Demonstratoren sind äußerst hilfreiche Werkzeuge, welche der Veranschaulichung neuer Technologien dienen. Besonders im Kontext von Living Labs, in denen es um Bildung, Forschung, gemeinsame Entwicklung und Experimente geht, können sie von großer Bedeutung sein. Sie unterliegen in ihrer Umsetzung besonderen Anforderungen, die sich stark von denen an Produkte für den Markt unterscheiden. Diese Arbeit stellt das Konzept und die Umsetzung eines Smart Mirror Demonstrators vor, der für das Living Lab des KI-Kompetenzzentrums ScaDS.AI in Leipzig entwickelt wurde. Der Demonstrator veranschaulicht einen Anwendungsfall von Objekt- und Ähnlichkeitserkennung, die auf künstlichen neuronalen Netzen basieren. Er besteht aus einem Smart Mirror, der Kleidungsstücke erkennen und visuell ähnliche Kleidungsstücke vorschlagen kann. Ein Nutzer kann mit dem Demonstrator ein Foto von sich aufnehmen, auf dem die erkannten Kleidungsstücke mit sogenannten Bounding Boxes markiert werden. Anschließend werden visuell ähnliche Kleidungsstücke aus einer Datenbank herausgefiltert und angezeigt. In der Arbeit geht es zum einen um die verwendeten Technologien, als auch um die Architektur des Demonstrators selbst. Die Softwarearchitektur des Demonstrators orientiert sich an dem Aufbau von Webanwendungen und besteht aus einem Backend und einem Frontend. Das Backend wurde als REST-API umgesetzt, die in Python unter Verwendung des Frameworks Flask geschrieben wurde. Das Frontend besteht aus einer Single Page Application, umgesetzt mit dem Javascript Framework Vue. Beide Anwendungen wurden mit Hilfe der Software Docker in Containern umgesetzt, um die Laufzeitumgebung zu virtualisieren und die Ausführung auf verschiedenen Rechnern zu erleichtern. Der Technologie-Stack bestehend aus Flask, Vue und Docker und die Umsetzung unter Beachtung der REST Prinzipien sind positiv zu bewerten und wurden im ScaDS.AI in Anlehnung an den be- schriebenen Demonstrator zum Standard für die Entwicklung weiterer Demonstratoren.:1. Einleitung 1.1. Projektrahmen 1.2. Hintergrund und Idee 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit 2. Anforderungen 2.1. Funktionale Anforderungen 2.1.1. Objekterkennung 2.1.2. Kleidungsvorschläge 2.1.3. Visualisierung und Benutzung 2.1.4. Hardware 2.2. Projektrahmen und nicht-funktionale Anforderungen 2.2.1. Das ScaDS.AI und Living Lab in Leipzig 2.2.2. Demonstratoren 2.3. Zusammenfassung 3. Technische Grundlagen 3.1. Objekterkennung 3.1.1. Convolutional Neural Networks 3.1.2. Single Shot Multibox Detector 3.2. Architektur und Technologie-Stack 3.2.1. REST Paradigma 3.2.2. Python Webframework Flask 3.2.3. Single Page Applications mit Vue 3.2.4. Virtualisierung mit Docker 3.3. Zusammenfassung 4. Implementierung 4.1. Architekturentwurf 4.2. Backend Programmierung 4.2.1. Umsetzung als Flask App 4.2.2. Detection 4.2.3. Matching 4.2.4. Umsetzung der REST API 4.3. Frontend Programmierung 4.3.1. Darstellungsschicht 4.3.2. Serviceschicht 4.3.3. Speicherschicht 4.3.4. Datenfluss 4.3.5. Online-Version 4.4. Containerisierung 4.5. Hardware 4.5.1. Samsung Flip 4.5.2. Kamera 4.5.3. Rechner 4.6. Zusammenfassung 5. Projektauswertung 5.1. Erfüllung der Anforderungen 5.2. Schwierigkeiten 5.3. Zusammenfassung 6. Ausblick 7. Literaturverzeichnis 8. Abbildungsverzeichnis 9. Quelltextverzeichnis 10. Anhang

Mobile Bay is a dynamic estuary home to a diverse faunal assemblage, which includes several species of batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea). To better understand the dynamics of this batoid assemblage, batoids were opportunistically sampled from 440 trawls performed in and around Mobile Bay from 2016 to 2017. The species Hypanus sabinus and Gymnura lessae were the most common batoids collected (86% of catch). PERMANOVA analysis found the variables day length, location, year, and water temperature best described catch variability. Furthermore, stomach contents from Gymnura lessae were sampled to investigate its diet. Most prey were heavily degraded, thus DNA metabarcoding was used to enhance prey identification. Most prey (88.3%) were from the families Sciaenidae and Engraulidae, and the variables season and sex best explained the dietary variability. These data will be necessary for modeling potential habitat and dietary shifts of Mobile Bay’s batoids as climate change and anthropogenic disturbances alter estuaries.

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Color Transparency $(CT)$ is a unique prediction of Quantum Chromodynamics $(QCD)$ where the final (and/or initial) state interactions of hadrons with the nuclear medium are suppressed for exclusive processes at high momentum transfers. While this phenomenon has been observed for mesons, there has never been a conclusive observation for baryons. A clear signal of $CT$ for baryons would be the first evidence of baryons fluctuating to a small size in the nucleus, and the onset would show the transition from nucleon-meson picture to quark-gluon degrees of freedom. The experiment $E1206107$, searching for the onset of $CT$ in protons was completed in $Hall ~C$ at Jefferson Laboratory $(JLab)$ using the upgraded $12 ~GeV ~e^{-}$ beam. It used the High Momentum Spectrometer $(HMS)$ and the new Super High Momentum spectrometer $(SHMS)$ in coincidence to measure the $e+^{12}C \longrightarrow e'+p+X$ reaction in quasi-elastic kinematics. Data were collected on a $^{12}C$ target over the range of $Q^2=8-14.3~(GeV/c)^{2}$, covering the region where a previous $p+A \longrightarrow p'+p+X$ experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory $(BNL)$ had observed an enhancement. Proton Transparency (PT) was extracted from these data. A rise in the $PT$ as a function of $Q^2$ (defined as the square of the negative of the 4-momentum transfer by the scattered electron) is predicted to be a signature of the onset of $CT$. Our data showed no significant increase and consistent with the traditional nuclear physics calculation. This \MakeLowercase{\doctype} discusses the theory and implementation of the $CT$ experiment, summarizes the data analysis and presents results on hydrogen normalization and nuclear transparency.

Globalization and technology have placed a recognizable pressure on both employers and educational institutions. Entry-level employees must be adaptive, innovative, collaborative, and have strong problem-solving and communication skills. To prepare students for the future workforce, schools must revisit existing practices and find new ways to foster innovation as the gap between the new skills students need verses what is being taught in public schools continues to grow (Bybee et al, 2006; Wagner, 2012). One way to increase students' interest and skills in STEM education is by incorporating makerspaces into schools. Makerspaces are physical spaces where people have opportunities to build and construct objects based on their own personal interests. Makerspaces foster the innovative ideas and skills students need upon graduation. This qualitative case study investigates why educational leaders decided to launch a makerspace lab and how school leaders established a model makerspace lab at an elementary school. The purpose of this study was to document and describe the change process connected with the implementation of the makerspace lab, how leaders navigated various obstacles, perceptions of the change process, and lessons learned from educators. The findings show that school leaders experienced a novel concept after visiting an extraordinary model makerspace program which demonstrated a unique approach to developing the innovative capacity of young learners. These experiences created a transformational moment in school leaders that motivated them to be change agents and launch their own makerspace lab. School leaders developed community partnerships with an engineering university, a Fortune 500 company, an education community foundation, and a large school district to make this work possible. Together, these educational and business collaborators created a model elementary makerspace model that is one of the first of its kind on the east coast and currently services students from other schools in the region. The findings further discuss the importance of community partnerships, inviting other schools to participate, having a model program to emulate, having the right people, and how a school initiative became a district opportunity. / Doctor of Education / Globalization and technology have pressured both employers and educational institutions to change. Entry-level employees must be adaptive, innovative, collaborative, and have strong problem-solving and communication skills. To prepare students for the future workforce, schools must revisit existing practices and find new ways to foster innovation as the gap between the new skills students need verses what is being taught in public schools continues to grow (Bybee et al, 2006; Wagner, 2012). One way to increase students’ interest and skills in STEM education is by incorporating makerspaces into schools. Makerspaces are physical spaces where people have opportunities to build and construct objects based on their own personal interests. Makerspaces foster the innovative ideas and skills students need upon graduation. This qualitative case study investigates why educational leaders decided to launch a makerspace lab and how school leaders established a model makerspace lab at an elementary school. The purpose of this study was to document and describe the change process connected with the implementation of the makerspace lab, how leaders navigated various obstacles, perceptions of the change process, and lessons learned from educators. The findings show that school leaders experienced a novel concept after visiting an extraordinary model makerspace program which demonstrated a unique approach to developing the innovative capacity of young learners. These experiences created a transformational moment in school leaders that motivated them to be change agents and launch their own makerspace lab. School leaders developed community partnerships with an engineering university, a Fortune 500 company, an education community foundation, and a large school district to make this work possible. Together, these educational and business leaders created a model elementary makerspace model that is one of the first of its kind on the east coast and currently services students from other schools in the region. The findings further discuss the importance of community partnerships, inviting other schools to participate, having a model program to emulate, having the right people, and how a school initiative became a district opportunity.

The great success of the advertising industry in the 1950s created a diamond culture where diamonds are continuously associated with images of love and devotion. With all of the diamond's positive associations, no one could have imagined that such a precious jewel could have negative connotations. Yet in the 1990s, the label "blood diamond" emerged and became widely correlated with torture, rape, child labor, and environmental destruction. My three- manuscript dissertation covers the following topics: how diamond jewelry has become ingrained in American consumer culture, how lab-made diamond substitutes create new politics, and how diamonds created from ashes complicate consumers' relationship with diamond jewelry. These three manuscripts cover a series of interconnected ideas about symbolism and imagery of the diamond. In the first manuscript I present a history of how advertisements have influenced American consumer culture. The second manuscript elaborates on the themes established in the first manuscript by examining the political nature of lab-made diamonds in relation to American consumer culture. And finally, in the third manuscript the images presented in the first manuscript become even more complicated when the end product is literally made from ashes. Lab-made diamonds challenge traditional images of natural stones in a way that forces consumers to confront, and perhaps revise, the way they think about diamonds. / Ph. D.

This manual has been designed for a class of twenty- four students concurrently enrolled in the lecture course. The laboratory aids in the learning process and fosters an interest in the science of genetics. This manual and the experiments contained within are both informative and fun. The manual correlates with and expands upon the genetics course. Each investigation, with the exception of the Drosophila melanogaster project, can be completed in a 3-4 hour timeframe. This manual provides a “hands on” experience of theories simply discussed in the lecture course. This manual is intended to be a one-source manual where each investigation is designed to include an adequate introduction. Special attention has been given for each investigation with both the student and instructor in mind.

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During manufacturing of tissue paper, large amounts of energy could be saved with an optimized press nip. In the press nip, water is pressed out of the paper and depending on both machine and paper parameters, the dewatering effect will vary. The dewatering process is however, a complex process which is not fully understood. With the facility to simulate different tissue machine concepts in a lab-testing machine, theoretical models of the dewatering process could be tested and evaluated. Karlstad university has started a three-year project with the purpose of building a lab-test equipment for simulation of pressing of paper, and one of their partners during this project is the company Valmet AB. This master thesis was a part of this three-year project and was carried out in collaboration with Valmet AB. The aim of the master thesis was to determine important parameters affecting the pressing process and the requirements to be considered during the design of the lab-test equipment. The goal was also to develop some concrete concept proposals. During the literature study it was found that the most important parameters of the equipment affecting the result were nip pressure, duration time and process temperature. Paper parameters with the biggest effect on the result were compressibility resistance, flow resistance, ingoing moisture and temperature stability. After discussion with the engineers at Valmet AB, customer requirements of the equipment were determined and these, in combination with the information gathered from the literature study, were used in order to determine the product requirements of the equipment. The most important product requirements turned out to be load capacity, changeable load, process time, distance between upper and lower plate and incorporation of load cells. Several different concept proposals were developed and four of them where evaluated further. The biggest challenge in designing a lab-test equipment for simulation of pressing of paper is the short duration time in combination with high loads, and therefore, all concepts were evaluated according to this as a first step. Plenty of work still needs to be done before any of the generated concepts are finished, but three of them, Three weight, Profile and Electromagnet are seen as potential solutions. / Vid tillverkning av mjukpapper kan stora mängder energi sparas genom att optimera pressnypet. Detta då man i pressnypet kan avlägsna stora mängder vatten från pappret med hjälp av en presskraft, men beroende på både maskin- och pappersparameterar varierar avvattningsförmågan. Avvattningsförloppet är dock en mycket komplicerad process som ännu inte är helt förstådd. Med möjligheten att simulera olika maskinkoncept i en lab-testmaskin kan teoretiska modeller av avvattningsförloppet testas och utvärderas. Karlstads universitet har nyligen startat ett treårigt projekt med syfte att bygga en lab-testmaskin för pressning av papper och en av deras samarbetspartners är företaget Valmet AB. Detta examensarbete var en del av detta treåriga projekt och utfördes i samarbete med Valmet AB. Målet med examensarbetet var att bestämma vilka parametrar som påverkar avvattningen i pressnypet och vilka  krav som måste beaktas under designen av lab-testmaskinen. Målet var även att ta fram konkreta konceptförslag. Från litteraturstudien framkom det att de parametrarna hos utrustningen vilka kommer påverka resultatet mest var nyptryck, varaktighet och processtemperatur. De pappersparametrar vilka har störst betydelse för resultatet visade sig vara kompressabilitetsmotstånd, flödesmotstånd, ingående fukthalt och temperaturstabilitet. Efter diskussion med ingenjörer på Valmet AB kunde kundkraven bestämmas, och dessa i kombination med den sammanställda informationen från litteraturstudien användes för att bestämma produktkraven för utrustningen. De viktigaste produktkraven visade sig vara lastkapaciteten, ändringsbar kraft, processtid, avstånd mellan övre- och nedre plattan, samt att lastceller ska vara inkluderade. Av alla de koncept som togs fram under genereringsarbetet, utvärderades fyra av dem. Den största utmaningen vid design av en lab-testutrustning för simulering av pressning av papper är den korta pressningstiden i kombination med den höga lasten, och därför prioriterades en utvärdering av koncepten utifrån dessa aspekter. Mycket arbete återstår innan ett färdigt koncept står klart, men tre av de utvärderade koncepten, Tre vikter, Profil och Elektromagnet, har potential till att utvecklas till realiserbara utrustningar som möter de uppsatta kraven.

The starting SNO+ experiment, successor to the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, is a neutrino detector using LAB based liquid scintillator as active medium. Situated in the SNOLab deep underground laboratory in Sudbury, Canada, the rock overburden amounts to about 6 km.w.e., providing an effective shielding against cosmic rays. The residual muon rate is 63 μ/day going through the detector volume. About 780 t of an LAB mixture inside an acrylic sphere with a 6 m radius will be observed by ≈ 9300 photomultipliers, surrounded by a ≈ 7000 t water shielding. SNO+ will be searching for low energy solar-, geo-, reactor- and supernova neutrinos, but the main goal is the observation of the neutrinoless double beta decay in Te-130. Under operating conditions, the scintillator will be cooled to about 12° C. This work investigated the effect of temperature changes on the light output of LAB based liquid scintillator in a range from -5° C to 30° C with α-particles and electrons in a small scale setup. Assuming a linear behaviour, a combined negative temperature coefficient of (−0.29 ± 0.01) %/° C is found. Considering hints for a particle type dependency, electrons show (−0.17 ± 0.02) %/° C whereas the temperature dependency seems stronger for α-particles (−0.35 ± 0.03) %/° C. A pulse shape analysis shows increased strength of a slow decay component at lower temperatures, pointing to reduced non-radiative triplet state de-excitations at lower temperatures. Furthermore, this work found upper bounds for the in-situ muon-induced isotope production via scaling calculations and simulations with Geant4 based software. For the most concerning isotope C-11, an upper limit of about 1.3 × 10^3 decays/kt/yr is found and a reduction technique, developed by the Borexino collaboration, can be effectively applied for SNO+. Also a muon reconstruction algorithm is implemented, performing reasonably well, but not good enough to improve the background reduction scheme. / Das zukünftige SNO+ experiment, Nachfolger des Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, ist ein Neutrino-Detektor mit LAB basierten Flüssigszintillator als aktivem Medium. Im SNOLab Untertagelabor (Sudbury, Kanada) gelegen, ist es durch die Felsüberdeckung von 6 km.w.e. hervorragend gegen kosmische Strahlung abgeschirmt. Die Rate der übrigen Myonen die das Detektorvolumen durchdringen beträgt ca. 63 μ/Tag. In einer Acrylkugel, mit einem Radius von 6 m, wird eine LAB Mischung von ≈ 9300 Photomultipliern beobachtet und von einer Wasserabschirmung von ≈ 7 kt umgeben. SNO+ wird nach niederenergetischen solaren-, Geo-, Reaktor- und Supernova Neutrinos suchen, aber das Hauptziel ist die Beobachtung von neutrinolosen doppelten Betazerfällen in Te-130. Unter den Betriebsbedingungen wird der Flüssigszintillator eine Temperatur von ca. 12° C annehmen. Diese Arbeit hat den Einfluss von Temperaturveränderungen in einem Bereich von -5° C to 30° C auf die erzeugte Lichtmenge untersucht. Dazu wurden α-Teilchen und Elektronen in einem kleineren Versuchaufbau beobachtet. Unter der Annahme eines linearen Verhaltens, wurde ein globaler negativer Temperaturkoeffizient von (−0.29 ± 0.01) %/° C gefunden. Unter Berücksichtigung von Hinweisen auf eine Teilchenartabhängigkeit, findet sich für Elektronen ein Koeffizient von (−0.17 ± 0.02) %/° C, wohingegen α-Teilchen eine stärkere Abhängikeit von (−0.35 ± 0.03) %/° C aufweisen. Eine Pulsformanalyse zeigt eine bei tieferen Temperaturen stärker ausgeprägte langsame Zerfallskomponente, was darauf hinweist dass die nicht-radiativen Abregungen der Triplet-Zustände bei niedrigeren Temperaturen reduziert sind. Weiterhin wurden in dieser Arbeit obere Ausschlußgrenzen für in-situ Myon-induzierte Isotopenproduktion gefunden, wozu Skalierungsrechnungen und Simulation mit auf Geant4 basierender Software benutzt wurden. Für das wichtigste Isotop C-11 wurde eine obere Grenze von 1.3 × 10^3 Ereignisse/kt/Jahr gefunden und eine Technik zur Reduzierung des Untergrundes, entwickelt von der Borexino Kollaboration, kann effektiv für SNO+ angewendet werden. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Myon Spurrekonstruktion implementiert, die sinnvolle Ergebnisse liefert, aber nicht gut genug ist um die Untergrund Reduzierung zu unterstützen.