O presente trabalho propõe uma metodologia científica, com critérios bem definidos, para avaliar e quantificar o desempenho ambiental e a renovabilidade de processos de tratamento de esgoto, numa base única: a exergia. O desempenho ambiental é quantificado através do cálculo da eficiência exergética ambiental, definida como a razão da exergia do efeito útil do processo pela exergia total consumida dos recursos humanos e naturais, incluindo todas as entradas exergéticas. O cálculo da renovabilidade é feito por meio do índice exergético de renovabilidade definido como como a razão entre a exergia dos produtos pela soma das exergias não renováveis, a exergia destruída, a exergia de desativação e a exergia das emissões e residuos. A metodologia foi aplicada a três processos de tratamento de esgoto: dois biológicos (aeróbio e anaeróbio) e um físico-químico (TQA). O cálculo dos indicadores exergéticos foi realizado para cada um destes processos e foi observado que o processo com maiores valores de desempenho ambiental e renovabilidade, considerando o metano e o lodo do processo como efeito útil, foi o processo RAFA Lagoa Facultativa, com valores respectivamente de n<exerg,amb> (0,983) e lâmbda(7,060). A análise dos resultados mostrou que a metodologia proposta é uma ferramenta útil na avaliação e comparação do desempenho ambiental e da renovabilidade de processos de tratamento de esgoto. / This work proposes a scientific methodology, with well defined criteria, to assess and quantify the environmental performance and renewability of wastewater treatment processes on a single base: the exergy. The environmental performance was measured by calculating the environmental exergy efficiency defined as the exergy ratio of the useful effect of the process to the total exergy consumed by human and natural resources, including all the exergy inputs. The renewability calculation was done using the renewability exergy index defined as the exergy ratio of the products to the sum of the non-renewable exergy, destroyed exergy, deactivation exergy and the emissions and waste exergy. The methodology was applied to three wastewater treatment processes: biological (aerobic and anaerobic) and physicochemical (CEPT) processes. The exergy indicators were calculated for each of these processes and it was observed that the process with the higher environmental performance and renewability values, considering the methane and sludge of process as useful effect, was the Facultative Lagoon UASB process, with values, respectively, of n<env,exerg>(0.983) and lambda(7.060). The results analysis showed that the proposed methodology is a useful tool in the evaluation and comparison of environmental performance and renewability of wastewater treatment processes.

Les lagunes côtières sont des écosystèmes semi-fermés à l'interface de la terre et des océans et sous l'influence de ces deux compartiments. De par ces caractéristiques, elles sont soumises à de fortes variations spatiales et saisonnières de leurs ressources trophiques. De par leur nature fermée et peu profonde, elles vont amplifier la force des processus qui conditionnent la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires et par conséquent l'écophysiologie des organismes benthiques qui composent les assemblages associés. Ce travail de thèse se propose de caractériser l'écophysiologie trophique de deux espèces de bivalves filtreurs (Nodipecten subnodosus et Spondylus crassisquama) au sein d'une lagune du Pacifique Nord-est (Basse Californie, Mexique). Une approche mufti-tissus et multi-traceurs (isotopes stables, acides gras, stérols et analyse isotopique sur acides gras) a été adoptée afin de pouvoir caractériser l'écologie trophique des espèces, mais aussi leurs régulations physiologiques face aux variations environnementales. Deux facteurs clés se sont révélés largement explicatifs de la variabilité spatio-temporelle observée dans le régime alimentaire : la période (hiver vs été) et la localisation dans la lagune par rapport à l'embouchure. L'importance des apports de phytoplancton océanique a été démontrée dans l'ensemble de la lagune, avec une contribution plus importante de diatomées océaniques notamment en période estivale pour les individus à proximité de l'embouchure. Par ailleurs, les bivalves en fond de lagune semblaient davantage dépendre de la matière organique locale, en particulier issue du recyclage bactérien, voire de la production des herbiers de phanérogames. Ces contrastes spatiaux se reflétaient également dans la composition des membranes cellulaires, mettant en évidence les interactions entre apports trophiques et régulations métaboliques des compositions en acides gras chez ces deux bivalves. Cette thèse présente une approche intégrée dédiée à la compréhension des variations spatiales et saisonnières des ressources trophiques d'un écosystème lagunaire, ainsi que leurs répercutions trophiques et physiologiques sur les assemblages benthiques. / Coastal lagoons are semi-enclosed ecosystems at the interface between land and ocean and under the influence of these two compartments. Owing to these characteristics these ecosystems are submitted to spatial and seasonal variations in their trophic resources. Because of their enclosed and shallow nature, lagoons amplify the intensity of processes conditioning the availability of food resources and consequently the ecophysiology of the benthic organisms which compose associated assemblages. This thesis aims to characterize the trophic ecophysiology of two species of suspension feeding bivalves (Nodipecten subnodosus and Spondylus crussisquomo) within a lagoon of Northeast Pacific (Baja California, Mexico). A mufti-tissue and multi-tracer approach (stable isotopes, fatty acids, sterols, and isotope analysis on fatty acids) was used in order to characterise the trophic ecology of both species, as well as their physiological regulations against environmental variations. Two key factors have been found to explain the observed spatio-temporal variability: the period (winter vs summer), and the location in the lagoon with respect to the distance from the mouth. The importance of oceanic phytoplankton inputs has been highlighted throughout the lagoon, with a greater contribution of oceanic diatoms particularly during the summer period for individuals near the mouth. Bivalves from the inner lagoon seemed more dependent of local organic matter, in particular resulting from bacterial recycling, or even from the production of eelgrass. These spatial contrasts were also reflected in the composition of cell membranes, highlighting the interactions between trophic contributions and metabolic regulation of fatty acid composition in both bivalves. This thesis presents an integrated approach to understand spatial and seasonal variations of the trophic resources of a lagoon ecosystem, as well as their trophic and physiological repercussions on benthic assemblages.

A população de foraminíferos e tecamebas no SELCI evidenciou variação espacial, caracterizando alta dominância de hialinos e porcelanáceos no verão, e aglutinantes no inverno. Essa distribuição da microfauna estava associada a maior influência marinha dos setores externos e a forte influência do regime regional de chuvas nos setores internos. Constatou-se como bioindicadores a espécie Pararotalia cananeiaensis indicando o alcance da cunha salina nas porções internas do sistema, os miliolídeos indicando ambientes com renovação de águas marinhas e fluxos mais energéticos no sistema, o gênero Miliammina spp. e as tecamebas indicando ambientes de baixa salinidade. Através do Ic foi possível detectar o impacto do balanço entre as influências continentais e marinhas no sistema, com a intrusão salina sazonalmente distinta, devido às próprias condições regionais e geomorfológicas do sistema. Na tentativa de encontrar ambientes hipóxicos foi aplicado o IAE, porém este índice não gerou resultados satisfatórios neste sistema estuarino, visto que outros fatores representaram ser variáveis mais importantes do que a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido. O cálculo da BFAR foi testado revelando que a geomorfologia do SELCI foi um fator determinante na distribuição das espécies e que a BFAR foi uma medida qualitativa do fluxo de MO no sistema. Através das análises estatísticas multivariadas foi possível determinar as associações da microfauna, sendo estas condicionadas, nas duas campanhas, principalmente pelos fatores salinidade, substrato e profundidade. / The population of foraminifera and thecamoebians in the CILES (Cananéia-Iguape Lagoon Estuarine System) evidenced spatial variation, characterizing high dominance of hyalines and porcelanaceous during the summer and agglutinated in the winter. This microfauna distribution was associated to stronger marine influence in the outer sections and to strong regional pluviosity in the inner sections. The bioindicator species were Pararotalia cananeiaensis, evidencing the extent of the salt water wedge in the inner portion of the system, the miliolidae, indicating environments with renewal of marine water and more energetic fluxes in the system and the gender Miliammina spp. and thecamoebians indicating areas of low salinity. Trough the Ic it was possible to identify the impact of the balance between marine and fresh waters influence in the system, with saline intrusion seasonally distinct, due to the system\'s own regional and morphological conditions. An attempt to identify hypoxia areas was made using the AEI (Ammonia-Elphidium Index) test, however, this index did not reveal satisfactory results in this estuarine system, since other factors seem to be more representative than the dissolved oxygen concentration. The geomorphology of the CILES was proved to be a determinant factor in the distribution of the species through the BFAR (Benthic Foraminifera Accumulation Rate) calculation, which was also a qualitative measure of the flux of organic matter (TOC) in the system. Statistical analysis proved that the associations of microfauna, was driven, in both campaigns, by salinity, substract and depth.

A região costeira do Brasil é historicamente impactada por atividades antrópicas, que liberam contaminantes, como os metais pesados. Nos estuários de Paranaguá (PR), Cananéia e Santos (SP), tais atividades estão presentes em diferentes níveis. Neste estudo foram investigadas as concentrações de arsênio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, níquel, selênio, zinco e mercúrio, além de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio, em sedimentos, fragmentos vegetais e organismos marinhos, como invertebrados bentônicos, peixes bentívoros e mamíferos marinhos, coletados nos três estuários. As amostragens foram realizadas em 2015, sendo as análises de isótopos realizadas por EA-IRMS e as análises de metais pesados realizadas por ICP OES-VGA e ICP-MS. As razões isotópicas permitiram a distinção entre fontes de matéria orgânica e nível trófico. Exemplares da ictiofauna e de cetáceos analisados não apresentaram distinção entre os níveis tróficos 3 e 4, indicando uma dieta generalista para estes animais e potencial compartilhamento de nicho trófico. Os metais apresentaram maiores concentrações nos sedimentos do estuário de Santos, coincidindo com o local com maior intensidade de atividades antrópicas. Comparando os estuários há maior acumulação de: Cr, Cu, Zn e Hg em Paranaguá, As e Pb em Cananéia, e Cd, Ni e Se em Santos, resultados justificados por atividades antrópicas, fontes naturais e características geoquímicas de cada região. A tendência de biomagnificação de Se foi observada nas teias tróficas de todos os estuários, e de Zn e Hg nas teias de Paranaguá e Cananéia. Entretanto, As, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb demostraram tendência a biodiluição nas teias tróficas estudadas, com maior bioacumulação em invertebrados bentônicos. Portanto, este estudo traz um panorama atual da distribuição espacial e trófica de metais pesados nos estuários, colaborando com o monitoramento e ações de gestão costeira. / The coastal region of Brazil is historically impacted by anthropic activities, which release contaminants such as heavy metals. In the estuaries of Paranaguá (PR), Cananéia and Santos (SP), these activities are present in different levels. In the present study, concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, nickel, selenium, zinc and mercury were investigated, as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in sediments, plant fragments and marine organisms such as benthic invertebrates, benthivorous fish and marine mammals, collected in the three estuaries. Samples were collected in 2015, with isotope analysis performed by EA-IRMS and heavy metal analysis performed by ICP OES-VGA and ICP-MS. Isotopic ratios allowed the distinction between organic matter sources and trophic level. The specimens of the ichthyofauna and cetaceans analyzed did not present distinction between trophic levels 3 and 4, indicating a generalist diet for these animals and a potential sharing of trophic niche. The metals have presented higher concentrations in the sediments from Santos estuary, what coincides with the place with greater intensity of anthropic activities. Comparing the estuaries, there is more bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu, Zn and Hg in Paranaguá, As and Pb in Cananéia, and Cd, Ni and Se in Santos; results which are justified by anthropic activities, natural sources and geochemical characteristics of each region. A biomagnification tendency of Se was observed in the trophic webs of all estuaries, and Zn and Hg in the Paranaguá\'s and Cananéia\'s webs. However, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb displayed a tendency to biodilution in the studied trophic webs; with a higher bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates. Therefore this study provides a current overview of the spatial and trophic distribution of heavy metals in the estuaries. Thus, it is collaborating with the monitoring and actions of coastal management.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-24T18:27:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Igor Catharino de Souza.pdf: 3450996 bytes, checksum: 80223a3771d4ade321f5b33a4beed970 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T18:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Igor Catharino de Souza.pdf: 3450996 bytes, checksum: 80223a3771d4ade321f5b33a4beed970 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Hoplias malabaricus is a fish species of the Erythrynidae family widely distributed, occuring in all large watersheds from South America which drains into Atlantic Ocean. Glaciations that occur in Pleistocene resulted in successive regressions and transgression of the sea level, and such variation gave shape to a serie of the present coastal independent drainages forming complex fluvial networks. This probably favored the spread of the aquatic biota, forming communities with populations continuously distributed, among them, Hoplias malabaricus. This species have wide distribution, sedentary habits, non-migratory behaviour and have high karyotipic variability already recorded in the current literature, which result in some confusion in its taxonomic position. These particularities make H. malabaricus a good exemple to test models of geographic morphologic variations, resultant from effects of marine vicariance transgression in the late Pleistocene. This study amis to assess eventual morphological changes in H. malabaricus in three areas close geographycally (far about 70 km from each other): the rivers Para?ba do Sul and Guandu, and Red lagoon, locvated in Marambaia Isle, all of them located in Rio de Janeiro State. A total of 39 morphological and 6 meristics characters were examined, with some of them compared to head lenght and others compared to total standard. Morphometric raw data were analysed using ANCOVA to compare for differences in regressions slopes and y-intercept. To avoid distortions associated to size effect, morphometrics raw data were transformed by using the Thorpe methodology. Means size of the characters were compared among fishes from the three areas by using ANOVA, followed by a Tukey post-hoc test. Character that showed significant differences according to ANOVA and ANCOVA were used to compare among the populations. Principal Component Analysis and Discriminant Analysis were used to determine eventual geographic patterns to separete specimens among the spatial factor. Specimens from Red Lagoon had comparatively higher head, fins size than the rivers species. Specimens from Guandu have comparatively larger fin base, while specimens from Paraiba do Sul have dorsal fin a more distal position. On the other hand, meristic characters did not separate specimens from the vii three areas. According to morphometric differences it is possible to discriminate the three groups of H. malabaricus, especially the population from Red Lagoon, and a closer proximity for populations from Guandu and Para?ba do Sul river. / A tra?ra, Hoplias malabaricus, ? um Erythrynidae de ampla distribui??o geogr?fica, ocorrendo em todas as grandes bacias hidrogr?ficas da Am?rica do Sul que des?guam no Oceano Atl?ntico. As s?ries de glacia??es que ocorreram no Pleistoceno provocaram sucessivas regress?es e transgress?es no n?vel dos oceanos. Estas varia??es no n?vel marinho possibilitaram que muitas das atuais drenagens costeiras independentes formassem complexas redes fluviais, o que provavelmente permitiu livre deslocamento da biota aqu?tica, formando comunidades com popula??es continuamente distribu?das, incluindo as popula??es de Hoplias malabaricus. Devido sua ampla distribui??o, comportamento sedent?rio, n?o migrat?rio, e grande variabilidade cariot?pica j? registrado na literatura, est? ? uma esp?cie com situa??o taxon?mica confusa. Este conjunto de particularidades torna H. malabaricus um bom modelo para estudos de varia??es morfol?gicas geogr?ficas, decorrentes de efeitos vicariantes das transgress?es marinhas do final do Pleistoceno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a ocorr?ncia de eventuais varia??es morfol?gicas de H. malabaricus em tr?s localidades pr?ximas geograficamente (distantes menos de 70km uma das outras): os rios Para?ba do Sul e Guandu, e Lagoa Vermelha, situada na Ilha da Marambaia, todos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para verifica??o das varia??es foram utilizados 39 caracteres morfom?tricos e 6 mer?sticos, os dados referentes ? cabe?a foram comparados com o tamanho da cabe?a, enquanto que os dados referentes ao corpo foram comparados com o comprimento padr?o. Os dados morfom?tricos brutos foram inicialmente analisados atrav?s da ANCOVA para compara??es nos coeficientes lineares e constantes angulares. A distor??o causada pelo efeito de tamanho ser? corrigida pela da transforma??o dos dados brutos utilizando a metodologia de Thorpe. Para compara??es do tamanho dos caracteres entre as tr?s localidades foi utilizada a ANOVA, seguido do teste de Tukey para compara??o das m?dias. Apenas os dados que apresentaram diferen?as significativas nas an?lises ANOVA e ANCOVA foram utilizados para compara??es entre as popula??es. An?lise dos Componentes Principais e An?lise Discriminante foram utilizadas para determinar padr?es de varia??o. Os resultados v mostraram que os esp?cimes da Lagoa Vermelha possuem as medidas da cabe?a e tamanho das nadadeiras comparativamente maiores que as demais localidades, j? os esp?cimes do rio Guandu caracterizaram-se pelo maior comprimento das bases das nadadeiras, e os esp?cimes do rio Para?ba do Sul possuem a nadadeira dorsal em posi??o posterior. Por outro lado, a an?lise dos dados mer?sticos n?o mostrou diferen?as entre as tr?s localidades. Com base nas diferen?as morfom?tricas foi poss?vel distinguir tr?s grupos de H. malabaricus, com maior diferen?a para a popula??o da Lagoa Vermelha, e uma maior proximidade para as popula??es dos rios Guandu e Para?ba do Sul.

A região costeira do Brasil é historicamente impactada por atividades antrópicas, que liberam contaminantes, como os metais pesados. Nos estuários de Paranaguá (PR), Cananéia e Santos (SP), tais atividades estão presentes em diferentes níveis. Neste estudo foram investigadas as concentrações de arsênio, cádmio, chumbo, cobre, cromo, níquel, selênio, zinco e mercúrio, além de isótopos estáveis de carbono e nitrogênio, em sedimentos, fragmentos vegetais e organismos marinhos, como invertebrados bentônicos, peixes bentívoros e mamíferos marinhos, coletados nos três estuários. As amostragens foram realizadas em 2015, sendo as análises de isótopos realizadas por EA-IRMS e as análises de metais pesados realizadas por ICP OES-VGA e ICP-MS. As razões isotópicas permitiram a distinção entre fontes de matéria orgânica e nível trófico. Exemplares da ictiofauna e de cetáceos analisados não apresentaram distinção entre os níveis tróficos 3 e 4, indicando uma dieta generalista para estes animais e potencial compartilhamento de nicho trófico. Os metais apresentaram maiores concentrações nos sedimentos do estuário de Santos, coincidindo com o local com maior intensidade de atividades antrópicas. Comparando os estuários há maior acumulação de: Cr, Cu, Zn e Hg em Paranaguá, As e Pb em Cananéia, e Cd, Ni e Se em Santos, resultados justificados por atividades antrópicas, fontes naturais e características geoquímicas de cada região. A tendência de biomagnificação de Se foi observada nas teias tróficas de todos os estuários, e de Zn e Hg nas teias de Paranaguá e Cananéia. Entretanto, As, Cr, Cu, Ni e Pb demostraram tendência a biodiluição nas teias tróficas estudadas, com maior bioacumulação em invertebrados bentônicos. Portanto, este estudo traz um panorama atual da distribuição espacial e trófica de metais pesados nos estuários, colaborando com o monitoramento e ações de gestão costeira. / The coastal region of Brazil is historically impacted by anthropic activities, which release contaminants such as heavy metals. In the estuaries of Paranaguá (PR), Cananéia and Santos (SP), these activities are present in different levels. In the present study, concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, nickel, selenium, zinc and mercury were investigated, as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in sediments, plant fragments and marine organisms such as benthic invertebrates, benthivorous fish and marine mammals, collected in the three estuaries. Samples were collected in 2015, with isotope analysis performed by EA-IRMS and heavy metal analysis performed by ICP OES-VGA and ICP-MS. Isotopic ratios allowed the distinction between organic matter sources and trophic level. The specimens of the ichthyofauna and cetaceans analyzed did not present distinction between trophic levels 3 and 4, indicating a generalist diet for these animals and a potential sharing of trophic niche. The metals have presented higher concentrations in the sediments from Santos estuary, what coincides with the place with greater intensity of anthropic activities. Comparing the estuaries, there is more bioaccumulation of Cr, Cu, Zn and Hg in Paranaguá, As and Pb in Cananéia, and Cd, Ni and Se in Santos; results which are justified by anthropic activities, natural sources and geochemical characteristics of each region. A biomagnification tendency of Se was observed in the trophic webs of all estuaries, and Zn and Hg in the Paranaguá\'s and Cananéia\'s webs. However, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb displayed a tendency to biodilution in the studied trophic webs; with a higher bioaccumulation in benthic invertebrates. Therefore this study provides a current overview of the spatial and trophic distribution of heavy metals in the estuaries. Thus, it is collaborating with the monitoring and actions of coastal management.

Η περιοχή μελέτης είναι η λιμνοθάλασσα Καϊάφα.Η μελέτη αυτή βασίστηκε στη συλλογή και ανάλυση γεωφυσικών δεδομένων, στην ανάλυση πυρήνων ιζήματος καθώς και σε μικροβιολογική ανάλυση δειγμάτων νερού της λιμνοθάλασσας. Τέλος ελήφθησαν δείγματα υδρόβιων φυτών από τον πυθμένα της λιμνοθάλασσας για τον έλεγχο των γεωφυσικών δεδομένων. Η γεωφυσική έρευνα-δειγματοληψία και η κοκκομετρική ανάλυση έδειξαν δυο περιοχές στον πυθμένα με διαφορετική κοκκομετρική σύσταση (αμμώδης-ιλυώδης πυθμένας) και διαφορετική βλάστηση (Chara hispida f. corfuensis και Potamogeton pectinatus). Επίσης χαρτογραφήθηκαν περιοχές του πυθμένα όπως, κρατηρόμορφοι σχηματισμοί, ουλές και μέτωπα. Η μικροβιολογική ανάλυση έδειξε περιοχές με έντονη μόλυνση κοπρανώδους προέλευσης καθώς και περιοχές χωρίς σημαντική βακτηριακή επιβάρυνση. Οι περιοχές όπου παρατηρείται η μεγαλύτερη μόλυνση είναι τα λουτρά του Καϊάφα και η περιοχή απέναντι από τις στις τουριστικές εγκαταστάσεις του Ε.Ο.Τ (προβλήτα). Η μικρότερη μόλυνση παρατηρείται στο κέντρο της λιμνοθάλασσας όπου ο αριθμός ολικών βακτηρίων και κολοβακρτηρίων είναι μηδενικός. Τέλος η γεωχημική ανάλυση έδειξε παρόμοιες συγκεντρώσεις βαρέων μετάλλων στα ιζήματα με άλλες παράκτιες περιοχές του ελληνικού χώρου. / The study area is Kaiafas lagoon, West Peloponnese. For this study it was collected and analyzed digital geophysical data (side scan sonar echographs), two cores of sediment and samples of water for microbiological examination. It was also collected samples of marine plants for groundtruthing. The geophysical survey-grain size analysis revealed different grain size composition in the South and North part of the lagoon (sandy-silty seabed correspondingly), which was covered with different marine plants species (Chara hispida –Potamogeton pectinatus. The mapping of seabed showed crater-like formations, scars and fronts. The microbiological analysis showed that the pollution (from fecal bacteria) was restricted in the South part of the lagoon near the pipe of the biological treatment plant. In a lower extend, fecal pollution was tracked in the western part of the lagoon near the touristic settlement of E.O.T. The greater part of the lagoon is unpolluted. Geochemistry analysis showed similar levels of heavy metals in sediment with other coastal areas in Greece.

Η επιστήμη της τηλεπισκόπησης και τα δορυφορικά δεδομένα, αποτελούν σήμερα ένα σύγχρονο επιστημονικό εργαλείο, αφού παρέχουν πλήθος σημαντικών πληροφοριών διευκολύνοντας σημαντικά την έρευνα σε πολλά επιστημονικά πεδία. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα διαχρονικής παρακολούθησης της βλάστησης και των ανθρώπινων επιδράσεων στην προστατευόμενη περιοχή του Δάσους της Στροφιλιάς – λιμνοθάλασσας Καλογριάς και Κοτυχίου με σύγχρονες μεθόδους Τηλεπισκόπησης και Τηλεμετρίας. Ειδικότερα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αεροφωτογραφίες και εικόνες από το δορυφόρο Landsat για απεικόνιση των φασματικών υπογραφών και ανίχνευση των μεταβολών της βλάστησης και του τοπίου. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα από αισθητήρες μέτρησης υδρολογικών παραμέτρων για να δείξουμε χρονικές μεταβολές. Τέλος δημιουργήθηκε μία on-line βάση δεδομένων με σκοπό να διευκολύνει την εργασία πεδίου αλλά και το χρόνο της καταχώρησης της δειγματοληψίας. / In nowadays the science of remote sensing and satellite data, represent a modern scientific tool, due to the fact that can provide plenty of important information making easier the research in a lot of scientific fields. In the present work we demonstrate a complete biomonitoring system of diachronic follow-up of vegetation and human effects in the protected region of Strofylia's Forest and the lagoons of Kalogrias and Kotyhi, with modern remote sensing methods and Telemetry. More specifically we used aerial photos and satellite images from the Landsat satellite in order to illustrate spectrum signatures and detection of changes. Also we analyzed data from sensors that measured environmental parameters in order to show time changes. Finally we created an online database so as to store all this important information that we produced but also to minimize the total time of registration and sampling.

O Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro, região sudeste do Brasil, é formado pelas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi. Estas lagunas estão interligadas ao mar pelo canal da Joatinga e têm como afluentes rios e canais que vertem dos maciços da Tijuca e da Pedra Branca. Recebem esgotos sanitários e efluentes industriais, além de contribuições difusas de águas de drenagem e circulação das massas de águas de várias origens, com elevada carga de poluição. A eutrofização cultural aliada aos processos de evolução de ecossistemas costeiros produziu um estado de degradação destas águas com constantes florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência das cianobactérias (Classe Cyanophyceae) no Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá e corroborar a hipótese de serem boas indicadoras de qualidade ambiental de águas salobras. Foi realizado um monitoramento ambiental nas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi, nos anos de 2004 a 2006, sendo analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a dominância e a persistência das cianobactérias em elevadas concentrações de nutrientes, caracterizando a hipereutrofização dessas lagunas. As estratégias ecológicas das cianobactérias garantiram sua dominância em quase todo o período amostral e demonstraram ser um refinado sensor das variáveis ambientais. A salinidade não foi um fator de limitação ao desenvolvimento desses microorganismos. Desta forma, este estudo, oferece subsídios para gestão de recursos hídricos, corroborando com a legislação CONAMA 357/05-MMA, na sugestão de indicação deste parâmetro de qualidade ambiental também para ambientes salobros na classe 1. / The Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex, located in the state of the Rio of Janeiro, in Southeast of Brazil, is formed by the lagoons of Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca and Marapendi. These lagoons are interconnected to the sea by the Joatinga canal and receive contribution from tributary rivers and channels that come from Tijuca and Pedra Branca massifs. They receive industrial and domestic effluents, including diffuse contributions of the drainage basin, as well as water circulation from several origins, with a high pollution load. The cultural eutrophication associated with coastal ecosystems evolution processes, have produced a state of degradation of these waters with frequent waterblooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the presence of Cyanobacteria (Class Cyanophyceae) in the Jacarepaguá Lagoon Complex and also to corroborate the hypothesis of using them as a good bioindicators of environmental quality in brackish waters. An environmental monitoring program has been carried out in the lagoons of Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca and Marapendi from 2004 to 2006, including physical, chemical and biological parameters analysis. The results showed the dominance and persistence of Cyanobacteria at high concentrations of nutrients, characterizing the hypereutrofication of these lagoons. The ecological strategies of Cyanobacteria were responsible for their dominance in almost the whole period of study and demonstrated that they can be used as a good sensor of environmental variables. The salinity did not demonstrate to be a limiting factor to the development of these microorganisms. In this way, this study provides subsidies for water resources management, corroborating with Brazilian legislation (CONAMA 357/05- MMA) suggesting the inclusion of Cyanobacteria as a parameter of environmental quality in brackish environments classified as Class 1.

A pressão antrópica crescente impõe a necessidade de um monitoramento sistemático da água e de seus ambientes aquáticos. O desenvolvimento de Índices de Qualidade de Água (IQAs) tem como objetivo transformar dados em informações acessíveis e de fácil entendimento para os gestores e usuários das águas, visando refletir a deterioração deste recurso em nível de bacia hidrográfica e ao longo do tempo. O Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) adotou um novo Índice de Qualidade de Água para ambiente lótico, baseado em lógica nebulosa, o IQAFAL, desenvolvido no âmbito do rio Paraíba do Sul. O objetivo principal deste estudo consiste em aplicar o IQAFAL aos rios dos Macacos, Cabeça e Rainha, contribuintes da bacia de drenagem da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, de grande interesse sócio-político-ambiental para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Busca-se analisar a sua adequação em sintetizar a qualidade de água em bacias hidrográficas de pequeno porte e primordialmente urbana. Para tanto, utilizam-se dados físicos, químicos e biológicos do INEA, no período 2003 - 2010. Os resultados mostraram que o IQAFAL foi capaz de refletir a qualidade da água de modo satisfatório e compatível com os registros disponíveis e a percepção de especialistas acerca da real qualidade dos rios. Ou seja, este Índice se mostrou mais sensível às condições ruins, traduzindo a verdadeira condição destes corpos dágua, ao contrário do IQACETESB, que classifica estas águas como de qualidade mediana. Os resultados confirmam também as vantagens deste índice, observadas em estudos anteriores, sobretudo quanto à capacidade de identificar as variáveis de qualidade de água que são mais determinantes para o resultado final do Índice, através do estudo dos subíndices. / The increasing anthropogenic pressure imposes the need for a systematic monitoring of water and its aquatic environments. The development of Water Quality Indexes, WQIs (IQAs, acronym in Portuguese) aims to turn data into accessible and easy understandable information for managers and water users, in order to reflect the deterioration of this resource in terms of watershed, throughout the time. The State of Rio de Janeiro Environmental Institute (INEA) has adopted a new Water Quality Index for lotic environments, based on fuzzy logic, the WQI, developed for the study in the range of the Paraíba do Sul river. The main goal of this study is to apply IQAFAL to the dos Macacos, the Cabeça, and the Rainha rivers, which are tributary rivers of the drainage basin of the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, of a great socio-political-environmental interest for the city of Rio de Janeiro. The aim is to analyze their suitability in synthesizing the water quality in small river basin and primordially urban. To this end, we used physical, chemical and biological data from INEA, in the period 2003 to 2010. The results showed that the WQI was able to evidence the water quality in a satisfactory way and consistent with the available records and the perceptions of experts about the real quality of the rivers. In other words, this index was more sensitive to bad conditions, showing the true condition of these water bodies, unlike WQICETESB, which classifies these waters as average quality ones. The results also confirm the advantages of this index, observed in previous studies, especially its ability to identify the variables of water quality which are more decisive for the index outcome, through the study of subindexes.