O Rio Grande do Sul possui um grande potencial para a navegação interior devido à extensão de sua rede hidrográfica de quase 2200 km, sendo 930 km navegáveis. Aliado a isto, na última década o estado apresentou um crescimento econômico em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) de 167,2 %, segundo a Fundação de Economia e Estatística/RS. Mesmo com estas condicionantes favoráveis constata-se que o modelo atual da estrutura logística da movimentação de cargas continua a não privilegiar o setor hidroviário interior. Tendo em vista estes aspectos, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo cujos objetivos são: (i) identificar a representatividade do modal hidroviário interior em relação à movimentação de cargas, destinadas à exportação e importação, da metade norte do Rio Grande do Sul aos principais terminais privados hidroviários e ao porto público, localizados na cidade de Rio Grande; (ii) comparar o modal hidroviário com seus principais concorrentes, os modais rodoviário e ferroviário e (iii) avaliar o impacto econômico da adoção do calado sazonal. Para a comparação dos modais foram escolhidos três parâmetros que estabelecem custos em relação à tonelada quilometro transportada, são eles: custo médio de operação; custo despendido com combustíveis; e custos sociais. Após as informações coletadas foram processadas e analisadas, possibilitando identificar os custos gerados por cada modal. Na comparação destaca-se que o custo dos modais rodoviário e ferroviário são respectivamente 1541% e 405% maior do que o hidroviário interior e que a carga movimentada pelos três modais, em 2011, representou um custo total de R$ 1,79 bilhões, ou seja, 0,65% do PIB estadual. Na avaliação da adoção do calado sazonal foi estudado o possível ganho em termos de capacidade de transporte de cargas e a redução de custos gerada pela utilização do transporte hidroviário interior, no Rio Grande do Sul, decorrentes da possível implantação da permissividade de um calado sazonal, em função da variação histórica dos níveis de água, verificados através das curvas de permanências em nove estações pluviométricas localizadas na Laguna dos Patos e no Lago Guaíba. Constatou-se que a adoção do calado sazonal, no ano de 2011, teria um impacto de redução de custos de transporte na ordem de R$ 40,7 milhões, considerando a migração do modal rodoviário para o hidroviário e de R$ 10,1 milhões se fosse considerado a migração do modal ferroviário para o hidroviário. / The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), in Brazil, has a significant potential for internal navigation due to the extent of its drainage network of almost 2,200 km, of which 930 km are navigable. Allied to this, in the last decade the state had an economic growth in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 167.2%, according to the Foundation of Economics and Statistics/RS. Even with these favorable conditions it appears that the current model of logistic structure of shipment continues to not emphasis on the internal waterway sector. Considering these aspects, this dissertation presents a study whose objectives are: (i) identify the representativeness of the interior waterways in relation to handling, for export and import, the northern half of Rio Grande do Sul to the main private terminals waterway and the public port, located in the city of Rio Grande , (ii) compare the waterways with its main competitors, the road and rail modes, and (iii) evaluate the economic impact of the adoption of the draft season. To compare the modals, three parameters that establish costs in relation to the tone kilometers transported were chosen, they are: average cost of operation, cost spent on fuel, and social costs. After the data were processed and analyzed, it was possible to identify the costs generated by each mode. In comparison it is emphasized that the cost of road and rail modes are respectively 405% and 1541% higher than the inland waterway and the shipment handled by the three modes, in 2011, represented a total cost of R$1.79 billion, i.e. 0.65% of the state GDP. In assessing the adoption of the draft seasonal possible gain was studied in terms of load carrying capacity and reducing costs generated by the use of inland waterway transport, in Rio Grande do Sul, from the possible deployment of the permittivity of a quiet season in function of the historical variation in water levels, checked through the curves stays in nine rainfall stations located in the Patos Lagoon and Lake Guaiba. It was found that the adoption of the draft season , in 2011, would have an impact of reducing transport costs in the order of R$40.7 million, considering the migration from road transport to waterways and R$10.1 million if found migrating the railroad to the waterway.

Orientador: Marcello Guimarães Simões / Resumo: A Formação Crato, Aptiano, é uma das principais unidades litoestratigráficas da sucessão sedimentar mesozoica da Bacia do Araripe, NE do Brasil. A unidade é reconhecida por conter um dos mais importantes depósitos do tipo Konservat-Lagerstätte do Gondwana. Tais depósitos são representados por calcários laminados contendo fósseis excepcionalmente bem preservados. Investigações estratigráficas e paleontológicas, combinadas com mapeamento detalhado da unidade na borda Leste da Bacia do Araripe, tornaram possível o reconhecimento de um importante intervalo contendo siltitos e argilitos ricos em fósseis de moluscos (gastrópodes, bivalves e restos vegetais incarbonizados), com ampla distribuição lateral. O intervalo, com 0,3-2,25 m de espessura, é representado por camadas tabulares de lamitos acinzentados, intensamente bioturbados e intercalados em folhelhos, arenitos finos e fácies heterolíticas. No presente estudo são descritas, pela primeira vez, as espécies de moluscos bivalves encontradas nesta camada e discutidas as suas implicações paleoambientais e paleobiogegráficas. Espécimes foram coletados em quatro localidades distintas (i.e., Três Irmãos, Batateira, Caldas e Estiva), e foram posteriormente submetidos à minuciosa análise de caracteres-chave (e.g., cicatrizes musculares, charneira e ornamentação). São descritos dois novos gêneros (Cratonaia gen. nov. e Araripenaia gen. nov.), pertencentes a Silesunionoidea Skawina e Dzik, 2011 e Trigonioidoidea Cox, 1952, respectivament... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Aptian Crato Formation is one of the main litostratigraphic units of the Mesozoic sedimentary succession of the Araripe Basin, northeastern Brazil. This unit is widely known for containing one of the main Konservat-Lagerstätte deposits of the Gondwana. Such deposits are represented by laminated limestones enclosing exceptionally well-preserved fossils. Stratigraphic and paleontological investigations, combined with detailed mapping of the unit in the eastern border of the Araripe Basin, enabled the recognizing of a key interval encompassing shell-rich siltstones and claystones, with wide lateral distribution. The 0.3–2.25-m-thick interval is represented by tabular layers of intensely bioturbated grayish mudstones, intercalated in shales, fine sandstones and heterolithic facies. In this study, for the very first time, bivalve molluscs found within this layer are described, and their paleoenvironmental and paleobiogeographic implications are discussed. Specimens have been collected in four different locations (i.e., Três Irmãos, Batateira, Caldas and Estiva), and then submitted to careful analyses of key morphological characters (e.g., muscle scars, hinge and ornamentation). Two new genera are herein described (Cratonaia gen. nov. and Araripenaia gen. nov.), each one of them belonging to the superfamilies Silesunionoidea Skawina and Dzik, 2011 and Trigonioidoidea Cox, 1952, respectively. Both genera are monospecific and represented by the new species Cratonaia novaolindensi... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

L’objectif de cette thèse est le diagnostic de l’état de santé de la lagune de Bizerte par une approche multi-marqueurs (chimique, biochimique et morphométrique) et multi-compartiments (sédiment et biote). Pour atteindre cet objectif, les modèles biologiques choisis sont la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis et le poisson gobie Zosterisessor ophiocephalus. Ces deux espèces sont largement répandues dans la lagune de Bizerte et la mer Méditerranée. Dans une première partie et afin d’estimer les niveaux de contamination de la lagune de Bizerte par les polluants organiques persistants (POPs), des analyses chimiques, granulométriques et minéralogiques (COT) de sédiments superficiels ont été réalisées. Par la suite la toxicité potentielle des sédiments a été évaluée par une batterie de bioessais. Dans une troisième partie la biodisponibilité et l’impact écotoxicologique des POPs étudiés ont été évalués par l’accumulation de ces contaminants au niveau des deux organismes indicateurs choisis et l’étude des réponses biologiques associées à travers quelques biomarqueurs tels que la catalase (CAT), l’acide thiobarbiturique (TBARS); l’Ethoxyrésorufine O-dééthylase (EROD); la glutathion-S-transférase (GST) et l'acétylcholinestérase (AChE). Les principaux résultats des analyses chimiques révèlent une contamination générale des sédiments et organismes étudiés par les POPs. Les niveaux de contamination sont fonction de l’espèce et de la station étudiée. La comparaison de nos valeurs avec les données de la littérature a montré que les niveaux de contamination de la lagune sont similaires ou légèrement inférieurs à ceux enregistrés dans des écosystèmes équivalents dans d’autres pays du monde. L’estimation de la toxicité des sédiments au moyen des valeurs guides sédimentaires (ERL, ERM, TEL et PEL) et trois tests biologiques (Microtox®, SOS-Chromotest® et test MELA) ont montré que les sédiments des stations du canal de Bizerte S1 et S3 représentent un danger accru pour les organismes aquatiques. Nos résultats ont montré que les biomarqueurs mesurés chez les deux espèces choisies sont des paramètres sensibles et inductibles permettant de qualifier l’état de santé des organismes et la qualité globale du milieu étudié. Les marqueurs morphométriques contrairement aux marqueurs biochimiques n’ont pas permis de discriminer les différents sites étudiés. Contrairement aux poissons, il a été démontré chez les moules que les facteurs abiotiques ont une influence sur les concentrations en POPs et les réponses des biomarqueurs.Au vu de l’ensemble de ces résultats, il apparaît que cette approche intégrative associant des mesures chimiques et écotoxicologiques représente un bon moyen pour évaluer la qualité de l’environnement notamment dans le cadre de programmes de biosurveillance. / The objective of this thesis was the diagnosis of the health status of the Bizerte lagoon using a multi-marker (chemical, biochemical and morphometric) and multi-compartment approach (sediment and biota). To achieve this objective, the selected biological models were the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the goby fish Zosterisessor ophiocephalus. Both species are widespread in the Bizerte lagoon and the Mediterranean Sea. In a first part and in order to estimate the levels of contamination of the Bizerte lagoon, persistent organic pollutant (POPs), granulometric and mineralogical (TOC) analyses of surficial sediments were carried out. Afterwards, the potential toxicity of sediments was assessed by a battery of bioassays. In a the third part, bioavailability and ecotoxicological impact of POPs studied were assessed by bioaccumulation measurement in these two indicators species, and the study of biological responses associated through a battery of biomarkers such as catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid (TBARS); Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD); glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The main results of the chemical analyses show a general contamination of sediments and organisms studied by POPs. Contamination levels are dependent on the studied species and stations. Comparing our values with literature data, showed that the levels of contamination of the lagoon are similar or slightly lower than equivalent ecosystems in other parts of the world. Besides, the estimation of sediment toxicity, using sediment guideline values (ERL, ERM, TEL et PEL), as well as bioassays (Microtox®, SOS-Chromotest® and MELA test) showed that stations of canal of Bizerte S1 and S3 were associated with an increased hazard to aquatic organisms. Our results showed that biomarkers measured in both selected species are sensitive and inducible parameters, which allowed to characterize the health status of organisms and global quality of the studied environment. Biochemical but not morphometric markers allowed to discriminate the different studied sites according to chemical risk. Unlike fish, it has been demonstrated in mussels that abiotic factors influence the concentrations of POPs and biomarker responses.Obtained data suggest that integrative approach, combining chemical and ecotoxicological measurements, may represent a good way to asses the quality of the environment, particularly, in the context of biomonitoring programs.

In reading the literary criticism on Janet Frame's work it soon turns out that Frame was deconstructive before the concept was even invented. Thus, deconstruction is used in this essay to close-read a passage in the title story of her collection of short stories, The Lagoon (1951). The main hierarchical dichotomy of the passage is found to be the one between "the sea" and "the lagoon," in which the sea is proven to hold supremacy. "The sea" is read as an image of the great sea of English literary/cultural reference whereas "the lagoon" is read as an image of the vulnerably interdependent, peripheral pool of it, in the form of New Zealand literary/cultural reference. Through this symbolic and post-colonial reading the hierarchical dichotomy between "the sea" and "the lagoon" is deconstrued and reversed. In the conclusion, a post-colonial trace of Maori influence displaces the oppositional relation between "the sea" and "the lagoon."

The rapid expansion of Great Cormorant populations during the second part of the 20th century has caused many conflicts, mostly with fisheries. Cormorants are often considered as important reason for depleted fish stocks, although evidences are often insufficient. This study of the Great Cormorant diet took place in the largest Lithuanian colony near Juodkrantė. Important for the impact evaluation cormorant nutrition aspects, including diet composition, its temporal variation and feeding selectivity, were determined. The reliability of pellet analysis for quantitative dietary assessments was evaluated for the first time using a stable isotope mixing model. Great Cormorant impact on spatial fish distribution was also assessed for the first time. Long-term fish community monitoring data were used for Cormorant impact assessment in the Curonian Lagoon. The results of our study are important for providing improved assessments of the long-term effects of Cormorants on fish communities in large, complex, highly productive aquatic systems. The practical significance of this study is its evaluation of competition between cormorants and commercial fishermen, which enables to substantiate the need to regulate cormorant population. Assessments of Cormorant impact on invasive Round Goby populations is also important. / XX amžiaus antroje pusėje didžiųjų kormoranų populiacijos Europoje staigus augimas sukėlė eilę konfliktų, daugiausia su žvejais ir žuvų augintojais. Kormoranai dažnai kaltinami dėl mažėjančių žuvų išteklių, tačiau moksliniais tyrimais pagrįstų įrodymų dažnai trūksta. Šiame tyrime buvo tiriama didžiųjų kormoranų mityba didžiausioje Lietuvoje Juodkrantės kolonijoje. Darbe buvo nustatyti svarbūs kormoranų poveikio vertinimui mitybos aspektai – raciono sudėtis ir jos kitimas laike, mitybos selektyvumas. Pirmą kartą buvo įvertintas atrajų analizės metodo patikimumas raciono sudėties kiekybiniam vertinimui, naudojant stabiliųjų izotopų sudėties analizės metodą. Taip pat pirmą kartą buvo vertinamas didžiųjų kormoranų poveikis žuvų populiacijoms erdvėje. Remiantis daugiamečio monitoringo duomenimis, buvo įvertintas kormoranų poveikis žuvų populiacijoms Kuršių mariose. Šio tyrimo rezultatai leidžia geriau įvertinti didžiųjų kormoranų ilgalaikį poveikį žuvų bendrijoms didelėse sudėtingose aukšto produktyvumo vandens sistemose. Praktinę vertę šiame darbe turi kormoranų ir žvejų verslininkų tiesioginės ir netiesioginės konkurencijos įvertinimas, leidžiantis pagrįsti kormoranų populiacijos reguliavimo priemonių tikslingumą. Svarbus praktiškai yra ir kormoranų poveikio invazinio juodažiočio grundalo populiacijai įvertinimas.

Dumbliai – mikroskopiniai planktono organizmai – vienas iš pagrindinių hidroekosistemų komponentų, pirminiai organinės medžiagos producentai. Didėjant vandens telkinių trofiškumui, mažėja dumblių rūšių įvairovė, keičiasi vyraujančių rūšių kompleksas. Dažnai eutrofikuotuose vandens telkiniuose ima dominuoti prokariotiniai autotrofiniai mikroorganizmai – melsvabakterės, kurios sukelia intensyvius vandens „žydėjimo“ procesus ežeruose, jūrinėse lagūnose, jūrose bei vandenynuose. Dėl šios priežasties blogėja vandens kokybė. Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais išsamių tyrimų objektu visame pasaulyje tampa toksiniai fitoplanktono dumbliai ir melsvabakterės. Tyrimais yra nustatyta, kad pusė iš visų vandens „žydėjimo“ atvejų yra toksiški (RAPALA, LAHTI, 2002). Pasaulyje atliekami monitoringiniai tyrimai, siekiant įvertinti toksinių dumblių ir melsvabakterių vystymosi tendencijas, priklausomybę nuo aplinkos sąlygų, toksinio vandens „žydėjimo“ priežastis. Pasitelkiant cheminius bei genetinius metodus, nustatoma toksinių medžiagų cheminė sudėtis, vertinamas jų poveikis gyviems organizmams. Šiaurinės Kuršių marių dalies vasariniame planktone 2004-2006 m. aptiktos 223 dumblių rūšys, priklausančios 5 klasėms. 97 rūšys (43 %), priklauso Chlorophyceae klasei, 71 rūšis (32 %) – Cyanophyceae, 40 rūšių (18 %) – Bacillariophyceae, 9 rūšys (4 %) – Euglenophyceae ir 6 rūšys (3 %) – Dinophyceae klasei, iš jų aptiktos 26 potencialiai toksinės dumblių ir melsvabakterių rūšys, priklausančios 3 klasėms, 14... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Curonian Lagoon is a shallow transitional water basin located in the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea. The southern and central parts of the lagoon contain freshwater due to discharge from the Nemunas River, while the salinity in the northern part varies from 0 to 8 PSU, depending on winds activity affecting brackish water inflow from the Baltic Sea. The investigation was carried out in the fresh-brackish water mixing zone (Influence zone of Baltic Sea), in the central part and Nemunas River influence zone in July-August 2004 - 2006. Changes in physico-chemical parameters, chlorophyll a concentration, phytoplankton and toxic algae cell density were monitored. Totally 223 species and varieties mainly belonging to Chlorophyceae (43 %) and Cyanophyceae (32 %) were found. 26 algae species from 3 algae classes (Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Dinophyceae) were identified as potential toxic species in the northern part of Curonian Lagoon during 2004 and 2006 summer time. Dominated toxic species Ahpanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis aeruginosa, M. viridis, M. wesenbergii, Woronichinia compacta. Phytoplankton biomass in Curonian Lagoon surface ranged from 12,27 to 50,22 mg/l. The peak of phytoplankton (33,11 mg/l) and potential toxic algae (28,67 mg/l) biomass in 2004 summer time was observed near by Klaipeda Strait, were Aphanizomenon flos-aquae contain 36 % from total biomass. In 2005 summer time the highest phytoplankton (50,22 mg/l) and toxic algae (21.46 mg//l) biomass were... [to full text]

Biodiversity secures long term flows of benefits from nature by providing resilience to disturbance and environmental change. Nevertheless, climate change, fragmentation and habitat destruction among other anthropogenic drivers, are inadvertently, causing continued decline of global biodiversity, at a rate that is 100-1000 times more than what can be considered as natural, sending it virtually to the brink. Protected Areas (PAs) remain the core strategy for biodiversity conservation, but they have been challenged for “denying” local communities, the flow of their bona fide benefits and contributing to rural poverty, and compromising conservation as a result. Community Based Natural Resources Governance (CBNRG) responds to the challenge, but the challenge is exacerbated by the fact that a broad array of desired outcomes as well as a large range of unlinked and uncoordinated nodes of governance (actors) across multiple scales are involved in governance within the same social-ecological system. These result in failure to achieve desired conservation and development related outcomes. Furthermore, many assessments of conservation and development outcomes have often concentrated on perceived outcomes, without much attention to the desired outcomes of actors. Additionally, many studies do not investigate variability between the desired and perceived outcomes of different actors in different CBNRG systems, and within the same CBNRG system. This masks differences among actors across and within CBNRG systems and makes it difficult to gauge governance effectiveness, and probably leads to incomplete assessments CBNRG systems, and simplistic conclusions that can affect the long term credibility of CBNRG. This dissertation contributes to the discussions by focusing on five Community Resource Management Areas (CREMAs) in Ghana to address challenges of governance and social-ecological performance through analysis of the governance structure related to CREMAs at the local, district and regional levels. It assesses how the governance system encounters the issue of fragmentation, the problems associated with conservation and development, and weaknesses associated with measuring the viability of CBNRG systems. Data was collected through multiple methods. Document analysis and interviews were conducted to facilitate design of a survey, administered to 929 respondents across the five CREMAs. Three workshops that engaged a total of 50 participants were also conducted. Findings of the study are organized in three chapters (papers). Chapter One suggests that the form and content of multi actor linkages as presently constructed in Ghana have gaps and weaknesses such as inter alia, inadequate funding and attention to conservation and development as a distinct project. Therefore in its current configuration, CREMAs cannot achieve a balance between conservation and development. Chapter Two shows that based on a mix of factors that mediate CBNRG, significant variability in desired and perceived outcomes of actors can exist between and within different CBNRG systems. Chapter Three points to variability in the ratings of outcomes among actors in different communities within the same CBNRG system. Consequently, it is important that CBNRG considers the specific conservation and development perspectives of actors in different contexts, in order to customize Community Based Natural Resources Management strategies. / Graduate / 0366

O estudo da dinâmica dos parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água em lagoas costeiras é essencial para entender o funcionamento destes ecossistemas; o que por sua vez permite o desenvolvimento de estratégias adequadas de gerenciamento e conservação de seus recursos. Neste estudo, analisou-se a qualidade da água da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas (Rio de Janeiro/RJ) e dos seus principais tributários. Foram utilizados os dados oriundos do projeto de monitoramento da qualidade da água realizado pela SMAC/RJ, entre dezembro de 2011 e dezembro de 2012. O objetivo precípuo foi compreender a dinâmica espacial e temporal da variação do estado trófico e da qualidade da água, assim como avaliar a exequibilidade e aplicabilidade de índices multimétricos (IQA, IET, ICE, IC, TRIX) ao projeto de monitoramento ambiental da LRF. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas mensais e semanais da água superficial em cinco pontos amostrais, na LRF, e cinco pontos nos rios/canais. Em seguida, análises físico-químicas e biológicas foram realizadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram relativa homogeneidade espacial e elevada variação sazonal da qualidade da água superficial. Os índices aplicados aos dados indicaram uma variação temporal representativa do estado trófico e da qualidade da água, sendo as classificações para os rios e canais diferentes às verificadas na LRF. Esta apresentou variação entre supereutrófica e hipereutrófica, já os primeiros foram mesotróficos. A qualidade da água da LRF apresentou majoritariamente entre moderada a boa. Os rios e canais foram classificados ruins e médios. Concluiu-se que diferentes modelos podem resultar em diferentes classificações de níveis de trofia e qualidade da água. Análises estatísticas de tendência indicaram estabilidade da qualidade da água, sem uma projeção representativa de melhoria da qualidade hídrica. Já análises multivariadas (RDA, PCA BEST, SIMPER, ANOSIM, MDS e CLUSTER) mostraram um elevado dinamismo da comunidade fitoplanctônica com nítida resposta às oscilações de variáveis físico-químicas específicas, apesar da dominância recorrente por cianobactérias. / The study of the dynamics of physical, chemical and biological parameters in coastal lagoons is essential to understand how these ecosystems function, which enables the development of appropriate strategies for management and conservation of its water resources. This research analyzed the water quality of the Rodrigo de Freitas lagoon (LRF), located in the city of Rio de Janeiro/RJ, and its main tributaries. Data from the Water Quality Monitoring Program conducted by Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente do Rio de Janeiro between December 2011 and December 2012 were used. The main objective of this study is clarify the spatiotemporal dynamic of the variation of the trophic state and water quality of the LRF, and assess the applicability and feasibility of specific multimetric indices (IQA, IET, ICE, IC, TRIX). In order to achieving this goal, weekly and monthly surface water samplings were performed at five stations in the LRF and five stations in the rivers/channels. Physico-chemical and microbiological (bacteriological and phytoplankton) variables were analyzed in situ or in the laboratory. The results showed relative spatial homogeneity and high temporal variation of the water quality. The trophic state and water quality indices classified the rivers/channels as mostly mesotrophic and the LRF between supereutrophic and hypereutrophic. The water quality was classified between moderate to good in the LRF and medium and bad for the rivers/channels. It was concluded, therefore, that different assessment models may result in contradictory classifications of the trophic and and water quality conditions. Trend statistical analysis indicated stability of trophic conditions but without a representative prediction of improving water quality. Finally, it is emphasized that the multivariate statistical analysis (RDA, PCA BEST, SIMPER, ANOSIM, MDS and CLUSTER) demonstrated a high dynamism of the phytoplankton community in response to fluctuations in the physico-chemical characteristics, despite the recurrent dominance by cyanobacteria.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3222494 bytes, checksum: 78618fcec354fb9b93e356bb7523df94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-20 / In the pulp and paper industry there is a large consumption of water in their processes which are directly linked to the issue of wastewater and characteristics of these effluents . Normally these industries treat their effluents by biological processes such as activated sludge and aerated lagoons . The treatment system aerated lagoons are classified as optional or complete mixing due to the power density of the aeration equipment . This study analyzes the performance of a complete-mix aerated lagoon followed by decantation pond of Santher paper mill located in Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais. Checks the current status of the treatment system with respect to flow, hydraulic detention time (HDT), power density, temperature and the availability of dissolved oxygen (DO) provided by nine aerators. The volumetric flow measurement method was used to determine a rate of 2419 m3/day, with corresponding and TDH's of 8.76 and 1.87 for the aeration and settling ponds, respectively. The temperatures did not exhibit large variations within each pond, the aerators indicated power density of 3.12 W/m3, a value close to the recommended minimum degree, and DO concentrations on the surface of the pond aeration above the recommended minimum, yet close the bottom of the pond, DO levels were observed in the range of 0 to 2.0 mg/L.. Physico-chemical characterization of the effluent was performed and compared to standards for effluent discharge in force in the State of Minas Gerais. Removal efficiencies of COD, BOD, TSS and oil and grease were 82%, 83%, 95% and 84%, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus were found in excess in the lagoons. The final effluent did not present acute toxicity to Daphnia similis or chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. The soluble COD removal coefficent for the complete mix aerated lagoon was estimated to be 0,23/day. Specific ultraviolet absorbance ( SUVA 254 ) of the effluent decreased at each stage of treatment, while UV 254 /UV 280 values remained constant throughout the system. The study also examined the occurrence of browning and odor generation in the settling pond, where the episodes were associated with lack of oxygen in the pond triggering anaerobic condition. / Na indústria de papel há grande consumo de água em seus processos, o que gera grande emissão de águas residuárias com diferentes características. Normalmente, essas indústrias tratam seus efluentes por processos biológicos como lodos ativados e lagoas aeradas. Os sistemas de tratamento por lagoas aeradas são classificados como aeradas facultativas ou de mistura completa, em função da densidade de potência dos equipamentos de aeração. O presente estudo analisa o desempenho de uma lagoa aerada de mistura completa seguida de lagoa de decantação da fábrica de papel SANTHER, situada em Governador Valadares-MG . Verificou-se a atual situação do sistema de tratamento com relação à vazão, tempo de detenção hidráulica, densidade de potência, temperaturas e disponibilidade de oxigênio dissolvido, fornecido por 9 aeradores. Utilizando-se o método volumétrico de medição de vazão foi medida uma vazão de 2419 m3/dia, e os TDH ́s de 8,76 e 1,87 dias para as lagoas de aeração e decantação, respectivamente. As temperaturas não apresentaram grandes variações no interior de cada lagoa, os aeradores indicaram densidade de potência de 3,12 W/m3, valor próximo ao mínino recomendado, e OD com concentrações na superfície da lagoa de aeração superiores ao mínimo recomendado, porém, próximo ao fundo da lagoa, foram constatados teores de OD na faixa de 0 a 2,0 mg/L. Foi realizada uma caracterização físico-química do efluente e comparado aos padrões de lançamento de efluentes vigentes nos Estado de Minas Gerais. As eficiências de remoção de DQO, DBO, SST e óleos e graxas foram de 82%, 83%, 95% e 84%, respectivamente. Nitrogênio e fósforo apresentaram-se em excesso no efluente da lagoa aerada. O efluente final não apresentou toxicidade aguda à Daphnia similis e nem toxicidade crônica à Ceriodaphnia dúbia. O valor do coeficiente da DQO solúvel estimado para a lagoa aerada de mistura completa foi de 0,23/d. A absorvância ultravioleta específica (SUVA254) aumentou ao longo do sistema de tratamento, enquanto os valores de UV254/UV280 permaneceram constantes. O estudo também analisou a ocorrência de escurecimento e geração de odor na lagoa de decantação, em que os episódios foram associados a falta de oxigênio na lagoa desencadeando a condição de anaerobiose.

A pesquisa aqui apresentada objetivou desenvolver uma análise das alterações ambientais da lagoa Negra, focalizando a qualidade da água. A lagoa Negra está situada no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Município de Viamão, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Para alcançar o objetivo geral deste estudo, estabeleceu-se três objetivos específicos, quais sejam: caracterizar a formação e dinâmica natural da lagoa Negra no âmbito regional; caracterizar a evolução da cobertura vegetal e do uso do solo no entorno desta lagoa; analisar as águas da lagoa Negra a partir de parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade. A análise da formação e da dinâmica natural evidenciou que a lagoa Negra tem sua gênese relacionada à formação da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, caracterizando-se como um ambiente lacustre distrófico e por isso com tendência, ainda que remota, a se transformar em uma grande turfeira. No entanto, a caracterização da cobertura vegetal e do uso do solo nas áreas circundantes a lagoa Negra evidenciou que as atividades econômicas, relacionadas à agricultura, estão interferindo no processo natural de evolução da área em estudo. Para inferir sobre tais interferências, a água da lagoa Negra foi analisada a partir dos seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos de qualidade: condutividade elétrica, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), fósforo total, nitrato, oxigênio dissolvido (OD), potencial de hidrogênio (pH), sólidos dissolvidos totais (SDT), sólidos suspensos totais (SST) e turbidez. A coleta de água, para análise laboratorial, foi feita em dois pontos: Ponto 01 e Ponto 02. A partir da análise dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água da lagoa Negra, percebeu-se que alguns destes aumentaram seus valores significativamente na Terceira Campanha Amostral, como é o caso do fósforo total e do nitrato. Cabe ressaltar que este ocorrido foi verificado apenas no Ponto 02, ou seja, no ponto da lagoa Negra mais próximo às áreas de lavoura do arroz. Nesse sentido, a proposta de trabalho adverte sobre a necessidade de implantação de uma zona de amortecimento para o Parque Estadual de Itapuã, de forma a garantir uma maior proteção à lagoa Negra, já que esta é praticamente o limite físico entre o parque e as áreas destinadas ao cultivo do arroz. / The research presented here aimed to develop an analysis of changes in the environment of the Black Lagoon, focusing on water quality. The Black Lagoon is located in the Itapuã State Park, City of Viamão, state of Rio Grande do Sul / Brazil. To achieve the overall objective of this study, it was established three specific objectives: characterize the natural dynamics of the Black Lagoon at the regional area; characterize the evolution of plant cover and the use of soil around the lagoon; analyse the Black’s Lagoon water from physical and chemical parameters of quality. The analysis of training and the natural dynamics showed that the Black Lagoon has its genesis related to the formation of the Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul, characterizing itself as a dystrophic lake environment and so on trend, though remote, to become a large bog. However, the characterization of plant cover and of land use in areas surrounding the Black Lagoon showed that the economic activities, related to agriculture, are interfering with the natural process of evolution of the area under study. To infer about such interference, the Black’s Lagoon water was analyzed from the following physical and chemical parameters of quality: electrical conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total phosphorus, nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO), potential of hydrogen (pH), total dissolved solids (SDT), total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. The water collection for laboratory analysis was done on two points: Point 01 and Point 02. From the analysis of physical and chemical parameters of water in the Black Lagoon, it is understood that some of its values increased significantly in the Third Sample Campaign, such as the total phosphorus and nitrate. It is noteworthy that this occurrency was found only in Point 02, that is the closest point of the Black Lagoon to the areas of rice farming. Accordingly, the proposed work warns about the need for deployment of an area of damping to the Itapuã State Park to ensure greater protection to the Black Lagoon, as this is virtually the physical limit between the park and areas for the cultivation of rice.