Th. doct.--Geschichte--University of Oxford, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. [279]-304. Index.

BBO. Os filmes finos ou espessos foram preparados através do método dos precursores poliméricos (Método Pechini) e através da técnica por evaporação por feixe de elétrons. Nas amostras preparadas através do método dos precursores poliméricos, a razão entre os compostos BaO e \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' teve um papel fundamental no processo de estabilização fase BBO. Esta estabilização só foi possível quando a amostra foi preparada com óxido de boro em excesso, numa razão 70% \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' e 30% BaO (% peso), muito distante da composição estequiométrica 32% \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' - 68% BaO. A análise química desta amostra mostrou que a perda do elemento boro está ocorrendo durante a síntese das amostras. Devido à baixa viscosidade da solução estabilizada, foram obtidos filmes extremamente finos o que dificultou a análise por difração de raios-X. A análise por microscopia de força atômica destes filmes mostrou uma distribuição irregular de tamanhos e formas de grãos. A modificação do método Pechini pela adição de adição de poliidróxidos em substituição ao etilenoglicol mostrou ser eficiente na estabilização da fase BBO. A partir da substituição parcial ou total do etilenoglicol pelo sorbitol foi possível obter uma solução límpida, transparente e estável. Testes iniciais na deposição de filmes finos utilizando estas soluções mostraram que é possível obter filmes espessos (160 nm) por \"spin-coating\" após a deposição de apenas uma camada. No que tange aos filmes obtidos por evaporação de elétrons, diferentes fontes de evaporação foram utilizadas a fim de obter filmes da fase BBO. Os resultados de difração de raios-X mostraram que a fase obtida depende do material utilizado como fonte de evaporação, do tipo de substrato e da temperatura de tratamento térmico. O aquecimento do substrato \"in-situ\" promoveu uma cristalização parcial da amostra. A observação da formação da fase BBO só foi possível após um aquecimento \"ex-situ\" do filme. Comparando com a técnica dos precursores poliméricos, a técnica de evaporação por feixe de elétrons permitiu a obtenção de filmes mais espessos, cuja espessura variou entre 0.4 e 1.7m. A análise por microscopia de força atômica destes filmes mostrou em alguns casos a formação uma superfície uniforme e de baixa rugosidade / The main objective of this work was to prepare and characterize \'BETA\'-Ba\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.4\' (BBO) thin films. Thin and thick films were prepared using two different techniques, the polymeric precursor method (Pechini method) and the electron beam evaporation technique. In the samples obtained by the polymeric method, the BaO/\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' ratio played an important role in the stabilization of the BBO phase. Stabilization, in this case, was only attained when the sample was prepared using a very high percentage of boron, i.e., a ratio of 70%\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' and 30%BaO (weight percent). This composition is far from the stoichiometric one normally used to prepare the Ba\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.4\' compound. A chemical analysis of this sample revealed that there was a loss of boron during synthesis by evaporation. Due to the low viscosity of this solution, the films obtained by dip coating were very thin, making X-ray and microstructural analyses very difficult. The Pechini method was modified by replacing ethylene glycol with sorbitol, which stabilized the BBO phase in a stoichiometric composition. The solution obtained from this sample was transparent and stable, and thin films obtained from this solution presented a thickness of approximately 160 nm after only one deposition. For the films obtained by electron beam evaporation, different evaporation sources were used to produce the BBO phase. Heating the substrate in-situ was inefficient to obtain crystalline thin films, even when heated at 700°C. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that it was possible to produce the BBO phase when the sample was heated ex-situ at 650°C. The surface roughness and microstructure of the thin films was found to depend on the source of evaporation, the type of substrate and the ex-situ temperature to which the film was subjected. A comparison of the films obtained by the polymeric precursor method and those obtained by electron beam evaporation revealed that using the latter the films thickness can be varied from 0.4 to 1.7m

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Nenhuma / A comunicação boca a boca (BAB) tem sido considerada elemento fundamental em marketing. A justificativa para a escolha do tema reside na relevância que essa comunicação não controlada tem recebido no contexto de marketing de relacionamento, como uma forma não geradora de custos para empresa e uma fonte de informações considerada mais segura para os clientes. Muitas pesquisas apontam diferenças significativas entre resultados do comportamento BAB que indicam que estudos específicos devem ser ampliados. Assim, esta pesquisa aplica o modelo de Brown et al. (2005) considerando a investigação dos elementos que impactam no comportamento BAB sob a perspectiva do consumidor em um novo contexto. Esse modelo foi testado por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva, baseada em uma survey com 330 consumidores de um hotel da região da grande Goiânia. Como resultado da pesquisa foi possível validar o modelo utilizando a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais e avaliar o impacto da satisfação no comportamento de BAB, identific / The word-of-mouth communications (WOM) has been considered a fundamental marketing element. The reason for this theme’s choice is the relevance that this uncontrolled communication has gained at the relationship marketing context, as costs free for companies and considered more reliable for costumers. Many researches point those relevant differences between behavior results of WOM showing that specific studies shall be amplified. So, this research applies the model of Brown et al. (2005) considering the investigation of the elements that impact on the WOM behavior under costumer’s perspective in a new context. That model was tested through a descriptive survey applied to 330 customers of a hotel in Goiânia. As result of the research we could validate both models using the Structural Equations Modelling technique and evaluate the satisfaction impact on the behavior of WOM, identifying if this satisfaction has a positive influence on WOM, also if the commitment and trust can be considered a positive mediator o

BBO. Os filmes finos ou espessos foram preparados através do método dos precursores poliméricos (Método Pechini) e através da técnica por evaporação por feixe de elétrons. Nas amostras preparadas através do método dos precursores poliméricos, a razão entre os compostos BaO e \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' teve um papel fundamental no processo de estabilização fase BBO. Esta estabilização só foi possível quando a amostra foi preparada com óxido de boro em excesso, numa razão 70% \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' e 30% BaO (% peso), muito distante da composição estequiométrica 32% \'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' - 68% BaO. A análise química desta amostra mostrou que a perda do elemento boro está ocorrendo durante a síntese das amostras. Devido à baixa viscosidade da solução estabilizada, foram obtidos filmes extremamente finos o que dificultou a análise por difração de raios-X. A análise por microscopia de força atômica destes filmes mostrou uma distribuição irregular de tamanhos e formas de grãos. A modificação do método Pechini pela adição de adição de poliidróxidos em substituição ao etilenoglicol mostrou ser eficiente na estabilização da fase BBO. A partir da substituição parcial ou total do etilenoglicol pelo sorbitol foi possível obter uma solução límpida, transparente e estável. Testes iniciais na deposição de filmes finos utilizando estas soluções mostraram que é possível obter filmes espessos (160 nm) por \"spin-coating\" após a deposição de apenas uma camada. No que tange aos filmes obtidos por evaporação de elétrons, diferentes fontes de evaporação foram utilizadas a fim de obter filmes da fase BBO. Os resultados de difração de raios-X mostraram que a fase obtida depende do material utilizado como fonte de evaporação, do tipo de substrato e da temperatura de tratamento térmico. O aquecimento do substrato \"in-situ\" promoveu uma cristalização parcial da amostra. A observação da formação da fase BBO só foi possível após um aquecimento \"ex-situ\" do filme. Comparando com a técnica dos precursores poliméricos, a técnica de evaporação por feixe de elétrons permitiu a obtenção de filmes mais espessos, cuja espessura variou entre 0.4 e 1.7m. A análise por microscopia de força atômica destes filmes mostrou em alguns casos a formação uma superfície uniforme e de baixa rugosidade / The main objective of this work was to prepare and characterize \'BETA\'-Ba\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.4\' (BBO) thin films. Thin and thick films were prepared using two different techniques, the polymeric precursor method (Pechini method) and the electron beam evaporation technique. In the samples obtained by the polymeric method, the BaO/\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' ratio played an important role in the stabilization of the BBO phase. Stabilization, in this case, was only attained when the sample was prepared using a very high percentage of boron, i.e., a ratio of 70%\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.3\' and 30%BaO (weight percent). This composition is far from the stoichiometric one normally used to prepare the Ba\'B IND.2\'\'O IND.4\' compound. A chemical analysis of this sample revealed that there was a loss of boron during synthesis by evaporation. Due to the low viscosity of this solution, the films obtained by dip coating were very thin, making X-ray and microstructural analyses very difficult. The Pechini method was modified by replacing ethylene glycol with sorbitol, which stabilized the BBO phase in a stoichiometric composition. The solution obtained from this sample was transparent and stable, and thin films obtained from this solution presented a thickness of approximately 160 nm after only one deposition. For the films obtained by electron beam evaporation, different evaporation sources were used to produce the BBO phase. Heating the substrate in-situ was inefficient to obtain crystalline thin films, even when heated at 700°C. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that it was possible to produce the BBO phase when the sample was heated ex-situ at 650°C. The surface roughness and microstructure of the thin films was found to depend on the source of evaporation, the type of substrate and the ex-situ temperature to which the film was subjected. A comparison of the films obtained by the polymeric precursor method and those obtained by electron beam evaporation revealed that using the latter the films thickness can be varied from 0.4 to 1.7m

La plasticité phénotypique est la capacité d’un génotype donné à produire différents phénotypes en réponse à différents environnements tels que la température, la nutrition ou encore la présence de prédateurs. Ce phénomène permet aux individus de s’adapter à des environnements fluctuants. Il peut également faciliter l’évolution en élargissant la gamme de phénotypes produits par un génotype. Comme modèle de plasticité phénotypique, nous étudions la pigmentation abdominale chez les femelles Drosophila melanogaster. En effet, ce caractère est sensible à la température : les femelles drosophiles sont plus pigmentées lorsqu’elles se développent à basse température, particulièrement dans les segments abdominaux postérieurs. Les études précédentes du laboratoire ont montré que le gène tan (t), codant une enzyme de pigmentation, est beaucoup plus fortement exprimé à 18°C qu'à 29°C. Par ailleurs, ce gène joue un rôle essentiel dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. Au cours de ma thèse, je me suis intéressée à la caractérisation du réseau de gènes impliqué dans la régulation de l’expression de t dans l’épiderme abdominal des femelles Drosophila melanogaster. J'ai également cherché à identifier, dans ce réseau, les acteurs pouvant médier l'effet de la température sur l'expression de t. A l'aide d'une approche gène candidat, j'ai montré que les facteurs de transcription Bric-à-Brac (Bab) et Abdominal-B (Abd-B) intervenaient dans la plasticité phénotypique de la pigmentation abdominale en régulant notamment t. De plus, j'ai réalisé un crible génétique ciblant 573 gènes codant des facteurs de transcription et des régulateurs de la chromatine afin d'identifier de nouveaux régulateurs de t. A l'issue de ce crible, j'ai obtenu une liste de 27 gènes impliqués dans cette régulation. J'ai ensuite commencé la caractérisation fonctionnelle de deux de ces candidats : forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) codant un facteur de transcription impliqué dans la voie de réponse à l'insuline et little imaginal discs (lid) codant une histone déméthylase. / Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a given genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environmental factors such as temperature, nutrition or presence of predators. This phenomenon allows the adaptation of individuals to their fluctuating environments. It can also facilitate evolution, as it broadens the range of phenotypes produced by a given genotype. As a model of phenotypic plasticity, we study the abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. Indeed, this trait is temperature-sensitive: drosophila females are darker when they develop at lower temperatures particularly in the posterior segments. In the laboratory, it has been previously shown, that tan (t), a gene encoding a pigmentation enzyme, is more expressed at 18°C than at 29°C. Moreover, this gene plays an essential role in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster females. During my thesis, I aimed to characterize the gene regulatory network involved in t regulation in the abdominal epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster females. I also tried to identify, in this network, the actors mediating the effect of temperature on t expression. Using a candidate gene approach, I showed that the transcription factors Bric-à-brac (Bab) and Abdominal-B (Abd-B) are involved in the phenotypic plasticity of abdominal pigmentation by regulating t. Furthermore, I performed a genetic screen targeting 573 genes encoding transcription factors and chromatin regulators to identify new regulators of t. At the end of this screen, I obtained a list of 27 genes involved in this regulation. I then started the functional characterization of two of these candidates: forkhead box subgroup O (foxo) encoding a transcription factor involved in the insulin response pathway and little imaginal discs (lid) encoding a histone demethylase.

No description available.

No description available.

Bab edh-Dhra is the most extensively excavated cemetery from Early Bronze Age, Jordan. Despite thorough study, the social structure and existence of social inequality remain unclear. This was addressed using osteological evidence of physiological stress to compare between family tombs. In societies exhibiting social inequality, individuals of lower status experience higher levels of stress. Evidence of physiological stress (femoral length, LEH, metabolic disorders, periosteal reactions, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis) was recorded using standard methods for 250 adults. The artifact counts in this study have been previously published. Differences in the frequency of stress indicators were compared using chi-square tests. The results show no difference in the frequency of stress indicators between tombs and no correlation between artifacts and frequency of stress indicators. This indicates that families at Bab edh-Dhra experienced similar stress levels and low inequality. This may be due to cultural practices, subsistence methods or lack of data.

A partir de l'identification de plusieurs frontières de l'espace djiboutien (auparavant Côte française des Somalis, puis Territoire français des Afars et des Issas), nous revisitons l'histoire coloniale de Djibouti sous l'angle de la fabrication des territoires. Nous étudions particulièrement cinq frontières que l'on peut tracer sur une carte : les limites ethniques, les limites internes, les frontières internationales terrestres, le corridor ferrovaire et les frontières maritimes. Nous étudions comment ces différentes frontières ont été découvertes ou inventées à Djibouti, dans le cadre général de la formation des espaces dans la Corne de l'Afrique au XIXe siècle, puis comment elles ont été réalisées. Nous analysons les évolutions - dont l'éventuelle consolidation - de ces frontières jusqu'à l'indépendance. Enfin nous en étudions les conséquences et répercussions, en particulier la coercition qu'elles exercent, directement ou indirectement, sur les habitants.

This case study is the first comprehensive analysis of the German Democratic Republic’s activities in South Yemen, the only Marxist state in the Arab World and at times the closest and most loyal ally to the Soviet Union in the Middle East during the Cold War. The dissertation analyzes East German Foreign Policy as a case of Socialist state- and nation-building and in doing so produces one major hypotheses: The case of South Yemen may be considered both, an ‘exceptional case’ and the possible ‘ideal type’ of the ‘general’ of East German foreign policy and thus points to what the GDR’s foreign policy could have been, if it hadn’t been for the numerous restraints of East German foreign-policy-making. The author critically engages with the normative and empirical dimensions of the ‘Limits of Foreign Policy’ by including a constructivist perspective of foreign policy. Apart from the case study itself, the dissertation provides the reader with a thorough overview of forty years of East German foreign policy with a focus on the interests and influence of The Soviet Union as well as the first introduction and methodological approach to East Germany's foreign policy in the Middle East. The empirical side of the analysis rests on archival documents of the German Foreign Office, the German National Archive and the former Ministry of State Security of the GDR. These documents are reviewed and published for the first time and are complemented by personal interviews with contemporary witnesses. The interdisciplinary approach integrates and expands methods of both History and Political Science, applicable to other cases. Conducted research is intended to contribute to academic discourse on South Yemen’s unique history, divided Germany’s role in the Cold War, East German foreign policy, but also the long-term impact of Socialist foreign-policy-making in the Global South which so far has been neglected almost completely in academia. / Graduate / miriam.mueller@fu-berlin.de