This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.

This thesis explores the forces driving a series of momentous transformations to Indonesia�s production and distribution systems since early colonial rule. The analysis of these forces is anchored in four conceptual themes: the basis of these systemic transformations, their politico-economic ordering as driven by a surplus-creation imperative, labour�s role in this imperative and its response to the �ordering�, and the mode of production as the historical setting within which the transformations occur. This thesis illuminates an analytical gap in the literature by nominating labour as the key force in wealth-creation and recognising its active role in challenging ruling appropriation regimes and in the broader social struggles against exploitation and oppression. The thematic focus defines the boundaries for an exploration of successive colonial and post-colonial ruling regimes. Early chapters examine how the Dutch penetrated the Indonesian politico-economy, entrenching their systems of production organisation and creating an exclusionary system of wealth appropriation. Appropriation systems are characterised by transitions in European political and economic systems, especially from mercantilism to industrial capitalism. The entrenchment of colonial power is considered in relation to the expansion of capitalist organisation in Indonesia. The state�s stimulation of this expansion is associated with an undermining of the country�s reproductive base and a growing challenge to foreign rule. The Japanese occupying force� demolition of colonial productive and distributive linkages and encouragement of independence activism is connected with a post-war struggle for independence. Links are drawn between colonial rule and the tensions and organisational difficulties faced by Republican regimes leading up to the New Order�s re-establishment of a strict regulatory regime, and the development of an indigenous system of capitalist organisation. The surplus-generation and appropriation perspective informs the evolution of Indonesia�s productive and economic systems across colonial and post-colonial epochs and the challenges to the system of social and production regulation that heralded the destabilisation of New Order rule and the rise of the contemporary era of political democracy.

Flexibilisation of labour markets has been one of the significant outcomes of the neoliberal transformation processes in all over world. This development, which is indeed one of aims of the neoliberal reforms as well, has been comprehended differently by liberal Institutionalist and critical Marxist perspectives. According to the liberal Institutionalists, the flexibilisation of labour can generate positive results for labour, while for the scholars of Marxist tradition the flexibilisation of labouring processes has to be understood in relation to capitalist concerns to ensure better command of capital over labour. This thesis investigates the validity of these approaches by focusing on the working conditions of one of the most flexible parts of world labour, the home-based women workers. On the basis of ten in-depth interviews conducted with the home-based women labourers living in the Tuzlu&ccedil / ayir district of Ankara, it states that liberal Institutionalist arguments on the flexibilization of labour markets are hard to be approved. For the home-based woman labourers in Tuzlu&ccedil / ayir in no way represent a group with autonomy and enhanced skills though their gender has provided their employers with ample opportunities for exploitation, opportunities which are not available in the case of the male workers. In dialogue with the feminist approaches to home-based woman labourers, this thesis shows how in home-based working women&rsquo / s exploitation as labourers has become articulated with their gender-based social subordination vis-&agrave / -vis their husbands, brothers and/or fathers in their families.

This thesis aims to understand the role of public governance (national laws and regulations) in addressing poor working conditions on South African fruit farms connected to global production networks (GPN), at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) and local civil society organisation (CSO) initiatives. A particular objective of the investigation is to understand the extent to which public governance is able to address working conditions on South African fruit export farms, taking into account wider global commercial pressures inherent in fruit GPNs. Much analysis of global private and governance by local CSOs has not sufficiently addressed the role of public governance. Research focusing on public governance in addressing working conditions in South African fruit has not sufficiently accounted for the multi-scalar interactions between lead firm supermarkets, national suppliers and local fruit producers. These interactions are positioned to shape and influence regulatory outcomes for different groups of permanent and casual farmworkers. The thesis seeks to address the following central research question: ‘To what extent do multi-scalar tensions in global production networks (GPNs) challenge the public governance of working conditions, and what are the lessons from labour operating in South African fruit production?’This research draws upon the GPN analytical framework and public governance research, in order to conceptualise the multi-scalar commercial and governance processes that play out in the South African fruit export sector. In doing so, this research seeks to contribute to existing GPN and public governance literatures. Previous GPN research has not sufficiently investigated the role of public governance (laws and regulations) in addressing working conditions, partly due to an assumption that neoliberal policies have eroded the ability of developing states to regulate labour incorporated into global production. This problematic is beginning to be addressed, due to increasing academic acknowledgement of the central regulatory role nation states continue to play in addressing working conditions in global production, at the intersection of global private (codes of conduct) initiatives and governance by local CSOs (NGO and trade union activity). Additionally, this thesis seeks to bring together two separate strands of ‘governance’ research in global production networks, which have thus far been investigated separately; the governance of commercial interactions on the one hand, and the governance of labour on the other. A key theoretical argument is that understanding challenges facing the public governance of labour requires a broader conceptualisation of the governance of multi-scalar commercial interactions in global production, which shape and influence workforce composition at local farm level. This thesis argues that an inherent multi-scalar tension exists on the one hand between ‘global commercial pressures’ exerted by global lead firms over national suppliers and local producers driving workforce casualisation, and on the other hand a ‘global governance deficit’ at the core of which lies a public governance deficit facing increasing numbers of casual workers, characterised by minimum wages insufficient to meet living costs and a lack of trade union representation. This tension, it is argued, underpinned the crisis in South African fruit in 2012/13, when casual workers mobilised to demand an increase in the agricultural minimum wage, and threatened the fruit value chain by blocking the main arterial routes to Cape Town port. The policy implications of this thesis are that nation states are required to adopt multi-scalar interventions which transcend traditional forms of governance, in order to address the global commercial pressures inherent in GPNs and protect increasing numbers of casual workers in this context.

Orientador: Anselmo Luís dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:23:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GorospeIbuan_Julie_M.pdf: 1076088 bytes, checksum: ef02f878c4c8a319c422f6656a5b3638 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A flexibilização das regras de proteção social do trabalho, uma das expressões do movimento mais geral do capitalismo em sua feição neoliberal, iniciou seu processo de institucionalização nas Filipinas a partir de 1990. Esse é o marco de um processo por meio do qual as Filipinas vêm progressivamente abandonando suas aclamadas políticas trabalhistas informadas pelo princípio de proteção aos trabalhadores, na incansável busca para alcançar a competitividade internacional segundo prescrita pelo ideário Neoliberal. A Nação Filipina, necessitando atrair investimentos externos diretos, tem sido vulnerável às pressões das forças neoliberais e das finanças, lideradas por agentes não estatais como o Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), o Banco Mundial, BID, e as corporações transnacionais. Inspirada nessas forças, vem promovendo reformas estruturais que incluem: ajuste nas políticas econômicas e sociais, reformas trabalhistas, desregulamentação de indústrias tradicionalmente protegidas, privatização de estatais e flexibilização do mercado de trabalho. Nesse cenário, empregadores fazem uso da flexibilização de várias formas, impactando a remuneração e as horas de trabalho, o leque da proteção social, as formas de contratação e a organização dos trabalhadores, em meio à indução de massiva migração de trabalhadores do setor formal para o informal. Cada vez mais o mercado de trabalho filipino se desestrutura, expondo os trabalhadores à precarização, ao subemprego e ao desemprego, num cenário de grandes inseguranças. O presente trabalho analisa a regulação social do trabalho filipina no período de 1990-2009 mostrando como a onda liberal tem impactado o mundo do trabalho, o Judiciário, com reflexos no seu até então tradicional viés protetor, bem como a constituição das políticas sociais e a regulação pública do trabalho. Ainda, busca desnudar o mito de que a flexibilização do mercado e das normas de proteção ao trabalho é um antídoto ao desemprego, garantindo e maior participação da força de trabalho e melhor estruturação do mercado de trabalho. Para tanto, apresenta um balanço das políticas filipinas voltadas ao trabalho, das leis trabalhistas flexibilizadoras e das algumas decisões do Judiciário em casos relacionados ao tema / Abstract: Labor flexibilization, one of the expressions of capitalism general movement in the era of neoliberalism, has become institutionalized in the Philippines from 1990 onwards. The Philippines has steadily abandoned its once acclaimed pro-worker labor policies, in its quest to achieve the international competitiveness prescribed by neoliberalists. The Philippines, desperate for foreign direct investments, has been vulnerable to pressure from the forces of neoliberalism and finacialization led by non-state actors like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and transnational corporations. Thus, the Philippines has adopted structural reforms prescribed by these forces. These reforms include the amendment of key economic and labor laws and policies, the deregulation of once protected industries, the privatization of state enterprises and assets, and the flexibilization of the labor market. As a result, employers resort to flexibilization in its various forms, impacting on working hours remuneration, social protection, ways of contracting, unionization and security of tenure, and inducing a massive migration of workers from the formal to the informal sector. More and more workers have become exposed to precarization, underemployment, and unemployment. In this study of the Philippine situation during the period 1990-2008, the author discusses how, against this tide, the judiciary?s sympathy for workers is being reduced by neoliberalist laws and flexibilization policies. The neoliberalist myth that labor flexibilization guarantees higher participation of the labor force as an antidote to massive unemployment is thus exposed, mainly through the author?s enumeration of new laws and policies as well as judiciary decided cases / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Esta dissertação compara historicamente dois modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica das relações de trabalho o brasileiro e o britânico , opostos no papel que o direito desempenha, com o intuito de avaliar seus impactos nos padrões específicos de ação sindical verificados nessas duas nações. Ela analisa a formação, transformações e a resiliência de algumas instituições, políticas e valores relacionados à regulação das relações de trabalho e os padrões resultantes de ação sindical nessas duas nações. Empregando um modelo explicativo informado pelo institucionalismo histórico e pela teoria das oportunidades políticas, procura demonstrar que o processo de construção e desenvolvimento de modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica do trabalho são dependentes de sua própria trajetória (path-dependent) e que esses modelos mobilizam instituições, políticas e valores, além de angariar apoio social, fatores que freqüentemente se tornam enraizados e interagem dinamicamente em circunstâncias concretas influenciando as preferências dos atores. / This dissertation historically compares two national models of legal regulation of employment relations the Brazilian and the British , opposite in the role that law plays, in order to assess their impacts on the specific patterns of trades unions action verified in these two nations. It analyses the formation, transformations and the resilience of some institutions, policies and values regarding the regulation of employment relations and the resulting patterns of trades unions action in these two nations. Employing an explanatory model informed by the historical institutionalism and the political opportunities theory, it attempts to demonstrate that the process of construction and development of national models of legal regulation of labour are path-dependent and that these models mobilise institutions, policies and values, besides eliciting social support, factors that often become entrenched and interact dynamically in concrete circumstances shaping the preferences of actors.

Esta dissertação compara historicamente dois modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica das relações de trabalho o brasileiro e o britânico , opostos no papel que o direito desempenha, com o intuito de avaliar seus impactos nos padrões específicos de ação sindical verificados nessas duas nações. Ela analisa a formação, transformações e a resiliência de algumas instituições, políticas e valores relacionados à regulação das relações de trabalho e os padrões resultantes de ação sindical nessas duas nações. Empregando um modelo explicativo informado pelo institucionalismo histórico e pela teoria das oportunidades políticas, procura demonstrar que o processo de construção e desenvolvimento de modelos nacionais de regulação jurídica do trabalho são dependentes de sua própria trajetória (path-dependent) e que esses modelos mobilizam instituições, políticas e valores, além de angariar apoio social, fatores que freqüentemente se tornam enraizados e interagem dinamicamente em circunstâncias concretas influenciando as preferências dos atores. / This dissertation historically compares two national models of legal regulation of employment relations the Brazilian and the British , opposite in the role that law plays, in order to assess their impacts on the specific patterns of trades unions action verified in these two nations. It analyses the formation, transformations and the resilience of some institutions, policies and values regarding the regulation of employment relations and the resulting patterns of trades unions action in these two nations. Employing an explanatory model informed by the historical institutionalism and the political opportunities theory, it attempts to demonstrate that the process of construction and development of national models of legal regulation of labour are path-dependent and that these models mobilise institutions, policies and values, besides eliciting social support, factors that often become entrenched and interact dynamically in concrete circumstances shaping the preferences of actors.

Depuis les années 1990 en Europe, les mesures et les dispositifs publics adoptés au nom de l’emploi trouvent notamment leur expression dans les principes guidant le débat sur la flexisécurité. Ainsi, au niveau national émergent des politiques visant à encadrer les transitions professionnelles dans un contexte de flexibilité et de précarisation accrue du marché du travail. Si au niveau européen nous pouvons observer une tendance assez transversale, les orientations sous-jacentes aux dispositifs de la politique de l’emploi encadrant les transitions professionnelles demeurent spécifiques aux contextes sociétaux. La situation italienne, où le maintien du contrat de travail dans le chômage partiel par la Cassa Integrazione Guadagni a été longtemps préféré à l’indemnisation du chômage sur le marché du travail, fait l’objet de cette thèse. La thèse s’attache à révéler les enjeux d’une régulation de l’emploi, du salaire et du travail fruit de l’action revendicative syndicale d’opposition à la logique des mobilités sur le marché du travail. Elle repose sur l’analyse diachronique et synchronique de l’action revendicative des principaux acteurs syndicaux structurée autour du maintien du contrat de travail. Si l’analyse diachronique (1941-2013) a permis de retracer un projet syndical de revendication de régulation des mobilités professionnelles dans l’emploi, l’analyse synchronique a montré à partir des registres de justifications véhiculés par les acteurs, l’appropriation d’un dispositif de garantie dans l’emploi. / Since the 90s in Europe, the measures and public schemes on behalf of employment have been largely covered by the debate on flexicurity. Thus, at the national level, some policies aiming at framing the career transitions, in a context of labour market flexibility and ever-increasing precarity, have emerged. If, at the European level we can observe a rather transverse trend, the underlying orientations for employment policy schemes relative to career transitions, specifically depend on societal contexts. This thesis will highlight the Italian situation, for which the work contract maintained by the Cassa Integrazione Guadagni into the short-time working has been for a long time preferred to the unemployment compensation. The work will be particularly focused on the stakes of the employment, wage and labour regulation, supported by the industrial action which is opposed to mobility on the labour market. It will be based on the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the industrial action led by the main union actors in order to maintain the work contract. On the one hand the diachronic analysis (1941-2013) allowed us to consider a project of union action concerning the regulation of work-related mobility, and on the other hand the synchronic analysis showed, from the actors’ justifications, the appropriation of an employment security scheme.