Polisutbildningen i Sverige formas delvis utifrån ett ideal av polisyrket där den även är tänkt att förebygga ett alltför autonomt perspektiv på yrkesrollen. I föreliggande studie lades fokus på vilka faktorer polisstudenter anser ha störst inverkan på mötet mellan polis och narkotikabrukare samt vilket utfall mötet kan tänkas ha. Även deras syn på hur Polisens roll i det narkotikaförebyggande arbetet ser ut. Detta eftersom tidigare forskning visat att synen på yrkesrollen drastiskt förändras till ett mer autonomt perspektiv när polisstudenter kommer ut i yrkeslivet. Den stämplande effekt som kan ske vid mötet mellan narkotikabrukare och polis kan enbart inte ses som en konsekvens av det polisiära arbetet, utan främst som ett symtom av den avskräckande lagstiftning som Polisen är tänkt att upprätthålla. Resultatet i innevarande studie visade på att respondenterna ansåg att där fanns ett gemensamt ansvar över utfallet av mötet mellan polis och narkotikabrukare. Det framkom även att polisstudenterna såg Polisens roll som främst avskräckande, medan det mer förebyggande arbetet föll på övriga samhällsaktörer. / Previous research has shown that the meeting between police and drug users may induce a negative labeling effect for the drug user. The Police training program in Sweden is partially formed by an ideal perspective on the police profession, which is also supposed to prevent an all too autonomous perspective on the police profession. In this study, focus remained on police students' view on which factors played the biggest role in the interaction between drug users and police. Furthermore, there was a focus on which consequences may come from the meeting. Also, the students’ view on the role of the police profession was . This is because previous research has shown that police students' view of the role was examined. The reason for this being that previous research has shown that the role drastically changes to a more autonomous perspective once the student starts working as a police officer. The labeling effect that may occur in encounters between drug users and police officers cannot be seen solely because of the police work, but primarily as an unintended consequence of the deterrent laws that the Swedish Police are legally obliged to uphold. The results showed that the respondents deemed there to be a mutual responsibility for the outcome of the meeting between drug users and police. Additionally, the respondents viewed the Police as an organization whose main responsibility is deterrence, while the more preventive work falls upon other social organizations.

Many modern mobile communication devices are equipped with a GPS receiver and anavigation tool. These devices are useful when a user seeks to reach a specified destinationas soon as possible, but may not be so when he/she only needs to arrive at thedestination in time and wants to focus on some activities on the way. To deal with thislatter situation, a method and device called “Space Time Alarm Clock” is presented forhelping the user reach the destination by a specified deadline and inform the user aboutthe consequences of his/her decisions. It does so by continuously and efficiently computinghow much more time the user may stay at his/her current location without failing toreach the destination by the deadline. Furthermore, it determines the possible movementchoices that a user can make with regards to an underlying road network, it computesthe shortest travel time associated with each choice and informs the user about the consequencesof his/her decisions. Advantage of this approach is that it works completelyin the background so that the user‘s en-route activities will never be interfered with. The“Space Time Alarm Clock” was implemented for Stockholm, where it was tested.

The semantic annotation of large multimedia corpora is essential for numerous tasks. Be it for the training of classification algorithms, efficient content retrieval, or for analytical reasoning, appropriate labels are often the first necessity before automatic processing becomes efficient. However, manual labeling of large datasets is time-consuming and tedious. Hence, we present a new visual approach for labeling and retrieval of reports in multimedia news corpora. It combines automatic classifier training based on caption text from news reports with human interpretation to ease the annotation process. In our approach, users can initialize labels with keyword queries and iteratively annotate examples to train a classifier. The proposed visualization displays representative results in an overview that allows to follow different annotation strategies (e.g., active learning) and assess the quality of the classifier. Based on a usage scenario, we demonstrate the successful application of our approach. Therein, users label several topics which interest them and retrieve related documents with high confidence from three years of news reports.

A sorted array is a fundamental algorithmic concept. Its on-line variant gives rise to the online labeling problem. In the online labeling problem we are given an array of size m and a stream of n integers from the universe {1, ..., r} coming in an arbitrary order. Our task is to maintain all received items in the array in sorted order. The inserted items do not have to be stored consecutively in the array. Since the final order of the items is not known until we see all the items, moves of already inserted items are allowed but should be minimized. We present two algorithms which together provide an optimal solution for almost all values of m as a function of n. We provide tight lower bounds for almost all ranges of m. We introduce a notion of the limited universe and prove lower bounds also in that setting. Some of our lower bounds also apply to randomized algorithms. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Before making a choice, we often have the opportunity to learn more about the options that are available. For example, we can check the characteristics of a product before buying it, or read different newspapers before a political election. Understanding what shapes the demand for information, and its role in the decision process, is important to study economic choices. This dissertation contains three essays in behavioral and information economics that utilize experimental data and modeling to analyze how people choose and use information to make decisions. The first chapter, "Coarse and Precise Information in Food Labeling," uses experimental data to determine whether precise food labels can be more effective and informative than coarse ones. In a preregistered online study conducted on a representative US sample, I manipulate front-of-package labels about foods' calorie content. I find that coarse-categorical labels generate a larger reduction in calories per serving compared to detailed-numerical labels despite providing less information. Choices violate the predictions of Bayesian decision theory, suggesting that consumers are less responsive to detailed information. Results also show that participants prefer coarse labels, suggesting a general preference for simple, easy-to-interpret information. The second chapter, "The Status Quo and Belief Polarization of Inattentive Agents," studies how differences across agents can drive information acquisition and generate polarization. In a rational inattention model, optimal information acquisition and subsequent belief formation depend crucially on the agent-specific status quo valuation. Beliefs can systematically update away from the realized truth and even agents with the same initial beliefs might become polarized. A laboratory experiment confirms the model's predictions about the information acquisition and its effect on beliefs. Differently from the model's predictions, participants display preferences for simple messages that can provide certainty. The third chapter, "Dynamic Information Choice with Biased Information Sources," uses experimental data to study how people decide what kind of information to acquire when they have multiple opportunities to learn. Standard theory predicts that decision makers should collect the stream of information that leads to the maximization of the expected reward from the final choice. An online experiment on sequential information acquisition shows that people systematically deviate from the predictions of the standard normative model. Participants display a certainty-seeking information acquisition behavior and under-respond to the new evidence collected, reviewing rarely their own information acquisition strategy.

Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar cuál sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa según la percepción de los usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Se planteó como hipótesis que el sistema que cumpla con los principios funcional, estético y cognitivo del diseño de la información resulta ser el etiquetado mejor calificado por los usuarios. El diseño que se estableció para la presente investigación es mixto, pues se centró en obtener datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Por un lado, se analizaron nueve etiquetados frontales con mayor relevancia a nivel global. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave, expertos en diseño de la información, y a usuarios de Lima Metropolitana. Finalmente, se desarrolló una encuesta digital para estos últimos. Como resultados principales se señala que la mayor parte de usuarios vinculan el término sistema de etiquetado nutricional frontal al octógono de advertencia. Asimismo, consideran que esta herramienta logra influir en su percepción y decisión de compra. En cuanto a la percepción de los etiquetados, el semáforo nutricional, el octógono de advertencia y NutriScore son los mejor considerados por los usuarios que participaron en el estudio. Como conclusión se puede señalar que el semáforo nutricional tiene mayor eficacia comunicativa. Las características que refuerzan esto son la aplicación de colores de manera consistente, el texto y la neutralidad. Cabe resaltar que los usuarios tienen gran necesidad de comparar productos a través de este sistema y, por último, logra ser una influencia en la percepción de los usuarios. / The main objective of this research is to determine which front-of-pack label system has the greatest communication effectiveness according to the perception of consumers of Lima Metropolitan Area. The hypothesis is that the system that complies with the principles of information design is more effective in the perception of consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area. These principles are functional, aesthetic and cognitive. The design established for this research is mixed since it focused on obtaining qualitative and quantitative data. On the one hand, nine labels with greater global relevance were analyzed. On the other hand, key informant interviews to experts in information design and consumers in Lima Metropolitan Area were carried out. Finally, a digital survey was developed for the same consumers. The main findings are that most consumers link the term front-of-pack label system to the warning octagon label. They also consider that this tool manages to influence their perception and purchase decision. As for the perception of the labels, the traffic light label, the warning octagon label and NutriScore are the best considered by users of Metropolitan Lima Area. Conclusively, the traffic light label has the greatest communication efficiency. The characteristics that reinforce this are the application of colors in a consistent manner, text, and neutrality. Also, it is concluded that the labeling manages to influence the perception of consumers. Finally, the consumers have the need to compare products through labelling. / Trabajo de investigación

The cytoskeletal protein vinculin plays a key role in the control of cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesions. It is involved in the assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions and affects their mechanical stability. While many facts highlight the importance and significance of vinculin for vital processes, its precise role in the regulation of cell adhesions is still only partially understood. Various EPR methods are used in this work in order to study the vinculin tail (Vt) domain in an aqueous buffer solution and its structural changes induced by F-actin and acidic phospholipids. EPR results in combination with a rotamer library approach (RLA), MD simulation and other computational methods allowed the construction of molecular models of Vt and dimeric Vt in the presence and absence of its binding partners. Furthermore, X-band orientation selective DEER measurements were applied on a Vt double mutant. It could be shown that the determination of the mutual orientation of protein bound spin labels is possible at X-band frequencies, if the orientation correlation of the spin label pair is strong. The method established here can be used to determine valuable information about proteins and nucleic acids, expanding the virtue of DEER spectroscopy as a tool for structure determination.

The history of transgender identity is inextricable from the mental health industry. Since the late 1970's transgender people have required permission from mental health professionals to make medical modifications to their sex characteristics. During the time of this research, it was difficult for transgender individuals to receive the hormones or surgeries they desire without first being diagnosed with Gender Identity Disorder (GID). This study applies labeling theory to the label of GID. Labeling theory poses that if an individual is labeled with a mental illness, they will either reject or accept the label. Acceptance of the mentally ill label will cause the individual to adopt characteristics expected of the label. The intent of this study is to examine the relationship between mental health therapy and the formation of transgender identities. Utilizing labeling theory, it analyzes whether or not transgender participants of this study accepted or rejected the mental illness label of GID. It was originally posed that if transgender individuals accepted the label of GID, they would experience a shift in their gender identity. However, the overwhelming majority of the twelve participants interviewed rejected the label of GID. Even though most participants rejected the GID label, many still saw a shift in gender identity while attending therapy. This thesis proposes that there may be a link between a transgender person’s reason for entering therapy and identity shift. Those who felt obligated to go to therapy for the sole reason of gaining permission to change their sex characteristics saw no change in identity. However, those who wanted help in exploring their gender with a therapist saw identity changes while in therapy.

The restaurant industry is a highly customer-driven field. Therefore, it is imperative that restaurateurs consider customer expectations with regard to restaurant menus. The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the effects of menu format (i.e., paper or digital) and amount of nutritional information (i.e., extensive, brief, or none) on customer perceptions of the effectiveness, perceived ease of use, and information quality of the menu. Furthermore, this research intends to test the effect of these three menu attributes on the outcomes of value and satisfaction in order to assess the competitive advantage of one format over the other. The Cognitive Appraisal and Information Processing Theories provide structure to the proposed conceptual framework and give credence to the findings. This study also fills gaps in the present research by not only ameliorating weaknesses of extant studies, but also by examining several different aspects of restaurant menus simultaneously within a single study.

Unicellular algae (microalgae) are able to produce a number of substances such as starches, oils, proteins, carotenoids, polyphosphates, or crystalline purines directly from inorganic sources by photosynthesis. Different species of microalgae can be used for the economic production of various biomolecules. Due to their autotrophic nature, microalgae are also unique as they can synthesize complex isotopically labeled biomolecules from simple isotopically labeled inorganic substances. Analysis of the chemical composition of microalgae by means of chemical-analytical methods is relatively complex, time-consuming, and laborious. Confocal Raman microscopy represents one of the optical methods by which the chemical composition of microalgae can be determined in situ, i.e. directly within intact cells. This technique combining confocal optical microscopy with Raman spectroscopy enables fast and non- destructive analysis of the chemical composition of substances in the investigated objects, including the effect of isotopic labeling. The chemical composition of the investigated objects is reflected by their Raman spectra, in the case of Raman mapping of microscopic objects by their chemical maps. In this work, a specific case of isotopic labeling was studied, namely the effect of heavy water (D2O) on the deuteration...