Introduction : L’allaitement maternel est recommandé par les instances nationales et internationales pour ses bénéfices sur la santé des mères et des enfants. Près de neuf mères sur dix initient l’allaitement au Québec. Pour celles qui arrêtent dans le premier mois, une sur deux met en cause des problèmes mécaniques de succion chez le bébé en dépit du support de consultantes en lactation (CL). Les ostéopathes, dans le monde entier, reçoivent ces bébés. Cependant, peu d’études scientifiques sont publiées sur la contribution de cette profession à ce sujet. L’objectif primaire de cette étude était de déterminer l’efficacité d’un traitement ostéopathique, couplé à des consultations d’allaitement usuelles, chez les nouveau-nés ayant des difficultés mécaniques de succion. Méthode : Un essai contrôlé randomisé en simple aveugle portant sur 97 dyades maman-bébé référées par des CL a été réalisé. Les dyades étaient réparties en deux groupes : intervention ostéopathique ou soins usuels. Quatre temps de mesure sur une période de 10 jours, ont permis de déterminer l’efficacité de la succion pré et post intervention, l’intensité de la douleur chez la mère ainsi que tout effets secondaires perçus. Les lésions ostéopathiques ont été colligées afin de dresser un profil. Des tests-t, des Chi-carrés ainsi que des modèles de régression ont permis l’analyse des différences entre les deux groupes à l’étude. Résultats : Les bébés ayant reçu l’intervention ostéopathique ont montré une efficacité de succion cliniquement et statistiquement supérieure au groupe de soins usuels (p<0.001). Les analyses n’ont pas montré de différence statistiquement significative entre les groupes quant à la douleur ressentie par la mère aux différents temps de mesure. Cependant, à 3 jours post intervention, les mères du groupe intervention ont perçu une diminution significative de leur douleur (p=0.001). Un profil des bébés recrutés a pu être dressé avec des dysfonctions en postérieur du crâne chez 84,5% d’entre eux. Aucun effet secondaire grave ni sévère n’a été rapporté. Conclusion : L’ostéopathie couplée à un suivi par des CL, semble une approche prometteuse pour les dyades mère-bébé ayant des difficultés mécaniques de succion. D’autres recherches seraient à prévoir pour bonifier l’intervention ostéopathique en terme de moment, de bébés pouvant profiter de ce type de suivi, et aussi la documentation des zones en lésion. / Abstract: Background: National and international policies recommend breastfeeding for its benefits on mothers’ and infants’ health. In Quebec, almost nine out of ten mothers initiate breastfeeding with their baby but half of these stop during the first month, due to biomechanical sucking difficulties, and this, despite increasing support from lactation consultants (LC). Osteopaths worldwide work with these babies, but there is little empirical evidence for this type of treatment. The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of an osteopathic treatment coupled with usual lactation consultations on infants’ identified as having biomechanical sucking difficulties. Methods: A single blind randomized controlled trial including 97 mother-infant dyads referred by LC. The dyads were randomized into two groups: osteopathic intervention or usual care. Four measurement times over a 10-day period (pre and post intervention) allowed for the determination of the babies’ ability to latch, the intensity of pain felt by mothers as well as any perceived side effects. Osteopathic lesions were documented in an effort to establish a profile T-tests and Chi-square tests as well as regression models were used to compare groups. Results: Babies having received the osteopathic intervention showed a clinically and statistically significant increase (p<0.001) in their ability to latch compared to the usual care group. Analyses did not show any statistically significant difference between groups with regard to the pain felt by mothers at the different measurement times. However, 3 days post intervention, the mothers in the intervention group perceived a significant decrease in their level of pain (p=0.001). A profile of osteopathic dysfunctions in these babies was generated with 84,5% of them found to have a posterior skull dysfunction. No serious or severe side effects were reported. Conclusion: Osteopathic treatment coupled with lactation consultations seem to be a promising avenue for mother-infant dyads with biomechanical sucking dysfunctions. Further research is needed to optimize osteopathic treatment in terms of targeting babies, timing and duration of interventions and also to better document and standardize areas with osteopathic lesions.

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Call number: LD2668 .T4 1986 S73 / Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Evan C. Titgemeyer / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of late gestation and early lactation on the nutritional status of beef heifers fed low-quality, warm-season grass hay. The first experiment compared DMI, DM digestibility, and ruminal dynamics of pregnant and lactating beef heifers to non-gestating, non-lactating heifers of a similar age and size. This study demonstrated that pregnant heifers ate less than non-pregnant heifers while maintaining similar digestibilities. Intake was similar between lactating and non-lactating, though DM digestibility increased postpartum in lactating heifers. Ruminoreticular fill was less for pregnant than for non-pregnant heifers; ruminoreticular fill was similar regardless of lactation status. Ruminal NH3 increased with increasing intakes throughout the study. Lactating heifers had less ruminal NH3 than non-lactating heifers. Total ruminal VFA concentration was similar from 10 wk prepartum through 10 wk postpartum except at 2 wk prepartum when gestating heifers had less total ruminal VFA concentration. The second experiment compared DMI, DM digestibility, passage rate, and plasma glucose and BHBA concentrations between pregnant heifers, pregnant cows, lactating heifers, and lactating cows which were fed low-quality, warm-season grass hay supplemented with 450 g/d of soybean meal. This study demonstrated that DMI increased with progressing gestation in heifers. Lactating heifers had greater intake than other groups postpartum. DM digestibility decreased with advancing gestation; gestating animals had greater digestibility than non-gestating animals. Lactation status did not influence DM digestibility, though lactating heifers had greater digestibility from 3 to 7 wk postpartum. Digestibility was not influenced by age. Pregnant animals had faster digesta passage rates than non-pregnant counterparts. Plasma glucose concentration increased during the prepartum period; pregnant and lactating animals had lesser plasma glucose concentrations than non-gestating, non-lactating animals. Plasma BHBA concentration was greater in pregnant and lactating animals than in non-pregnant and non-lactating animal; age was not an influence on BHBA concentration. Calves from mature cows grew faster than calves from heifers. These studies showed that beef heifers do not have the same patterns of intake as mature cows during late gestation. Heifers and their calves exhibited poorer performance when compared to mature cows when fed low-quality, warm-season grass hay.

Le diabète de type 2, l’hypertension artérielle ou encore l’obésité sont des termes devenus d’actualité, lesquels, regroupés sous le terme de syndrome métabolique, font l’objet d’une recrudescence sans précédent à travers le globe. Face à cette hausse volontiers qualifiée d’épidémie, de nombreuses études tant expérimentales que cliniques, ont mis en évidence la corrélation entre un retard de croissance intra-utérin (RCIU) et la survenue du syndrome métabolique. Ces observations ont donné naissance au concept de « programmation fœtale » couramment utilisé sous l’acronyme DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). Afin de rétablir une croissance staturo-pondérale idéale, le néonatologiste a couramment recours à des laits enrichis pour les nouveau-nés RCIU. A l’aide d’un modèle animal de dénutrition maternelle périnatale, le modèle Food-Restricted 50% (FR50), nous avons tenté de mettre en évidence l’impact de la nutrition maternelle sur la lactation ainsi que sur les programmations métaboliques de la descendance mâle à l’âge adulte. Ce modèle est connu pour induire un RCIU chez la descendance dénutrie grâce à une restriction calorique de 50% pendant la dernière semaine de gestation jusqu’au sevrage de la portée. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse dans un premier temps qu’une modification de la trajectoire de croissance postnatale pourrait être délétère à long terme et sensibiliser la descendance RCIU au développement d’un syndrome métabolique à l’âge adulte ; et dans un second temps que la dénutrition maternelle modifie la composition du lait en termes de qualité et/ou de quantité. Ainsi, par la combinaison d’approches pluridisciplinaires, nous avons montré que le rattrapage de croissance des ratons RCIU allaités par une ratte contrôle semble être bénéfique à long terme sur la tension artérielle, l’activité locomotrice, l’intolérance au glucose, l’hyperleptinémie et d’autres paramètres morphométriques et métaboliques. A l’inverse, les ratons normotrophes allaités par une mère dénutrie présentent pour la plupart des paramètres étudiés, un phénotype similaire à celui des FR50. En regard de la composition du lait, nous avons mis en évidence une réduction des concentrations de leptine et de sérotransférrine dans le lait FR50, ainsi qu’une altération des profils glucidiques et lipidiques. L’ensemble de ces données suggèrent que la dénutrition maternelle impacte fortement le capital santé de sa descendance mais qu’une alimentation saine pendant la lactation, via la restauration d’une cinétique de croissance optimale, semble nettement atténuer la sensibilité qu’ont les nouveau-nés RCIU à développer un syndrome métabolique. / Type 2 diabetes, hypertension or obesity are terms become relevant, which are grouped under the term metabolic syndrome, are subject to an unprecedented upsurge across the globe. Faced with this increase readily called an epidemic, many experimental and clinical studies have shown a correlation between intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and the occurrence of metabolic syndrome. These observations have led to the concept of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"fetal programming\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" commonly named by the acronym DOHaD (Developmental Origins of Health and Disease). To restore an ideal height and weight growth, the neonatologist commonly used in enriched milk for newborns IUGR. Using an animal model of maternal perinatal undernutrition, the Food- Restricted 50 % (FR50) model, we have tried to highlight the impact of maternal nutrition on lactation and on metabolic programming of adult male offspring. This model is known to induce IUGR in undernourished offspring through caloric restriction of 50% during the last week of gestation until weaning of the litter. We hypothesized initially that a change in the trajectory of postnatal growth could be detrimental in the long term and raise the IUGR offspring development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood, and in a second time maternal undernutrition alters milk composition in terms of quality and / or quantity. Thus, by combining multidisciplinary approaches, we have shown that catch-up growth of IUGR rat pups nursed by a control rat appears to be beneficial in the long -term for blood pressure, locomotor activity, glucose intolerance, hyperleptinemia and other morphometric and metabolic parameters. In contrast, normotrophes pups nursed by a malnourished mother present for most of the parameters studied, a similar phenotype to which of FR50. In view of the composition of milk, we have demonstrated a reduction in leptin concentrations and serotransferrin in FR50 milk, and altered carbohydrate and lipid profiles. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal undernutrition strongly impacts the health capital of his descendants, but a healthy diet during lactation, via the restoration of optimal growth kinetics , seems much less sensitivity IUGR infants to develop metabolic syndrome.

Melhorar o peso dos leitões ao nascimento e consequentemente ao desmame é um os principais desafios da suinocultura moderna, uma vez que ao serem melhoradas para produzir uma quantidade maior de leitões ao nascimento, as matrizes hiperprolíficas acabaram desenvolvendo uma característica indesejável, que é a produção de leitegadas com maior desuniformidade, e um número elevado de leitões com baixo peso ao nascimento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a variação do nível de fibra bruta na dieta fornecida dos 74 aos 114 dias de gestação, sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e da energia na gestação, desempenho produtivo e respostas sanguíneas das fêmeas nos períodos de lactação e gestação. Foram utilizadas 33 porcas distribuídas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os níveis de fibra bruta (FB) nos tratamentos (T) foram: 3,3%, 7,0% e 10,1%. Para aumentar o nível de fibra a quirera de arroz e o farelo de soja foram substituídos parcialmente por farelo de arroz desengordurado e casca de soja. O consumo diário de nutrientes e energia foi similar para todo o período de gestação estudado, diferindo apenas o volume de ração consumida, que para o período dos 74 aos 90 dias de gestação foi de 2,10, 2,21 e 2,40 kg/dia, e para 91 a 111 dias de 2,47, 2,65 e 2,85 kg/dia para T1, T2 e T3, respectivamente. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo procedimento MIXED do SAS, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Fisher (LSD). Análise de regressão foi realizada, utilizando-se a regressão linear ou quadrática conforme o melhor ajuste. Na gestação, o aumento de fibra da dieta proporcionou um decréscimo linear (P<0,05) na energia digestível (ED) e no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) (%) da matéria seca (MS), energia bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e matéria orgânica (MO). Os níveis sanguíneos, na gestação, de proteína total e globulinas apresentaram um efeito quadrático (P<0,05) ao nível de fibra da dieta, já o colesterol apresentou um efeito linear crescente (P<0,05). Aos 105 dias de gestação e aos 4 dias de lactação os níveis de creatinina (P<0,05) foram maiores nas fêmeas que consumiram 10,1% de FB. O desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo das fêmeas na gestação e lactação, e o peso dos leitões ao nascimento não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos T, no entanto, o ganho médio diário das leitegadas apresentou um efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) com o aumento da FB da dieta. Concluindo, o aumento da fibra na dieta causou diminuição na digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia, sem, contudo afetar o desempenho das matrizes na gestação, lactação e dos leitões ao parto. O uso da fibra na gestação melhorou o ganho de peso dos leitões na lactação. / Improving the weight of piglets at birth and consequently at weaning is one the key challenges of modern pig industry, since by being improved to produce greater amount of piglets at birth, hyperprolific matrices end up by developing an undesirable characteristic, which is the production of littermates with lack of uniformity and high number of piglets with low birth weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the variation in crude fiber level in the diet provided at 74 to 114 days of gestation on the digestibility of nutrients and energy in pregnancy, production performance and blood responses of sows in periods of lactation and pregnancy. Thirty-three sows were distributed in a completely randomized design. Crude fiber levels (CF) in treatments (T) were 3.3%, 7.0% and 10.1%. To increase the fiber level, broken rice and soybean meal were partially replaced by defatted rice bran and soybean hulls. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for the entire pregnancy period, differing only in the amount of diet consumed, and for the period from 74 to 90 days of pregnancy, levels were 2.10, 2.21 and 2.40 kg/day and from 91 to 111 days of 2.47, 2.65 and 2.85 kg/day for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The data were submitted to analysis of variance using the SAS MIXED procedure, and means were compared using the Fisher test (LSD ). Regression analysis was performed using the linear or quadratic regression according better fit. During pregnancy, the increase in dietary fiber provided a linear decrease (P <0.05) in digestible energy (DE) and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) (%) of dry matter (DM), crude energy (CE), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and organic matter (OM). Blood globulins and total protein levels in pregnancy showed a quadratic effect (P <0.05) to the dietary fiber level, but cholesterol showed an increasing linear effect (P <0.05). At 105 days of pregnancy and after 4 days of lactation, creatinine levels (P <0.05) were higher in females who consumed 10.1% CF. The productive and reproductive performance of females during pregnancy and lactation, and the weight of piglets at birth were not affected (P> 0.05) by T; however, the average daily gain of piglets showed a linear increase (P <0.05) with increasing CF in the diet. In conclusion, increasing fiber in the diet caused a decrease in the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without; however, affecting the performance of matrices during pregnancy, lactation and weight of piglets at birth. The use of fiber during pregnancy improved the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

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Submitted by Suzana Dias (suzana.dias@famerp.br) on 2018-10-25T16:14:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaLuizaCamuriMachado_dissert.pdf: 1500744 bytes, checksum: fe3ce2214fbc5057ef8abfdd48467aa5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-25T16:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaLuizaCamuriMachado_dissert.pdf: 1500744 bytes, checksum: fe3ce2214fbc5057ef8abfdd48467aa5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / While aspects associated to benefits, duration and problems of breastfeeding are widespread in the scientific environment, issues related to selfefficacy in the breastfeeding process are still little addressed. Objective: To describe the self-efficacy for breastfeeding of postpartum women attended in a Health Insurance Plan. Material and Method: A descriptive, exploratory study with quantitative approach was developed with puerperal women who attended a course of birth preparation or were linked to a private health plan in the city of São José do Rio Preto , SP. Those with single, full-term newborns with good vitality at birth and hospital discharge were included. A socioeconomic questionnaire and breastfeeding selfefficacy scale (BSES-VB) were used for data collection. Results: A total of 98 postpartum women participated in the study. Of the participants, 32.7% were covered by health care plans, but did not participate in the course offered to pregnant women. Women who participated in the course of pregnant women had significantly higher selfefficacy in breastfeeding compared to those who did not participate. The level of selfefficacy was: 42.9% "high"; 27.5% "average" and 29.6% "low". The highest selfefficacy scores were observed among the exclusively breastfed women (69.4%). The technical domain had a higher score when compared to the intrapersonal domain score. Conclusion: The course offered to pregnant women proved to be relevant as a tool of great importance for the positivity of self-efficacy. These data have stood out the importance of the obstetrical nurses' performance in this setting, field of study, on the teaching / learning process on breastfeeding, a role that comprises multiple actions in the development of specific competences, reception, motivation and orientation, thus, improving the increase of compliance as well as the duration of breastfeeding . This research was performed in the field of a Nursing master degree program, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP). “Breastfeeding Self- Efficacy as assessed by the BSES: a literature review” and “Use of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) in the analysis of breastfeeding confidence” were both the papers produced on the theme. / Enquanto os aspectos que envolvem os benefícios, a duração e os problemas do aleitamento materno são bastante difundidos no meio científico, as questões relacionadas à autoeficácia no processo de amamentar ainda são pouco abordadas. Objetivo: Descrever a autoeficácia para amamentação de puérperas atendidas em um convênio de saúde. Material e Método: Pesquisa descritiva, exploratória, de abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvida com puérperas que frequentaram curso de preparo para o nascimento ou estavam vinculadas a um plano privado de saúde na cidade de São José do Rio Preto, SP. Foram incluídas aquelas com recém-nascido único, de termo, com boa vitalidade ao nascer e na alta hospitalar. Para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário sócio-econômico e a Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale (BSES-VB). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 98 puérperas. Das participantes, 32,7% eram conveniadas, mas não participaram do curso oferecido para gestantes. As mulheres que participaram do curso de gestantes apresentaram autoeficácia na amamentação significativamente superior em relação àquelas que não participaram do curso. O grau de auto eficácia foi: 42,9% “alta”; 27,5% “média” e 29,6% “baixa”. Os maiores escores de auto eficácia foram alcançados entre as puérperas em amamentação exclusiva (69,4%). O domínio técnico apresentou escore superior quando comparado ao escore do domínio de pensamento intrapessoal. Conclusão: O curso oferecido para gestantes mostrou-se relevante como ferramenta de grande importância para a positividade da autoeficácia. Os dados obtidos destacam a importância da atuação das enfermeiras obstetras desta instituição, campo do estudo, no processo de ensino/aprendizagem sobre amamentação; papel que envolve múltiplas ações no desenvolvimento de competências específicas, acolhimento, motivação e orientação, assim, contribuindo para o aumento da adesão e do tempo de manutenção da lactância. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em nível de mestrado acadêmico, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem da Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP) e teve dois manuscritos decorrentes: um apresentado no exame geral de qualificação, denominado Autoeficácia na amamentação com uso da “Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale” (BSES): estudo de base bibliográfica e outro para a defesa do mestrado, com o título Uso da “Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) na análise da autoeficácia na amamentação

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Eventos ou estímulos no início da vida podem afetar o desenvolvimento do indivíduo; dentre esses o tabagismo materno. A exposição materna isolada à nicotina, principal componente do cigarro, causa na prole alterações metabólicas, em curto e longo prazo, como aumento da adiposidade, resistência à leptina, e disfunção tireoideana e adrenal. Entretanto é sabido que na fumaça de cigarro estão presentes outros componentes com potenciais efeitos tóxicos. Assim propomos comparar o efeito de duas formas de exposição neonatal à fumaça do cigarro sobre o perfil endócrino-metabólico da prole em curto e longo prazo. Para isso, no 3 dia após o nascimento, ratos lactentes foram submetidos a dois modelos: Modelo I (exposição pelo leite materno), ninhadas separadas em: exposição à fumaça (EF; n=8) lactantes expostas à fumaça de cigarros 2R1F (1,7 mg de nicotina/cigarro por 1h, 4 vezes ao dia), separadas de suas proles e grupo controle (C; n=8), onde as mães foram separadas de suas proles e expostas ao ar filtrado; Modelo II (exposição direta à fumaça), ninhadas separadas em: exposição à fumaça (EF; n=8) mães e proles expostas à fumaça de cigarros 2R1F e controle (C; n=8) mães e proles expostas ao ar filtrado. A exposição ao tabaco ocorreu até o desmame. Mães sacrificadas aos desmame e proles aos desmame e aos 180 dias de idade. As mães lactantes expostas à fumaça (EF) apresentaram hipoleptinemia (-46%), hiperprolactinemia (+50%), hipoinsulinemia (-40%) e diminuição de triglicérides (-53%). Quanto a composição bioquímica do leite, as lactantes EF mostraram aumento de lactose (+52%) e triglicérides (+78%). No modelo I, as proles EF apresentaram ao desmame: diminuição da gordura corporal total (-24%), aumento de proteína corporal total (+17%), diminuição da glicemia (-11%), hiperinsulinemia (+28%), hipocorticosteronemia (-40%) e aumento de triglicérides (+34%). Quando adultas, as proles EF apresentaram somente alteração da função adrenal onde observou-se menor conteúdo de catecolaminas (-50%) e da expressão de tirosina hidroxilase na medula adrenal (-56%). No modelo II, as proles EF aos 21 dias exibiram diminuição da MC (-7%), do comprimento nasoanal (-5%), da gordura retroperitoneal (-59%), da área dos adipócitos viscerais (-60%) com maior área dos adipócitos subcutâneos (+95%), aumento do T4 (+59), da corticosterona (+60%), do conteúdo adrenal de catecolaminas (+58%) e hipoinsulinemia (-29%). Aos 180 dias, as proles EF apresentaram aumento da ingestão alimentar (+10%), dos depósitos de gordura visceral (~60%) e conteúdo de gordura corporal total (+50%), menor área dos adipócitos subcutâneos (-24%), aumento da leptina (+85%), glicemia (+11%), adiponectina (+1.4x), T3 (+71%), T4 (+57%) e TSH (+36,5%) com menor corticosterona (-41%) e catecolaminas adrenais (-57%) e aumento dos triglicerídeos (+65%). Somados nossos dados evidenciam o impacto negativo que a exposição à fumaça do cigarro tem sobre o desenvolvimento do neonato com o surgimento de desordens endócrinas futuras, que ocorrem pelo menos em parte devido às alterações observadas nas mães. Portanto, independente da forma de exposição, seja via aleitamento materno ou por inalação direta, é de grande importância alertar a sociedade sobre as possíveis complicações metabólicas em longo prazo decorrente da exposição involuntária do neonato ao tabagismo. / Events or stimuli during early life can affect the development; among these events, there is the maternal smoking. Children born from smoking mothers showed low birth body weight and overweight in childhood and adolescence. Maternal nicotine exposure, the main cigarette component, causes in the offspring several metabolic changes in short- and long-term, such as increase in adiposity, hyperleptinemia, leptin resistance as well as thyroid and adrenal dysfunction. However, it is known that there are other toxic components in tobacco smoke. Then, we compared the effects of two models of tobacco smoke exposure on endocrine-metabolic profile in offspring at short- and long-term. For this, in the 3rd day of birth, suckling rats were submitted to two different experiments: Model I (through breast milk exposure), in which litters were separated into, smoke exposure (SE; n=8) lactating mothers exposed to 2R1F cigarettes smoke (1.7 mg nicotine/cigarette/1h, 4 times per day) separated from their offspring; and control (C; n=8) mothers were separated of their pups and exposed to filtered air. Model II (direct exposure), in which litters were separated into: Smoke exposure (SE; n=8) lactating mothers and their offspring were exposed to 2R1F cigarettes smoke; and control (C; n=8) mothers and their pups were exposed to filtered air. The smoke exposure occurred until the weaning, when mothers and half of pups were killed. The other offspring were killed at 180 days-old. SE dams presented hypoleptinemia (-46%), hyperprolactinemia (+50%), hypoinsulinemia (-40%) and lower triglycerides (-53%). Concerning milk compositon, SE dams showed higher lactose (+52%) and triglycerides (+78%). In model I (through breast milk exposure), EF offspring showed at weaning lower total body fat (-24%) and higher total body protein (+17), lower serum glucose (-11%), hyperinsulinemia (+28%), hypocorticosteronemia (-40%) and higher triglycerides (+34%). In adulthood, these parameters were normalized, except for the adrenal function, featured by lower catecholamines content (-50%) and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in adrenal medulla (-56%). In model II (direct exposure), SE offspring (21 days-old) presented lower BW (-7%) and length (-5%), VFM (-28%) and visceral adipocytes area (-60%) with higher subcutaneous adipocytes area (+95%), higher T4 (+59%), corticosterone (+60%) and adrenal catecholamines content (+58%) and lower serum insulin (-29%). At 180 days-old, SE offspring presented higher food intake (+10%) without change in BW, higher visceral fat depots (~60) and total body fat (+50%), lower subcutaneous adipocytes area (-24%), higher serum glucose (+11%), adiponectin (+1.4x), leptin (+85%), T3 (+71%), T4 (+57%), TSH (+36.5%), lower corticosterone (-41%) and adrenal catecholamines content (-57%) and higher triglycerides (+65%). Therefore, our data evidences the negative impact that exposure to cigarette smoke can have on the development of the neonate as well as on future endocrine disorders, which occur at least in part due to the changes observed in the mothers. Therefore, independent of the kind of exposure, i.e. through breastfeeding or direct inhalation, it is of great importance warn society about the long-lasting metabolic complications resulting from involuntary exposure of newborn to smoking.

Orientador: Edson Ramos de Siqueira / Banca: Sarita Bonagurio Gallo / Banca: Sirlei Aparecida Maestá / Resumo: Como em toda produção leiteira, temos que otimizar o sistema produtivo, visando obter os maiores rendimentos financeiros com o menor dispêndio de recursos, sem contanto, perder a qualidade do produto e prejudicar a saúde e bem-estar dos animais. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do sistema de alimentação sobre a produção de leite, dinâmica do peso e condição corporal, infecção parasitária e análise econômica entre os sistemas. No grupo 1 (P), 14 ovelhas da raça Bergamácia foram mantidas em pasto de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia e no grupo 2 (C), 17 ovelhas da mesma raça foram confinadas, alimentados com silagem de milho e concentrado na proporção 85:15% no terço final da gestação e 65:35%, durante a lactação. Os cordeiros foram separados das mães 48h00 pós-parto, e as ovelhas foram ordenhadas mecanicamente duas vezes ao dia, às 4h00 e 14h00, e a produção de leite mensurada diariamente, por sessenta dias. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos quanto à produção de leite, as ovelhas do confinamento apresentaram-se mais pesadas que as mantidas em pasto por todo o período da lactação, não houve diferença para condição corporal ao parto e o número de ovos por grama de fezes das ovelhas mantidas em pasto foi maior que das ovelhas confinadas durante o periparto, ao parto, lactação e fim de lactação. / Abstract: As on every milk farm, it is necessary to optimize the production system, aiming to obtain the highest financial revenues with the lowest cost, provided that quality of products, as well as animal health and welfare are maintained. Two groups of Bergamasca sheep were used. 14 animals were grazed and 17 were penned during the final end of pregnancy, and 60 days period of lactation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feeding on milk production, body weight and corporal condition dynamics, parasitic infection and economic analysis between production systems. Group 1 (P): animals grazed on Panicum maximum var. Tanzania; and Group 2 (C): penned animals fed with corn silage and concentrate diet at 85:15% ratio at the third end of gestation an 65:35% ratio during lactation. Lambs were separated from mothers 48 hours after parturition. Sheep were mechanical milked and milk production was measured twice a day, at 4:00 and 14:00 hours. There was no difference between treatments for milk production and feedlot ewes presented higher live weight than that kept at pasture during the whole lactation. It was not observed difference for body condition at lambing. Ewes kept at pasture presented higher values of eggs per gram of faeces than feedlot ewes from pre-lambing to end lantation. / Mestre