Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a novel physical activity intervention game (Bingocize®) designed for use in confined spaces and modified to include age appropriate activities would increase the time spent engaged in physical activity (PA) during indoor recess. Methods: Fifty-two third grade children wore triaxial accelerometers during three different recess conditions. The recess conditions included: “typical” indoor recess (TIR), indoor recess with children engaged in Bingocize® (IRB), and “typical” outdoor recess (TOR). Results: There were significant (p < 0.05) differences among the recess conditions for the time spent in sedentary, light, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) intensity categories, as well as PA counts, and steps. During IRB, TIR, and TOR the subject were sedentary 42.4% (±0.10), 71.9%(±0.10), and 17.5% (±0.10) of the recess time, respectively. During IRB, TIR and TOR the subjects spent 43.4%(±0.10), 18.5%(±0.10), and 74.2%(±0.12) engaged in MVPA, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that Bingocize® promotes increased PA during times when inclement weather necessitates indoor recess and larger space requirements for activity are not available.

Opioids, such as oxycodone, morphine, and fentanyl, are commonly used medications in the treatment of moderate to severe pain. In spite of their efficacious analgesic properties, their increased prescribing rates by physicians and inherent abuse-related effects have led to the ongoing opioid epidemic. Their clinical utility is limited by the risk of adverse dose-dependent side effects, such as constipation and respiratory depression, and the development of tolerance and dependence. Opioid-sparing adjunctive therapies are sought to address these issues by reducing the dose of opioid needed to achieve analgesia through alternative non-opioidergic mechanisms and as a result, reduce the incidence of the previously mentioned side effects. Serotonin type-2C receptor agonists have demonstrated antinociceptive efficacy in preclinical models of chronic pain. Lorcaserin is a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist and was reported to attenuate the abuse-related effects of oxycodone. The antinociceptive properties of 5-HT2C receptor agonists and their potential to alter the abuse-related effects of commonly abused drugs suggest that lorcaserin may be a potential opioid-sparing therapeutic. The goal of these studies was to evaluate the utility of lorcaserin, in combination with opioids, in a preclinical model of acute pain. Based on previous studies demonstrating the antinociceptive activity of 5-HT2C agonists, the hypotheses for these studies were that lorcaserin would increase the acute antinociceptive effects of opioids and would attenuate the development of tolerance associated with chronic opioid consumption. The results demonstrate that the acute antinociceptive effects and the time-course of activity of opioids were enhanced by doses of lorcaserin. These effects were mediated through activation of the 5-HT2C receptor and were not blocked by administration of naloxone. Additionally, the acute effects of lorcaserin to increase opioid potency and time course was not mediated through changes in opioid distribution in the blood or central tissues. Opioid tolerance was evaluated in vivo, and tolerance was developed using two methods of treatment: an acute (single dose administration) model of tolerance and a multiple-injection model. Testing the effect of lorcaserin in these models was important because current research suggests that the mechanisms that underlie both models of tolerance are distinct from one another. The results demonstrate that lorcaserin significantly blocked the development of acute tolerance in the whole animal and on a single cell level in dorsal root ganglion cell cultures. In the multiple-day tolerance model, lorcaserin partially attenuated the development of opioid antinociceptive tolerance. Chronic administration of an opioid is associated with desensitization of the MOR, and the effect of lorcaserin on opioid tolerance may be mediated through changes in MOR functional activity. Upon further investigation using agonist-stimulated [35S]GTPyS, the results showed that lorcaserin altered basal binding of [35S]GTPyS but not agonist-stimulated binding in mice that received chronic opioid treatment. These data suggest that the effect of lorcaserin on opioid tolerance, in the multiple-injection model, is not mediated through changes in MOR functional activity. Collectively, the tolerance studies suggest that the effect of 5-HT2C receptor activation by lorcaserin has differential effects on the stages of opioid tolerances and further supports the notion that the mechanisms that underlie the stages of opioid tolerance are distinct. Given the efficacy of lorcaserin to increase the acute antinociceptive effects of opioids and its ability to impair the development of opioid tolerance, collectively, these data suggest that lorcaserin may be a useful opioid-sparing adjunctive therapy.

Overexpression of the enzyme iNOS induces apoptotic cellular death by increasing indices of pro-inflammation and oxidative stress. Aerobic physical activity has been known to have anti- inflammatory benefits and reduce oxidative stress. Purpose: Therefore, this study aimed to examine the impact of aerobic fitness on LPS-induced iNOS mRNA expression and the relationship of this expression with indices of oxidative stress, pro-inflammation and apoptosis in isolated leukocytes. Methods: Whole blood samples from aerobically fit and unfit males were stimulated with and without LPS. Thereafter, iNOS mRNA expression and MDA, TNF-α and p53 concentrations were analyzed. Results: iNOS mRNA expression levels following LPS stimulation were not increased in both groups, and correlational analyses were not consistent with mechanistic predictions. Discussion: Numerous factors including timing of sample quantification, the high level of health of the subject population, and alternative intracellular mechanisms impacting biomarkers analyzed, may have influenced leukocyte iNOS mRNA expression levels.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of caffeine supplementation on caffeine tolerant and caffeine naïve individual’s lymphocyte counts, apoptosis and migration levels. In addition, effects of exercise on post-caffeine ingestion lymphocyte counts, apoptosis and migration levels were determined. It was hypothesized that caffeine would alter the immune system cell counts, but that exercise would be able to restore the immune system to homeostasis. Seventeen Western Kentucky University students were tested (males n=7, females n=10; n=7: caffeine tolerant= 200mg or more per day group, n=9: caffeine naïve= 50mg or less per day group). In this double-blind investigation, all participants completed two exercise bouts: 30 min of treadmill running at 60-80% HRR once with a placebo drink before exercise and once with 6 mg/kg body weight of caffeine drink completed in a counterbalanced manner. Blood was taken at rest, 30 min after drink ingestion, immediately post exercise, and 60 min post exercise. Blood was stained with antibody markers (Annexin V to determine apoptotic cell counts, CX3CR1 to determine cell migration, CD4=helper T cells, CD8=cytotoxic T cells, CD19=B cells). Blood was analyzed using flow cytometry. We found that cytotoxic T cells showed significant increases following the caffeinated run in both groups combined (tolerant and naïve, p=0.001) and specifically in the naïve group on the caffeine run (p=.004). We did not see any significant changes in CD4, or CD19 cell counts. There were no significant changes in CD4, CD8 or CD19 cell migration or apoptosis. Our results showed that caffeine supplementation causes an increased effect on cytotoxic T cells counts when combined with exercise, and this effect was greater for the caffeine naïve group. The combined effects of caffeine and exercise may have elevated the plasma catecholamine and cortisol levels which are associated with immune cell function and movement. CD8 cells have a greater density of β-receptors, which are influenced by catecholamine, and may explain the increase in their cell counts compared to CD4 and CD19.

No description available.

Some studies have reported in vitro inactivation of membrane enveloped viruses by Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). This study investigates the effect of orally administered BHT on primary infections of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) using rabbit corneas as the assay system. Assigned levels of BHT were incorporated into the diet of New Zealand White rabbits with HSV-1 McKrae strain on the corneal surface of the eyes. The degree of infection was measured by a subjective assay. Rabbits receiving BHT in their diet consistently experienced lower levels of infection. The interpretation of this data is that orally administered BHT can be an effective inhibitor of primary infections by HSV in rabbits.

This dissertation presents the synthesis of a series of well-defined multiresponsive hydrophilic ABA linear triblock copolymers and the study of their aqueous micellar gels. By incorporating a small amount of stimuli-responsive groups into thermosensitive outer blocks of ABA triblock copolymers, the lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) of thermosensitive blocks can be modified by external stimuli. Consequently, the sol-gel transition temperatures (Tsol-gel) of their aqueous solutions can be altered. Chapter 1 describes the synthesis and solution behavior of a series of thermo- and light-sensitive triblock copolymers, poly(ethoxytri(ethylene glycol) acrylate-co-o-nitrobenzyl acrylate)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ethoxytri(ethylene glycol) acrylate-co-o-nitrobenzyl acrylate), with different contents of light-responsive o-nitrobenzyl groups. Aqueous solutions of these block copolymers with a 10.0 wt% concentration exhibited thermo-induced sol-gel transitions. Upon UV irradiation, the hydrophobic o-nitrobenzyl groups were cleaved, resulting in an increase in the LCST and consequently gel-to-sol transitions. The UV-irradiated solutions again underwent temperature-induced sol-gel transitions but at higher temperatures. The change of Tsol-gel was, in general, larger for the copolymer with a higher o-nitrobenzyl content after UV irradiation. Chapter 2 presents the synthesis of thermo- and enzyme-responsive ABA triblock copolymers, poly(ethoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate-co-4-((dihydroxyphosphoryl)oxy)butyl acrylate)-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ethoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate-co-4-((dihydroxyphosphoryl)oxy)butyl acrylate), and the enzyme-induced formation of thermoreversible micellar gels from their moderately concentrated aqueous solutions at 37 °C. The dephosphorylation by acid phosphatase decreased the LCST of thermosensitive outer blocks from above to below 37 °C. The enzyme-induced gelation of 7.9 wt % aqueous polymer solutions at pH 4.4 was monitored by rheological measurements. The Tsol-gel decreased and the gel strength increased with the increase of reaction time. The gels formed were thermoreversible. Chapter 3 presents the synthesis of two thermo- and pH-sensitive tertiary amine-containing ABA triblock copolymers and the sol-gel transitions of their aqueous solutions with a 10 wt% concentration at different pH values. Chapter 4 describes the use of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for the synthesis of well-defined thermosensitive polymethacrylates and polyacrylates. Eight chain transfer agents were synthesized. The RAFT polymerizations of alkoxyoligo(ethylene glycol) (meth)acrylates using these chain transfer agents were well controlled, producing well-defined polymers. A summary of this dissertation research and future work are presented in Chapter 5.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the major cause of illness and death in immunocompromised patients. HCMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in humans. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the rapid detection of CMV in urine. Several parameters of the PCR procedure were optimized to reduce time and improve sensitivity. By eliminating the extraction of DNA from clinical specimens, reducing the number of amplification cycles, utilization of the "hot start" PCR procedure and direct detection of PCR product by ethidium bromide fluorescence staining, a procedure was developed which could be performed in less than 3 hours. Comparison studies using cell culture and direct detection of CMV by PCR on urine specimens were performed. Sensitivity was further examined to determine if inhibitors of the PCR reaction were present in urine.

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are contained within the olfactory epithelium (OE) and are responsible for detecting odorant molecules in the air. The exposure of OSNs to the external environment is necessary for their function, but it also leaves them exposed to potentially harmful elements and thus results in a high turnover rate. Despite the high turnover, the olfactory sense is maintained throughout life through the division of a population of stem cells that produce new OSNs both during normal turnover and after an injury occurs in the OE. When new OSNs are born, they must extend axons from the OE to the olfactory bulb (OB) where they make specific synaptic contacts. To determine the timeline of axon extension in normal turnover and after a methimazole-induced injury, we used fate-tracing utilizing an inducible Cre-LoxP model in which a fluorescent reporter was expressed by neuronal precursors and subsequently used to track axonal growth as the OSNs matured. Our results show that axon extension in both conditions follow the same timeline. However, markers of synaptic connectivity in the OB were delayed after injury. The delay in synaptic connectivity was also corroborated with delays in olfactory behavior after injury, which took 40 days to recover to control levels. Additionally, we investigated the process of removal of axonal debris created after an injury. Immunohistochemical analysis after injury indicated upregulation of IBA1+ cells within the 3 olfactory nerve layer of the OB, suggesting a role of microglia in this process. These microglia also showed an activated morphology and some had very large cell bodies with multiple nuclei. Furthermore, qPCR analysis of post-injury OB tissue shows upregulation of the CD11b receptor that is expressed on microglia. Our results have also shown upregulation of components of the complement pathway after injury, which is suggestive of a mechanism that underlies axonal debris removal after injury in the OB. Taken together, these results shed light on the process by which the olfactory system is able to recover after injury and could lead to discovery of mechanisms that could translate to treatments for injuries in other areas of the nervous system.

Although cannabis is widely consumed by humans for the intoxicating effects that are mediated by delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), pre-clinical models of THC self-administration have been difficult to establish. We hypothesized that THC may have reinforcement enhancing effects comparable to other drugs (e.g., nicotine and caffeine), which are also widely consumed by humans but difficult to establish as primary reinforcers in non-human animals. To investigate whether THC is a reinforcement enhancer, male (M, n=8) and female (F, n=8) rats were shaped to self-administer a reinforcing saccharin (SACC) solution (0.2% w/v) in standard operant chambers equipped with infrared beams to monitor locomotor activity. At baseline, we found a significant sex difference for active lever responses and reinforcers earned (F