Labor share in the neoclassical context is perceived as a share of the labor income in GDP. A very basic way to compute the labour share simply entails dividing compensation of employees by gross value added. After a series studies and the rise of neoclassical economics, the assumption of labor share stability over time was introduced. With the publication of Kaldor's theory of growth, the assumption of labor share stability became a generally accepted fact. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question on how the labor share and its individual characteristics evolved in the Czech Republic in the years 1993-2015 and whether its average level and the overall trend in this period corresponds to the neoclassical labor share theories.

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This paper estimates the effects of imports on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria for the period of 1990-2005 using panel data of manufacturing industry. Imports are disaggregated according to their origin and as final vs. intermediate imports. There is evidence of significant negative effects of imports on employment, wages and the wage share. Particularly workers in high skilled sectors experience negative effects. Offshoring to both Eastern Europe and the developed countries have a negative impact on employment, whereas offshoring to the East has a positive effect on wages, indicating the dominance of scope effects. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This paper estimates the effects of outward Foreign Direct Investment (employment in the affiliates abroad) on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria using panel data for the period of 1996-2005. There is evidence of significant negative effects of FDI on both employment and wages, and consequently on the wage share. The results are not limited to workers in low skilled sectors or blue collar workers. The negative employment effect is primarily due to the rise in the employment in the foreign affiliates in Eastern Euope. The negative wage effects are originating from affiliate employment in both the East and the developed countries in industry, but no effect is found in the total economy. (author´s abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This paper estimates the effects of capital accumulation on industry labor shares by taking account of capital heterogeneity. Using a cross-country, cross-industry dataset covering 15 European countries over 38 industries, I take advantage of a detailed breakdown of the capital stock distinguishing between physical, ICT and intangible assets. The results suggest that, over the 1995-2015 period, capital accumulation has not been a driving force of declining labor shares - if anything the opposite. Performing a cross-section regression analysis on the relationship between long differences in capital intensities and industry labor shares, I find that accumulation of physical capital in general, and Machinery & Equipment in particular, are the only asset types showing a statistically significant correlation with the labor share, suggesting a positive association. In contrast to previous research, I do not document a negative relationship between ICT capital and labor shares. I do, however, find evidence suggesting that it might be investments in Software & Databases that explain these earlier findings.

Chapter One: I contribute to the literature on the decline of the labor share in the United States by proposing a channel through which increasing household debt can lead to the decline of the labor share. Specifically, workers with lower net worth have lower reservation wages. Thus, workers in debt spend less time job-searching and accept lower-paying jobs. Focusing on the period between 1982 and 2016 - a time during which the labor share declined and household debt rose as a proportion of GDP - I describe a model which demonstrates that the lowering of household net worth may have caused a 12 percent decrease in mean wages, and caused the labor share to decline by 0.081 points. Since the labor share actually fell by 0.057 points in that period, the model ``over-explains'' the decline of the labor share. Chapter Two: What effect do labor-restricting policies have on how much people drive, and on carbon emissions? I model the effect of labor-restricting policies in the following way: I calibrate a model to match the United States in 2018, and also calibrate the model counterfactually to simulate what would have occurred had other policies been in effect. I compare the carbon emissions that result from the original calibration to the carbon emissions that result from the counterfactual-policy calibrations. The labor-restricting policies I consider are wage taxes, retirement mandates, and restrictions on time spent working. I find that, for all policies considered, reductions in work are associated with increases in driving but nonetheless lead to reductions in carbon emissions, due to overall declines in economic activity. Chapter Three: For the model introduced previously, I study transition paths for the following case: The model is originally in a steady-state and the agents expect the current policy regime to last forever; then they are surprised when the government announces and immediately enacts a policy change; they then expect the new policy regime to last forever. The policy changes I study are wage taxes and emissions taxes (either spent by the government or rebated). For each of these policy changes, the model economy begins in a baseline steady-state, then enters a transition lasting several periods, and eventually arrives at a new steady-state. During the transition, aggregate wealth gradually moves to its new steady-state value. Jump variables - such as aggregate consumption, driving, leisure, labor, and emissions - at first jump and then gradually move to their new steady-state values. Labor and emissions generally move in opposite directions, which apparently contradicts the idea that more work leads to more pollution. However, this contradiction is merely the temporary result of the fact that agents are spending down their aggregate wealth; thus they are consuming goods and services produced elsewhere, and are paying for labor to be done outside the model using wealth that was built up previously. / Economics

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第23669号 / 経博第652号 / 新制||経||300(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 山田 憲, 教授 西山 慶彦, 准教授 高野 久紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die sich mit der funktionalen Einkommensverteilung beschäftigen und leistet einen Beitrag in den Bereichen Arbeitsmärkte und Makroökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz ist ein Literaturüberblick über den Einkommensanteil von Arbeit am Gesamteinkommen. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert den Einfluss von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IKT) auf den relativen Lohnanteil von hoch-, mittel- und niedrig qualifizierten Arbeitnehmern. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung legen nahe, dass IKT die relativen Lohnanteile beeinflusst, dieser Einfluss jedoch nicht im gleichen Maße über Zeit und Länder auffindbar ist. Einzelne Industrien werden aufgezeigt, in denen Investitionen in IKT den relativen Lohnanteil hochqualifizierter Arbeitnehmer steigern. In anderen Industrien führen Investitionen in IKT zu einer Polarisierung am unteren Ende der Verteilung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Einflüsse auf die Lohnquote in Westeuropa. Die Studie zeigt einen großen und persistenten negativen Einfluss von internationaler wirtschaftlicher Integration auf die Lohnquote über die mittlere Frist. Starke Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen steigern die Lohnquote. Der vierte Aufsatz untersucht durch welchen Kanal IKT die Lohnquote beeinflusst. Das Modell von Bental und Demougin (2010), welches die Hypothese aufstellt, dass die Lohnquote fällt da IKT die Beobachtbarkeit von Anstrengung erhöht und so die Informationsrente der Arbeitnehmer bei gleicher Anstrengung senkt, wird zu Daten von neun Westeuropäischen Ländern kalibriert. Dies zeigt, dass das Modell die Trends der Lohnquote als auch die der Reallöhne in Effizienzeinheiten und der Arbeit in Effizienzeinheiten durch den Kapitalstock, replizieren kann. Desweiteren zeigt die Analyse von Individualdaten aus dem Deutschen Sozio-Ökonomischen Panel, dass die gefühlte Beobachtung der Arbeitsleistung im Durchschnitt zwischen 1985 und 2001 gestiegen ist. / This dissertation consists of four essays on the functional distribution of income and contributes to the body of research on labor markets and macroeconomics. The first essay reviews the literature on the income share of labor. The second essay analyzes empirically the impact of investments into information and communication technology (ICT) on the relative compensation of high-, medium-, and low-skilled workers. The results imply that, although ICT investments influence the relative demand of workers by skill, this impact is not persistent over time and across countries. Nevertheless, individual industries are identified in which ICT investments increase the relative compensation of high-skilled workers and industries in which ICT investments polarize compensation at the bottom of the skill distribution. The third essay investigates the empirical influences on the labor share in Western Europe. The results show a large and persistent negative impact of economic integration on the labor share in the medium-run for an industry-level measurement. Stronger labor market institutions increase the labor share. Furthermore, the results suggest a common negative impact of ICT and economic globalization on labor share, while ICT itself seems complementary to labor in production. The fourth essay assesses empirically through which channel ICT decreases the labor share. The model of Bental and Demougin (2010), which argues that ICT reduces the labor share by improving monitoring technology and therefore lowering the workers rent at every level of output, is calibrated and simulated using data from nine OECD countries. The results show that the model can generate the observable trends in the labor shares as well as real wages in efficiency units and labor in efficiency units over capital. Furthermore, an analysis of micro data from the German Socio-Economic Panel indicates an overall average increase of perceived monitoring of workers between 1985 and 2001.