This study examines the pattern of unemployment duration of African immigrants in Sweden as well as the effect of emigration origin, age, gender, level of education and family characteristics on the probability of getting a job upon arrival. The study is based on PLACE-database; the dataset is restricted to individuals born in Africa who immigrated to Sweden during the period of 1994-2008. Results from the Kaplan–Meier estimators and Proportional Hazard Models indicate that unemployment duration and the relative risk of getting a job upon arrival vary according to emigration origin and gender differences. In fact, immigrants from Somalia experience longer unemployment duration than Sub Saharan and North African immigrants. Additionally, African women are more likely to experience longer unemployment duration in comparison to men. Women from Sub Saharan Africa experience shorter unemployment duration in comparison to Somalis and North African ones. On the contrary, there are North African men who experience shorter unemployment duration than men from Sub- Saharan African and Somalia. The results also indicate that the relative risk of leaving unemployment upon arrival also differ by gender and region of emigration. In fact, men experience higher relative risk of leaving unemployment in comparison to women. In addition, the gender gap is found to be much more remarkable among the North African immigrants in comparison to Somalis and Sub Saharan ones. Furthermore, the possibility of leaving unemployment upon arrival decreases with age and childbearing, moreover holding university education increases the relative risk of leaving unemployment upon arrival.

Cette thèse contient trois chapitres principaux qui traitent des questions sur les inégalités horizontales et la pauvreté au Vietnam. Dans le premier chapitre, j'évalue l'efficacité d'un des programmes de réduction de la pauvreté les plus importants au Vietnam dans le cadre de la participation communautaire. Le deuxième chapitre examine si les écarts de revenu par genre et ethnicité existent sur le marché du travail du Vietnam et (le cas échéant) quelle partie des écarts peut s'expliquer par les différences dans les dotations et les rendements sur les dotations. Enfin, j'explore les disparités dans le capital social et le réseau social et le rôle des réseaux sociaux dans la lutte contre les chocs parmi les minorités et la majorité ethniques. / My thesis contains three main chapters which handle the questions about horizontal inequalities and poverty in Vietnam. In the first chapter, I assess the effectiveness of one of the most important poverty reduction program in Vietnam under the community participation perspective. The second chapter examine whether gender and ethnic earning gaps exist in the Vietnam’s labour market and how much of these gaps (if any) could be explained by the differences in endowments and returns to endowments. Lastly, I explore the disparities in social capital and social network and the role of social networks in coping with shocks between ethnic minority and majority.

Durch die Kommerzialisierung und Professionalisierung hat der Sport in Deutschland an Bedeutung gewonnen. Ersichtlich wird dies an dem gestiegenen Sportkonsum sowie der positiven Entwicklung der sportbezogenen Beschäftigung und der Ausdifferenzierung der Berufsfelder. Einhergehend mit dieser dynamischen und positiven Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes ist dies gleichermaßen für den Bildungsmarkt erkennbar. Neben den Universitäten sind in den vergangenen Jahren weitere Einrichtungen in den Bildungsmarkt getreten, welche Bildungsangebote im Bereich des Sports offerieren. Folglich gewinnt die Analyse der Studierendenperspektive an Bedeutung. Aufgrund der beschriebenen Dynamik wird für die vorliegende Arbeit eine mehrperspektivische Analyse verwendet. Um ein umfassendes Bild des Berufsfeldes Sportmanagement zu skizzieren, behandelt diese Analyse neben den Anforderungen an Sportmanager und der Untersuchung relevanter Produktfelder die Erwartungen von Studierenden. Dabei wird der Forschungsfrage nachgegangen, welche Unterschiede sich zwischen der Studierendenperspektive zu Beginn und im Verlauf des Studiums und den Anforderungen der Arbeitgeber zeigen. Im theoretischen Rahmen wird zunächst der Arbeitsmarkt Sport sowie der Bildungs- und Produktmarkt dargelegt. Im Anschluss wird die Beziehung zwischen Arbeitgeber und Arbeitnehmer erläutert. Danach werden in der Methodik die verwendeten Verfahren der einzelnen Studien skizziert. Daraufhin folgt die Beschreibung der Ergebnisse. Die Ergebnisse der Studierendenbefragung verdeutlichen ein fachspezifisches Interesse zum Studienbeginn. Zusätzlich werden der attraktive Standort, niedrige Lebenshaltungskosten sowie der gute Ruf der Hochschule als wesentliche Entscheidungskriterien für die Hochschulwahl angeführt. Des Weiteren wird aus den Untersuchungen ersichtlich, dass das fachspezifische Interesse im Verlauf des Studiums zunimmt, während das Einkommen gegen Ende des Studiums aus Sicht der Studierenden weniger bedeutsam ist. Demnach stellt sich die Frage mit welchen Aufgaben der Sportmanager in Sportorganisationen betraut ist. Dies führt zur Analyse der Anforderungsprofile in Stellenausschreibungen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Stellenanalyse wird deutlich, dass die interne und externe Kommunikation, die Gestaltung der Organisation sowie das Projektmanagement zentrale Anforderungen des Sportmanagers darstellen. Darüber hinaus werden folgende drei Typen von Sportmanagern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt deutlich: der Kommunikationsmanager, der Marketing- und Sales Manager sowie der Betriebs- und Teamleiter. Zusätzlich zeigen sich unterschiedliche Gewichtungen dieser Typen in den Sportorganisationen. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Sportorganisationen und der Produktfelder ist es notwendig, neben den Tätigkeitsbereichen die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede von Produktfeldern und Sportorganisation herauszustellen. Ziel der Studie ist es, die Produktfelder zu analysieren, welche in Stellenanzeigen genutzt werden, um Sportmanager anzusprechen. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass öffentliche Sportorganisationen das Produktfeld „Lehren und Ausbilden“ ausschreiben um einen Bewerber anzusprechen, während Non-profit-Organisationen die „Beratung und Betreuung“ sowie das „Produzieren von Events“ herausstellen. Profit-Organisationen versuchen unterdessen mit der „Herstellung von Sportbekleidung und -equipment“, „sportnahen Produktfeldern“ (Tourismus, Gesundheit und Lifestyle) sowie mit dem „Anleiten und Unterstützen“ einen geeigneten Kandidaten anzulocken. Ebenso werden die „Sportvermarktung“ und „Sportberichterstattung“ zur Ansprache genutzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit liefert einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erforschung der Studierenden- und Arbeitgeberperspektive im Berufsfeld Sportmanagement. Die gewonnen Erkenntnisse tragen zum einen zur Weiterentwicklung und Optimierung von Studiengängen bei. Zum anderen lassen die Ergebnisse Rückschlüsse auf die Anforderungen und Bedürfnisse der Arbeitgeber zu, welche Studierenden als Orientierung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt dienen können.

Level of employment of secondary school graduates on the labour market of Liberec region The diploma thesis "Level of employment of secondary school graduates on the labour market of Liberec region" focuses on tree major factors influencing the level of employment of graduates. First is the role of vocational education in the educational system. The thesis tests two hypotheses. First considers vocational education to be superior to general education since graduates learn great deal of hard skills, which they can directly apply while applying for a job. Second hypotheses considers vocational education to be inferior to general education since what the graduates learn during their study does not reflect the needs of employers and they thus prefer the information about the level of education (general education). Second major factor this diploma thesis deals with is the role of social networks in finding first job. The thesis analyses the effectiveness of the social networks on the site of graduates and also on the site of employers. Third factor is the dynamics of the early working stage of graduates and the influence of social and economical forces on regional labour market. The thesis analyses data on the dynamics of employment of graduates in the Czech Republic and especially in the Liberec region.

This thesis attempts to answer the question why there are so few female founders of startup companies in the Czech Republic. In order to identify the main roots of gender inequality in this field and obtain a detailed understanding of the gender culture of Czech startups, biographic-narrative interviews were conducted with women in managing positions as well as female founders of Czech startups. Through in-depth analysis of these women's narratives, key areas were identified which contribute to the reproduction of gender segregation in this field. The research found that the inequality is mainly caused by gender stereotypes towards women in the field of technology, which even the interviewed women reproduce through identification with a specific type of masculinity. In an attempt to fulfill the gendered expectations from an ideal startup founder or manager women often find themselves in conflict with the traditional role of women in the Czech Republic. The second group of women on the other hand emphasize the importance of femininity and indentify themselves against this type of masculinity. The analysis also showed the importance of the gender inequalities in the technical field of education, that are also reflected in the startups. The author recommends a further research into the following areas...

The diploma thesis has the character of descriptive case study and it deals with the system of electronic ordering of terms for applications for residence permits, Visapoint, which was introduced between 2009 and 2017 at selected embassies in third countries, which means countries outside the EU and EEA. The main implementer of the Visapoint, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since its introduction promised equal, fair and free access for foreigners to reserve a date. However, the operation of the Visapoint was problematic from the beginning. From the foreigner's point of view, it was not possible to register for the application and many of them used the services of illegal intermediaries who filled the deadlines to sell them dearly. The research in the thesis is based on the theory of implementation, namely the top - down model, which was first developed by Sabatier and Mazmanian. The research used qualitative research methods, especially document research, analysis of actors and a combination of structured interview with open questions with the interview using instructions. The research was aimed at visa applicants from Ukraine, where one of the most problematic approaches to applying was. The research shows that Visapoint was chosen correctly as a tool, but its implementation was problematic.

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Prohibition of discrimination against women in labor law relations Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the issue of women's discrimination in labor law relations. The aim of this thesis is a complex conception of the issue, especially the examination of women's position in labor law market in the context of selected socio-cultural problems and the historical genesis of women's position, definition of terms related to discrimination and analysis of relevant legislation, including case law. The thesis also deals with historical context, the current situation of women's position in the labor market and also the legal basis of equal treatment and non-discrimination principles. The thesis consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. Each chapter focuses on various aspects of the position of women in the labor market related to the principles of equal treatment and non- discrimination. The first chapter discusses the historical development of the position of women in society. The chapter is divided into four subchapters. The first subchapter is devoted to the beginnings of the Czech emancipation movement, which laid the foundations for further development of the feminist stream in our country. The second and third subchapter deals with the position of women in the interwar and socialistic...

The aim of this bachelor’s thesis in sociology was to understand the situation on the labor market for people with a neuropsychiatric disability (NPD) with the question: “How can one understand, based on the views of a group of formal actors (officials responsible for establishing people in society and in the labor market), what opportunities and obstacles exist for people with an NPD to establish themselves in the labor market in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden?”. The objective is thus to shed light on the situation, as previous research shows vulnerability of disabled people; both in school and on the labor market. The thesis is based on a study with hermeneutic methodology of qualitative character, consisting of semi-structured interviews with eight people whom have work-related experience with people with NPD and whom work for organisations that makes it possible for people to establish themselves in society and in the labor market. The theories used in the thesis are: Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann's theory of social constructions, Hartmut Rosa's theory of acceleration and Jan Inge Jönhill's theory of inclusion and exclusion. The results show that the reasons to why people with NPD become excluded from the labor market mainly originates from employers' attitudes and lack of knowledge about neuropsychiatric diagnoses. There is a generalized perception of the diagnosis function, which can be problematic, since the diagnoses vary from person to person. We refer to this phenomenon as generalizing competence blindness.

The effect of social capital on labor market outcomes is a key concern in sociological studies. Even though there are extensive studies on this topic, with the worldwide expansion of higher education, insufficient scholarly efforts have so far been devoted to understanding access to social capital in the educational setting and labor market impact of social capital for well-educated individuals. Moreover, studies on social capital and migration tend to focus on the role played by social capital on migration decisions and outcomes, contingency impact of social capital on migrants' labor market outcomes are not well understood. To fill the knowledge gap, this research is to examine undergraduates' social capital accumulation and mobilization on campus, and the associated outcomes for their job seeking, with the particular focus on 1) the impact of macro institutions on migrant students' social capital accumulation and mobilization; 2) contingency impact of social capital on labor market outcomes. Combining primary data from in-depth interviews in Tianjin and secondary data collected in Nanjing, China, I examine the different processes of social capital accumulation and mobilization between local and migrant students on campus, and associated labor market outcomes between local and returned migrant students. Findings of this study suggest that university provides an important context for undergraduates to establish social ties and accumulate social capital. By attending higher education institutions, especially elite ones, students gain opportunities to build exclusive social connections on campus. However, opportunities to accumulate social capital on campus are highly structured between local and migrant students because of the household registration system. Moreover, data from in-depth interviews have demonstrated that migrant students suffer disadvantaged capacities to mobilize social capital compared to their local counterparts. The household registration system deprives migrant populations of access to some local employment opportunities, such as government and government-affiliated organizations, migrant students suffer from weaker job information and influence when mobilizing their social capital. Further, by analyzing survey data from Nanjing, it has verified the institutional contingency impact of social capital upon the household registration system between local and returned migrant students. Both total and university-based social capital increases local students' chance to get a desirable job but does not do so for returned migrant students. The central argument of the study is that institutional constraints, such as the household registration system, could lead to different capacities for the accessibility and mobilization of social capital among local students, migrant students, and returned migrant students, finally leading to differential labor market outcomes in Chinese cities.