Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal explicitar a relação entre estrutura fundiária e paisagem, tendo como pressupostos teóricos os conceitos de paisagem segundo a Geografia Cultural Humanista, as relações entre norma e território e o papel da cartografia na representação da paisagem. O estudo de caso está situado na zona leste de São Paulo. Partindo dos antecedentes históricos da formação e expansão da cidade de São Paulo do ponto de vista da apropriação privada do território e sua normatização, o estudo buscou discutir os processos que levaram à atual configuração fundiária urbana e as razões de suas irregularidades. Como método de trabalho, foram analisados os loteamentos aprovados e implantados na década de 1960, sob a vigência do Decreto-Lei 58 de 1937, primeira norma federal sobre parcelamento do solo. Os elementos a analisados foram: o traçado do sistema viário, a destinação de áreas para espaços públicos e os lotes privados, à luz das características do sítio físico considerando elementos como topografia e hidrografia. Mais do que uma sucessão de parcelamentos de terra ou uma justaposição desconexa de loteamentos, verificou-se no caso em estudo, que a estrutura fundiária urbana, , sua normatização e representação revelam lógicas de apropriação do território, da produção do espaço e da configuração da paisagem. Nesse sentido a paisagem é considerada uma construção social, organizada segundo as práticas sociais. As paisagens produzidas no contexto da periferização da cidade e da exclusão sócio territorial que caracterizaram a expansão da cidade a leste são paisagens da exclusão, não necessariamente ilegais, mas clandestinas no sentido de marginais ou secundárias. Conhecer essas paisagens e seus processos de construção permite relativizar conceitos pré estabelecidos / The main purpose of this work is to clarify the relationship between land structure and landscape, based on the theoretical framework of landscape concepts according to the Humanist Cultural Geography, the relationships between norms and land, and the role of cartography in the representation of the landscape. This case study is situated on the east side of São Paulo city. Taking into consideration the historical background of the formation and expansion of the city of São Paulo from the point of view of private ownership of land and its [A1]regulation, the study sought to discuss the processes, which led to the current urban land configuration and the reasons for its irregularities. As a research method, this study analyzed the approved and implemented land lots in the 1960s, under the Decree Law 58 of 1937, the first federal regulation of soil subdivisions. The following factors were investigated: the layout of the road system, the allocation of areas for public spaces and private lots, in the light of the characteristics of the physical site considering elements such as topography and hydrography. More than just a succession of subdivisions of land or a disjointed juxtaposition of land lots, it was found in this case study that the urban land structure, its regulation and representation revealed a logical ownership of land, space production and landscape setting. In this sense, the landscape is considered a social construct, organized according to social practices. The landscapes produced in the context of periferization and social land exclusion, which characterized the land expansion of the city to the east side, are landscapes of exclusion, not necessarily illegal, but clandestine in a sense of marginal or secondary. To understand the processes of construction of those landscapes can lead to reconsider previous concepts, incorporating new ways of addressing the urban and thinking of the city

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal explicitar a relação entre estrutura fundiária e paisagem, tendo como pressupostos teóricos os conceitos de paisagem segundo a Geografia Cultural Humanista, as relações entre norma e território e o papel da cartografia na representação da paisagem. O estudo de caso está situado na zona leste de São Paulo. Partindo dos antecedentes históricos da formação e expansão da cidade de São Paulo do ponto de vista da apropriação privada do território e sua normatização, o estudo buscou discutir os processos que levaram à atual configuração fundiária urbana e as razões de suas irregularidades. Como método de trabalho, foram analisados os loteamentos aprovados e implantados na década de 1960, sob a vigência do Decreto-Lei 58 de 1937, primeira norma federal sobre parcelamento do solo. Os elementos a analisados foram: o traçado do sistema viário, a destinação de áreas para espaços públicos e os lotes privados, à luz das características do sítio físico considerando elementos como topografia e hidrografia. Mais do que uma sucessão de parcelamentos de terra ou uma justaposição desconexa de loteamentos, verificou-se no caso em estudo, que a estrutura fundiária urbana, , sua normatização e representação revelam lógicas de apropriação do território, da produção do espaço e da configuração da paisagem. Nesse sentido a paisagem é considerada uma construção social, organizada segundo as práticas sociais. As paisagens produzidas no contexto da periferização da cidade e da exclusão sócio territorial que caracterizaram a expansão da cidade a leste são paisagens da exclusão, não necessariamente ilegais, mas clandestinas no sentido de marginais ou secundárias. Conhecer essas paisagens e seus processos de construção permite relativizar conceitos pré estabelecidos / The main purpose of this work is to clarify the relationship between land structure and landscape, based on the theoretical framework of landscape concepts according to the Humanist Cultural Geography, the relationships between norms and land, and the role of cartography in the representation of the landscape. This case study is situated on the east side of São Paulo city. Taking into consideration the historical background of the formation and expansion of the city of São Paulo from the point of view of private ownership of land and its [A1]regulation, the study sought to discuss the processes, which led to the current urban land configuration and the reasons for its irregularities. As a research method, this study analyzed the approved and implemented land lots in the 1960s, under the Decree Law 58 of 1937, the first federal regulation of soil subdivisions. The following factors were investigated: the layout of the road system, the allocation of areas for public spaces and private lots, in the light of the characteristics of the physical site considering elements such as topography and hydrography. More than just a succession of subdivisions of land or a disjointed juxtaposition of land lots, it was found in this case study that the urban land structure, its regulation and representation revealed a logical ownership of land, space production and landscape setting. In this sense, the landscape is considered a social construct, organized according to social practices. The landscapes produced in the context of periferization and social land exclusion, which characterized the land expansion of the city to the east side, are landscapes of exclusion, not necessarily illegal, but clandestine in a sense of marginal or secondary. To understand the processes of construction of those landscapes can lead to reconsider previous concepts, incorporating new ways of addressing the urban and thinking of the city

Cette recherche de maîtrise s’intéresse au processus de périurbanisation à Yangon, métropole du Myanmar, dans un contexte de métropolisation et de libéralisation de la gestion des ressources foncières. Dans ce mémoire, je défends l’idée que la périurbanisation doit être considérée comme un processus de reconfiguration des espaces politiques et des dynamiques foncières marchandes alimentées par l’ensemble des acteurs des espaces périphériques de Yangon. Une approche de la périurbanisation par la géographie politique et une perspective relationnelle du concept de marchandisation permet de comprendre la complexité des relations de pouvoir et des dynamiques foncières marchandes qui contribuent à façonner les espaces périurbains de Yangon. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une étude des pratiques et stratégies foncières des acteurs locaux à Thanlyin, township périurbain de Yangon, dans un contexte de développement accéléré de son territoire. L’analyse produite dans cette recherche démontre que la périurbanisation est un processus complexe de territorialisation de la tension entre la formalité et l’informalité foncières, de formation d’agencements fonciers favorisant la marchandisation de la terre et de production de nouveaux espaces politiques multiscalaires. / This master’s research focuses on the process of peri-urbanization in Yangon, Myanmar’s metropolis, in a context of metropolization and liberalization of land resource management. In this thesis, I defend the idea that peri-urbanization must be considered as a process of reconfiguring political spaces and land commodification dynamics fueled by the actors of the peripheral areas of Yangon. An approach to peri-urbanization through political geography and a relational perspective of the concept of commodification allows us to understand the complexity of power relations and market land dynamics that help shape the peri-urban spaces of Yangon. This research is based on a study of land practices and strategies of local actors in Thanlyin, a peri-urban township of Yangon, in a context of accelerated development of its territory. The analysis produced in this research demonstrates that peri-urbanization is a complex process of territorialization of the tension between land formality and informality, of formation of land assemblage favoring land commodification and of new multi-scale political space production.

Palestine is known as the birthplace of Christianity. However the Christian population of this land is relatively insignificant today, despite the continuing institutional legacy that the 19th century Western missionary focus on the region created. Palestinian Christians are often forced to employ politically astute as well as theologically radical means in their efforts to appear relevant within an increasingly Islamist-oriented society. My thesis focuses on two ecumenical Christian organisations within Palestine, the Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Centre in Jerusalem (headed by the Anglican cleric Naim Stifan Ateek) and Dar Annadwa Addawliyya (the International Centre of Bethlehem-ICB, directed by the Lutheran theologian Mitri Raheb). Based on my field work (consisting of an in-depth familiarisation with the two organisations in Palestine and interviews with their directors, office-staff and supporters worldwide, as well as data analyses based on an extensive literature review), I argue that the grassroots-oriented educational, humanitarian, cultural and contextual theological approach favoured by the ICB in Bethlehem is more relevant to the Palestinian situation, than the more sectarian and Western-oriented approach of the Sabeel Centre. These two groups are analysed primarily according to their theological-political approaches. One, (Sabeel), has sought to develop a critical Christian response to the Palestine-Israel conflict using the politico-theological tool of liberation theology, albeit with a strongly ecumenical Western-oriented focus, while the other (ICB), insists that its theological orientation draws primarily from the Levantine Christian (and in their particular case, the Palestinian Lutheran) context in which Christians in Israel-Palestine are placed. Raheb of the ICB has tried to develop a contextual theology that seeks to root the political and cultural development of the Palestinian people within their own Eastern Christian context and in light of their peculiarly restricted life under an Israeli occupation regime of over 40 years. In the process, I argue that the ICB has sought to be much more situationally relevant to the needs of the Palestinian people in the West Bank, given the employment, socio-cultural and humanitarian-health opportunities opened up by the practical-institution building efforts of this organisation in Bethlehem.

Un regain d'intérêt pour la télédétection de la salinité de surface de l'océan (SSS) par radiométrie en bande-L (21cm) est apparu dans les années 1990 et a conduit au lancement des missions spatiales SMOS (nov. 2009) et Aquarius (juin 2011). Cependant, en raison du faible rapport signal sur bruit, l'inversion de la SSS à partir des mesures radiométriques en bande-L est très difficile. Ce travail porte sur l'étude de la signature radiométrique en bande-L des propriétés de la surface de l'océan (en particulier SSS et rugosité) à partir des mesures du radiomètre aéroporté en bande-L CAROLS, acquises dans le golfe de Gascogne en 2009 et 2010. Une première étude a montré que la SSS déduite des mesures du radiomètre CAROLS était précise à mieux que 0.3 pss dans une zone de forte variabilité spatio-temporelle avec une meilleure précision que les modèles océanographiques côtiers. La seconde étude qui combine les mesures passives (CAROLS) et active (diffusiomètre en bande-C STORM) a mis en évidence l'amélioration des nouveaux modèles de rugosité par rapport aux modèles pré-lancement satellitaires. Par ailleurs, l'étude a montré l'importance de la prise en compte des moyennes et grandes échelles de rugosité (> 20 cm) pour l'interprétation des mesures radiomé- triques loin du nadir.