literal process that interferes in the meaning generation and (iii) propose a model that demonstrates the internal structure of the IE meaning generation and its PRs in the conceptual integration network.. The following works had been selected to compose the research corpus: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo – the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) and (b) Pequeno Dicionário de Expressões Idiomáticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). From the work by Fernandes (2001), the expressions (1) “o bom cabrito não berra”, (2) “não ter papas na língua” e (3) “só falam abobrinhas” were selected; from Zocchio and Balardin (1999), the IE “engolir sapo”. In order to reach our objectives, we based our research on the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Integration (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) and on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980, 1999) Theory of Conceptual Metaphor. With the analyses as a starting point, the designed model of the internal structure of conceptual integration networks revealed that the interrelation between the IE and its PR allows a multiplicity of projections which contribute to the generation of meaning. The model also allows the expansion of conceptual relationships, generating different blends, so that the image, in terms of its verbal representation, may be partially or totally congruent. The degree of (in)congruence between the literal and the idiomatic is, in a continuum, decisive for the determination of the blended result. It was possible to show that there is a close connection between one modality and the other. This suggests that the nature of the processing of an IE may have a metaphorical or literal basis. Still based on the analyses, our model of blends proved to be efficient to demonstrate the internal organization of the nets in the generation of meaning, from the interrelation between verbal and non-verbal representation. In the designing of the networks, the various creative and imaginative projections come into play, which allows for new configurations of meaning to be successively (re)constructed. / As questões que nos levaram à investigação do tema foram: (i) Quais são os mecanismos envolvidos na geração do sentido metafórico/literal das expressões idiomáticas (EIs) e suas desconstruções pictóricas (DPs)? (ii) Qual é o papel da metáfora/mesclagem conceptual na geração do sentido metafórico/literal entre as duas modalidades (EI verbal e DP não-verbal)? e (iii) Qual é o papel das projeções congruentes e não congruentes de cada uma das modalidades na geração do sentido metafórico/literal? Para responder a esses questionamentos tivemos como objetivo principal descrever a estrutura interna da rede de integração conceptual dos mecanismos responsáveis pela geração do sentido metafórico/literal das EIs e suas DPs e como objetivos específicos: (i) descrever e propor um modelo que revele a arquitetura interna da rede de integração conceptual envolvida nos processos de geração do sentido entre as duas modalidades (verbal e não-verbal), (ii) descrever como processos de figuratividade e/ou literalidade participam nas modalidades verbal e não-verbal e interferem na geração do significado e (iii) propor um modelo que revele a estrutura interna do percurso gerativo do sentido das EIS e suas DPs nas redes de integração conceptual. (RP). Para composição do corpus da pesquisa foram selecionadas as seguintes obras: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo – the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) e (b) Pequeno Dicionário de Expressões Idiomáticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). Da obra de Fernandes (2001) foram escolhidas as expressões (1) “o bom cabrito não berra”, (2) “não ter papas na língua” e (3) “só falam abobrinhas”; de Zocchio e Ballardin (1999), a expressão “engolir sapo”. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos, tomamos como base os postulados da Teoria da Integração Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) e da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual de Lakoff e Johnson (1980, 1999). A partir das análises, o modelo projetado da estrutura interna das redes de integração conceptual revelou que a inter-relação entre EI e sua RP permite uma multiplicidade de projeções que participam na geração do sentido. O modelo também permite ampliar as relações conceptuais gerando diferentes mesclagens, de forma que a imagem em relação à sua representação verbal pode ser parcial ou totalmente congruente. O grau de (in)congruência entre o literal e o idiomático é, no continuum, decisivo para a determinação do resultado mesclado. Foi possível tornar evidente que há uma estreita ligação entre uma modalidade e a outra. Isso aponta para desvelar que a natureza do processamento da EI pode ser de base metafórica ou literal. Ainda com base nas análises, o modelo de mesclagem proposto comprovou ser eficiente para a demonstração da organização interna das redes na geração do sentido, a partir da inter-relação entre a representação verbal e não-verbal. Na estruturação das redes entram em jogo as várias projeções criativas e imaginativas, o que possibilita novas configurações de sentido (re)construído sucessivamente.

A presente pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo a produção artística intitulada Convescotes, série de foto-eventos realizados em espaços ao ar livre, tendo a fotografia como seu modo de apresentação. Assim, a série de fotografias envolve a proposição de eventos comensais para ter como retorno uma imagem desse espaço de tempo compartilhado. Para tal feita, a pintura de Claude Monet Le déjeuner sur l´herbe apresenta-se como a grande referência e como o ponto de partida para tais situações serem construídas. Com o intento de construir uma reflexão acerca do processo de trabalho Convescotes, assumiuse o formato de fascículos para o texto que figura a presente tese, sendo a mesma organizada em três partes. A formatação em três fascículos independentes possibilita a sua leitura encadeada assim como também oferece lugar para leituras cruzadas, as quais apresentam as dimensões do processo de trabalho Convescotes. O primeiro fascículo apresenta as imagens que fundamentaram a pesquisa, tanto no âmbito de elaboração dos Convescotes quanto no das reflexões teóricas suscitadas por eles. Na arquitetura textual do segundo fascículo tomei partido do formato epistolar, através do envio de seis cartas a companheiros que me ajudaram a pensar os elementos que compõem os Convescotes. Para Claude Monet foram enviadas cartas que dialogam com os elementos formadores do processo, como o piquenique, a amizade e os espaços ao ar livre. Com Roland Barthes, a escrita investigou a fotografia e o modo como ela habita meu processo, estendendo-se aos projetos de uma série de outros artistas. Já no terceiro fascículo esta pesquisa apresenta uma abertura teórica para as questões disparadas nas cartas escritas para Monet e para Barthes, sendo a mesma mediada por outros pensadores e artistas. As cartas e as notas se relacionam por meio de uma espécie de correspondência numérica; a primeira desenvolve-se por meio de uma conversa mais informal e a segunda constitui-se de uma reflexão apoiada em outros pensadores, sejam eles da imagem ou dos conceitos. / This study has as its object the artistic production called Picnics, a series of photo events outdoors, which have photography as their form of presentation. Thus, the series of photos involves the proposal of eating events to have as a return a photo of this shared time frame. In order to achieve that, Claude Monet’s painting Le dejeuner sur l’herbe presentes itself as the major reference and the point of departure for the eating events to take place. Aiming at reflecting on the Picnics work process, we turned to the fascicle format for this dissertation, which is divided into three parts. The format of three independent fascicles makes a sequenced reading possible. It also provides room for crossed readings, which demonstrate the dimensions of the Picnics work process. The first fascicle introduces the images that support the study regarding the elaboration of the Picnics as well as the theoretical considerations that emerge from them. In the textual architecture of the second fascicle, I made the choice for the epistolar format, based on the letters sent to peers, which have helped me think about the elements that constitute the Picnics. To Claude Monet, letters that dialogue with the constituting elements of the process, such as the picnic, the friendship, and the outdoors, were sent. As for Roland Barthes, the study investigated photography and the way it is part of my artistic process, and extended itself to the projects of a series of other artists. In the third fascicle, this research study presentes a theoretical opening to the issues found in the letters written to Monet and Barthes, mediated by other intellectuals and artists. The letters and the notes are related through a numeric correspondence, in which the former unfolds as a more informal conversation and the latter constitutes a reflection based upon other intellectuals, whether their objects be images or concepts.