Para comenzar quisiera dar una breve idea de cómo entiendo a Borges –al respecto me he manifestado en un buen número de publicaciones desde 1989, pero no sobre los motivos o puntos de arranque – y describir así cómo llegué a mi interpretación sobre Borges y a considerarlo como uno de los fundadores de la teoría de "muchos mundos" ("Many Worlds Theory"), de mundos virtuales y de medios virtuales/digitales y de los "New Media". Su escritura representa un acto de percepción, comprensión, implosión y expansión, ésta es una "encicopledia navegante", Borges es así el primer navegador o "user in the web".:Borgesvirtual o cuatro etapas de un viaje de descubrimiento. - "Teoría de Mundos Diversos": Borges y Everett III. - Borges y los "New Media" (mundos virtuales-digitales)

In this paper numerical flow calculations with respect to the annular gaps with added radial grooves normaly used on the spools of directional control valves were carried out. The impact of various annular gap geometries and radial grooves during variable pressure conditions, and while using different hydraulic fluids, on the flows through annular gaps were investigated for different flow regimes. Samples with different geometries and numbers of radial groves on the spool of the directional control valve were also made for the purpose of carrying out flow measurements. The two different hydraulic fluids that were used in the numerical simulations and for the flow measurements were a hydraulic mineral oil and tap water. The results of the numerical calculations for the different models of the radial grooves with axially symmetric geometries show their impact on the internal leakage with respect to three different regimes of flow. The results of the numerical calculations based on the use of a hydraulic oil show a trend that was established by the experimental investigation.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the integration of modern historic preservation laws, ethics, and techniques with the practical management of historic sites. The planned restoration (1999-2001) of the New Harmony, Indiana Labyrinth Temple by its managing entity, Historic New Harmony, provided an opportunity for the investigation of questions relevant to the application, in terms of accepted historic preservation practices, of the correct preservation treatment of state-owned cultural resources. A central question of this thesis was whether early New Harmony preservation efforts deemed by some to be more "historicism" than "history" possessed actual historical value. Of further interest was the relationship between implementation of the correct preservation treatment at the subject historic site and the resultant effects of that treatment upon its historic interpretation to the visiting public.This thesis examines the activity of the first New Harmony Memorial Commission in late-1930s/early 1940s New Harmony, Indiana. To provide context for the New Harmony activity, contemporaneous national and state preservation efforts are also studied.The thesis also examines Historic New Harmony's initial plan to restore the Labyrinth Temple. Failures of that initial plan include omission of basic historic preservation principles, specifically the lack of required regulatory oversight of the planned activity by the Indiana SHPO's office (Section 106 compliance). The "restoration" plan developed by Historic New Harmony advocated the implementation of incorrect treatments of the Temple's structural components, decorative elements, and interpretive signage. In effect, Historic New Harmony's restoration plan was more "historicism" than "historic preservation."This investigation of the Labyrinth Temple finds contextual validity in the preservation activity of the first New Harmony Memorial Commission, as well as relevance of that activity to the history of Indiana's historic preservation movement. These facts, in consideration with other factors, are reflected in the development herein of a procedurally correct project plan based on historic preservation laws, ethics, and techniques, as well as the inclusion of the historic site's entire story. / Department of Architecture

A Troy Town is a labyrinth either built of stones or made of turf. They can be found in northern Europe, especially in Scandinavia. The number of Troy Towns in Sweden is outstanding. They are around 400. Most of them are situated on the coast but there are still approximatly 80 inland about 20 of which are located on ancient burial grounds from both bronze and iron age. The Troy Towns in Sweden are mostly marked with round circles of stones, the size of human skulls, and placed directly on the ground. The entrance of a Troy Town is often formed as a cross. There are some turf labyrinths left in Denmark, England and Germany but most of them are overgrown by grass and can no longer be seen. The Troy Towns are hard to date. Away from the coast one can examine their contexts whilst along the coast lichenometry and the sea level may be used to determine the age of them. There are different ways to describe the purpose of them depending on what period they belong to and where they are situated. Researchers do not agree on all the theories and many of them are based on older explanations. Still new theories appear. My purpose apart from describing the Troy Towns is to examine and compare the theories and to evaluate their plausibility. / <p>Uppsatsen ventilerad 2019-05-27</p><p>Uppsatsen godkänd 2019-06-12</p>

Estudos com microinjeções de drogas vêm sendo realizados na tentativa de se compreender a participação da neurotransmissão serotonérgica do hipocampo na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados à ansiedade. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a ativação dos receptores do tipo 5-HT1A do hipocampo dorsal (HD) promoveu efeito do tipo ansiogênico sobre a resposta de esquiva inibitória, sem alterar a resposta de fuga, em ratos submetidos ao labirinto em T elevado (LTE). Essa alteração seletiva na resposta de esquiva inibitória sustenta a hipótese da participação do hipocampo na fisiopatologia do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, uma vez que, as respostas defensivas de esquiva inibitória e fuga, expressas no LTE, têm sido relacionadas respectivamente ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Além de receptores do tipo 5- HT1A, destaca-se no HD a presença de receptores do tipo 5-HT2C. Tem sido observado que a estimulação desses últimos em áreas límbicas associadas à ansiedade, como a amígdala, promove efeito do tipo ansiogênico em diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade. Porém, ainda é desconhecida a participação desses receptores presentes no HD sobre as resposta de esquiva inibitória e fuga, geradas no LTE. Assim, o presente estudo procurou avaliar a participação dos receptores serotonérgicos do tipo 5-HT2C na modulação de respostas defensivas relacionadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Os resultados mostram que injeções bilaterais intra-HD dos agonistas de receptores 5-HT2C MK-212 ou RO600175 prejudicaram a aquisição da resposta de esquiva inibitória, em ratos testados no LTE, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. Por outro lado, a administração do antagonista de receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 promoveu efeito oposto sobre essa mesma resposta. Adicionalmente administração do agonista preferencial de receptores 5-HT2A DOI não foi capaz de promover efeito em nenhuma das doses utilizadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos empregados alterou a resposta de fuga no LTE. O efeito ansiolítico da ativação dos receptores 5-HT2C, bem como o efeito ansiogênico resultante do seu bloqueio, foram confirmados no teste do beber punido de Vogel. Em suma, nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores do tipo 5-HT2C do hipocampo dorsal estão envolvidos na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, mas não ao transtorno do pânico. / Studies using intracerebral microinfusion of drugs have been performed to unveil the role of the hippocampus serotonergic system in the modulation of anxiety-related defensive behaviors. For instance, it has been shown that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiogenic effect, without altering escape expression in rats tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM). This selective effect on inhibitory avoidance response is consistent with the notion that the hippocampus is critically involved in the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Besides 5-HT1A receptors, expressive levels of 5-HT2C receptors are also reported in hippocampus. Compelling evidence from animal studies shows that facilitation of 5-HT2C receptor-mediated neurotransmission increases anxiety. In this study we evaluated the involvement the 5-HT2C receptors of the DH in the regulation of defensive behaviors that have been associated with generalized anxiety and panic. Male Wistar rats were tested in the ETM after intra-DH injection of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists MK-212, RO-600175, or the preferential 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI, or the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084. For comparative reason, the effect of MK-212, RO-600175 and SB-242084 was also evaluated on another generalized anxiety-associated model, the Vogel conflict test. Our results showed that while intra-DH microinjection of both MK-212 and RO-600175 facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiolytic effect, SB-242084 had the opposite effect. Injections of DOI did not affected performance in ETM. None of these drugs affected escape performance in the ETM. The anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists and anxiogenic-like effect of the SB-242084 were also observed in the Vogel conflict test. Our findings indicate that 5-HT2C receptors in DH are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors associated with generalized anxiety, but not panic.

Introdução: A instabilidade postural é uma manifestação tardia da doença de Parkinson (DP), sendo incapacitante e um fator de risco para quedas. O comprometimento das respostas posturais na DP é provavelmente a causa mais importante das quedas. Estas respostas posturais dependem de informações vestibulares, somatossensoriais e visuais, que são integradas nos núcleos da base, tronco cerebral e medula espinhal. Este estudo avalia um possível papel do sistema vestibular na fisiopatologia da instabilidade postural através da vertical visual subjetiva (VVS). A VVS avalia o julgamento da vertical gravitacional e é um teste sensível da função otolítica. Objetivo: Analisar a VVS em pacientes com DP e comparar com os controles normais; correlacionar a direção das inclinações da VVS e o lado de maior comprometimento da doença; correlacionar a VVS com as escalas Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn e Yahr (HY); determinar se as inclinações da VVS estão relacionadas à instabilidade postural. Métodos: Pacientes com DP foram submetidos a: exame neurológico completo; escalas UPDRS e HY; teste clínico para avaliação da instabilidade postural e o teste da VVS foi realizado em 45 pacientes e 45 controles normais. Resultados: As inclinações da VVS nos controles tiveram valores entre -2,7º a +2,4º, média +0,18º e DP = 1.17, e entre -6,4º a +5,6º, média -0,50º e DP = 2.89 nos pacientes. Não houve diferença das médias entre pacientes e controles, porém os pacientes tiveram variabilidade maior. A avaliação da variabilidade no grupo dos pacientes utilizou os valores absolutos de cada medida da VVS. As médias dos valores absolutos da VVS nos controles e pacientes foram 1,55º e 3,65º, respectivamente, sendo maiores nos pacientes (p<0,0001). Houve uma fraca correlação positiva entre os resultados da VVS a avaliação motora da escala UPDRS; razoável correlação positiva com a escala HY e uma boa correlação entre a VVS e a severidade da instabilidade postural. Conclusões: Os erros do julgamento da VVS foram significantemente maiores em pacientes comparados aos controles. Além disso, houve uma fraca correlação com as escalas UPDRS e Hoehn e Yahr, e boa correlação da VVS com a instabilidade postural. Estes resultados sugerem que as vias aferentes do sistema vestibular estão comprometidas nos pacientes com DP e poderiam estar envolvidas nos mecanismos que levam à instabilidade postural, indicando que a instabilidade postural não é um fenômeno exclusivamente motor / Introduction: Postural instability is a late manifestation of Parkinsons disease (PD). The impairment of postural responses on PD is probably the most important cause of falls. These postural responses depend on vestibular, somatossensorial and visual inputs, and they are integrated on basal ganglia, brainstem and spinal cord. By use of the subjective visual vertical (SVV), this study evaluates a possible role of the vestibular system on the hysiopathology of postural instability. The SVV makes the judgment of gravitational vertical and is a specific test of otolith function. Objective: To analyze the SVV in patients with PD and to compare with normal controls; to correlate the direction of SVV-inclinations with the side of more impairment disease; to correlate the SVV with the Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Hoehn and Yahr (HY) scales, to determine if the inclination of SVV is related to the postural instability. Methods: Patients with idiopathic PD were submitted to: complete neurological examination; the scales UPDRS and HY; the clinical test to postural instability and the SVV test. The measurement of SVV was performed in 45 patients and 45 normal controls. Results: The SVV-inclination ranged from -2.7º to +2.4º, mean 0.18º and SD = 1.17 in controls, and from -6.4º to +5.6º, mean -0.50º and SD = 2.89 in patients. There was no difference in mean between patients and controls, but patients had a greater deviation. The variability evaluation in patients group used absolute values of SVV. The means of absolute values of SVV in controls and patients were 1.55º and 3.65º, respectively, and were greater in patients (p < 0.0001). There was a weak correlation between SSV and scores in the motor evaluation of UPDRS scale. A reasonable correlation was found between SVV values and scores in the HY scale. There was a good correlation between SVV and severity of postural instability. Conclusions: The error of judgment of SVV was significantly increased in the patients compared to controls. Further, there was a weak correlation with UPDRS and HY scales, and a good correlation of SVV with postural instability. These results suggest that the afferent pathways of vestibular system are impaired in patients with PD and could be involved in mechanisms underlying postural instability; so that, postural instability is not only a motor phenomemon

A presente dissertação visa estudar os processos imbricados no percurso da atividade leitora diante da tessitura das produções artísticas contemporâneas. Para isso, primeiramente apresentaremos aspectos históricos e sociais relacionados às transformações ocorridas no mundo da linguagem e seus suportes, a fim de que possamos conceber a leitura como uma prática cultural que, há tempos, extrapola os limites do verbal. Em seguida, aprofundaremos o estudo compreendendo a leitura em seu caráter perceptivo e cognitivo, tomando como fio condutor o sentido humano da visão e observando como, a partir deste último, a leitura concretiza-se em uma labiríntica ação de olhar, em um complexo movimento interno, mental e cognitivo de busca e produção de sentidos. Procuraremos observar ainda a leitura enquanto atividade individual e única, no que se refere a cada leitura e cada leitor, apresentando reflexões sobre a construção do olhar, ou seja, do ponto de vista de que lança mão o leitor para a leitura dos textos, dos seres, enfim, do mundo que o rodeia. Por fim, analisaremos o filme O Labirinto do Fauno (2006), de Guillermo Del Toro, focalizando as relações estabelecidas entre literatura e cinema e demonstrando como os recursos próprios do cinema, bem como sua inter-relação de códigos e linguagens, concorrem para a construção de sentidos. Concomitantemente, a análise evidenciará desafios impostos ao leitor relacionados às linguagens empregadas mas que as extrapolam. Identificando as especificidades de cada forma narrativa (literária e cinematográfica) e seu entrelaçamento, observaremos em que medida a compreensão ampla do filme requer por parte do leitor a reconstrução das relações da obra com a sociedade e com outros textos, épocas, lugares e discursos; o desvendamento do texto enquanto forma esteticamente elaborada; e a procura de uma possível interpretação que conceba a obra como um objeto de simbolização do mundo. Assim, por meio da análise, buscaremos identificar modos que parecem marcar o percurso da atividade leitora e o lugar do leitor tendo em vista as formas expressivas de nossa atualidade. / This dissertation aims to study the processes imbricated in the course of the reading activity before the tessitura of contemporary artistic productions. For such, we will firstly present historical and social aspects related to the changes in the world of language and its supports, so that we are able to conceive reading as a cultural practice that, for a long time, has been extrapolating the limits of the verbal. Then, we will perform a profound study comprehending reading in its perceptive and cognitive nature, taking as guiding principle the human sense of vision and observing how, from the latter, the reading manifests itself in a labyrinthine action of looking, in a complex internal, mental and cognitive movement of search and production of senses. We will seek to further observe reading as a peculiar and unique activity, with respect to each reading and each reader, presenting reflections on the construction of the look, that is, from the point of view that the reader makes use of to read texts, the beings, in short, the world around him. Finally, we will analyze the film Pan\'s Labyrinth (2006), by Guillermo Del Toro, focusing on the relations established between literature and cinema and showing how the own cinema resources, as well as their inter-relationship of codes and languages, lead to construction of senses. Concomitantly, the analysis will show the challenges to the reader related to the languages employed, but that go beyond them. Identifying the specificities of each narrative form (literary and cinematographic) and its interlacement, we will observe to what extent the ample understanding of the film requires, by the reader, the reconstruction of the work relations with society and with other texts, times, places and speeches; the unveiling of the text as aesthetically developed form; and the search for a possible interpretation that sees the work as an object symbolizing the world. Thus, through analysis, we will seek to identify ways that seem to mark the course of the reading activity and the readers place considering the expressive forms of our present.

Estudos com microinjeções de drogas vêm sendo realizados na tentativa de se compreender a participação da neurotransmissão serotonérgica do hipocampo na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados à ansiedade. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a ativação dos receptores do tipo 5-HT1A do hipocampo dorsal (HD) promoveu efeito do tipo ansiogênico sobre a resposta de esquiva inibitória, sem alterar a resposta de fuga, em ratos submetidos ao labirinto em T elevado (LTE). Essa alteração seletiva na resposta de esquiva inibitória sustenta a hipótese da participação do hipocampo na fisiopatologia do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, uma vez que, as respostas defensivas de esquiva inibitória e fuga, expressas no LTE, têm sido relacionadas respectivamente ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Além de receptores do tipo 5- HT1A, destaca-se no HD a presença de receptores do tipo 5-HT2C. Tem sido observado que a estimulação desses últimos em áreas límbicas associadas à ansiedade, como a amígdala, promove efeito do tipo ansiogênico em diferentes modelos animais de ansiedade. Porém, ainda é desconhecida a participação desses receptores presentes no HD sobre as resposta de esquiva inibitória e fuga, geradas no LTE. Assim, o presente estudo procurou avaliar a participação dos receptores serotonérgicos do tipo 5-HT2C na modulação de respostas defensivas relacionadas à ansiedade generalizada e ao transtorno do pânico. Os resultados mostram que injeções bilaterais intra-HD dos agonistas de receptores 5-HT2C MK-212 ou RO600175 prejudicaram a aquisição da resposta de esquiva inibitória, em ratos testados no LTE, indicando um efeito do tipo ansiolítico. Por outro lado, a administração do antagonista de receptores 5-HT2C SB-242084 promoveu efeito oposto sobre essa mesma resposta. Adicionalmente administração do agonista preferencial de receptores 5-HT2A DOI não foi capaz de promover efeito em nenhuma das doses utilizadas. Nenhum dos tratamentos empregados alterou a resposta de fuga no LTE. O efeito ansiolítico da ativação dos receptores 5-HT2C, bem como o efeito ansiogênico resultante do seu bloqueio, foram confirmados no teste do beber punido de Vogel. Em suma, nossos resultados sugerem que os receptores do tipo 5-HT2C do hipocampo dorsal estão envolvidos na modulação de comportamentos defensivos relacionados ao transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, mas não ao transtorno do pânico. / Studies using intracerebral microinfusion of drugs have been performed to unveil the role of the hippocampus serotonergic system in the modulation of anxiety-related defensive behaviors. For instance, it has been shown that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiogenic effect, without altering escape expression in rats tested in the elevated T-maze (ETM). This selective effect on inhibitory avoidance response is consistent with the notion that the hippocampus is critically involved in the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder. Besides 5-HT1A receptors, expressive levels of 5-HT2C receptors are also reported in hippocampus. Compelling evidence from animal studies shows that facilitation of 5-HT2C receptor-mediated neurotransmission increases anxiety. In this study we evaluated the involvement the 5-HT2C receptors of the DH in the regulation of defensive behaviors that have been associated with generalized anxiety and panic. Male Wistar rats were tested in the ETM after intra-DH injection of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists MK-212, RO-600175, or the preferential 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI, or the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist SB242084. For comparative reason, the effect of MK-212, RO-600175 and SB-242084 was also evaluated on another generalized anxiety-associated model, the Vogel conflict test. Our results showed that while intra-DH microinjection of both MK-212 and RO-600175 facilitated inhibitory avoidance acquisition, suggesting an anxiolytic effect, SB-242084 had the opposite effect. Injections of DOI did not affected performance in ETM. None of these drugs affected escape performance in the ETM. The anxiolytic-like effects of the 5-HT2C receptor agonists and anxiogenic-like effect of the SB-242084 were also observed in the Vogel conflict test. Our findings indicate that 5-HT2C receptors in DH are selectively involved in the regulation of defensive behaviors associated with generalized anxiety, but not panic.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are diffusible molecules involved in a variety of cellular interactions during development. In particular, Bmp4 expression accompanies the development of the ear sensory organs during patterning and specification of sensory cell fates, and it has been shown to play a role in inner ear development and morphogenesis. However, there is no understanding of the cellular effects of BMP4 in prosensory progenitors, and about its role in the process of sensory fate specification. The present thesis project was aimed at exploring the effects of BMP-signaling on the development of hair-cells, using the chick inner ear as a model.The specific aims proposed were:1- Analyze the cellular effects caused by addition of BMP4 in a model of isolated chick otic vesicles in culture, measuring parameters of cell proliferation, cell death and sensory cell fate specification.2- Analyze the cellular effects caused by inhibition of BMP4 signaling in a model of isolated chick otic vesicles in culture, measuring parameters of cell proliferation, cell death and sensory cell fate specification.3- Analyze the expression in the innear ear of downstream targets of BMP signalling, in particular, analyse the members of Id gene family.4- Analyze the regulation of Id genes by BMP signalling in the inner ear.5- Analyze the expression of genes involved in the process of terminal differentiation, in particular, Btg1 and Btg2 genes6- Analyze the regulation of Btg1 and Btg2 gene by BMP signalling in the inner ear

The thesis aims to investigate the relationship Comenius to Scripture and how to work with him when he wrote his work The Labyrinth of the World and the Paradise of the Heart.