Esta pesquisa está voltada para o estudo arqueológico do Jaó, uma das áreas do Estado de São Paulo categorizada como comunidade remanescente de quilombo no ano de 2000. O sítio arqueológico histórico do Jaó está localizado na cidade de Itapeva, sudoeste do Estado. Trata-se de um bem que permaneceu indiviso entre os herdeiros, um sítio caboclo de raiz africana que se formou nos anos posteriores à abolição e que se constituiu como propriedade privada, no contexto da decadência do Tropeirismo. As comunidades negras rurais se constituíram a partir de uma grande diversidade de processos e estão presente em todo território nacional. Busca-se através da Arqueologia da Paisagem e do cotejamento com as fontes históricas, cartoriais e orais, outros caminhos interpretativos para a paisagem quilombola. Assim, na interface entre Arqueologia e Museologia, esta pesquisa pretende demonstrar como o Jaó e seu entorno podem ser vistos como um território privilegiado para uma ação baseada na identificação, valorização e preservação do patrimônio tanto material como imaterial, ainda não analisados plenamente. O trabalho de campo tem como objetivo principal apresentar aos habitantes do quilombo, a paisagem e os lugares da memória como referências patrimoniais. Estes, uma vez localizados, serão a base para ações de musealização / This research is turned to the archaelogical study of Jaó, one of the areas in the State of São Paulo, that in the year 2000, was categorized as remaining quilombo colony. The historical archaeological site of Jaó, is located in Itapeva, a town in the South East of the State. It is a property that stayed whole, without divisions between heirs, a small holding of peasants of african roots, formed in the years subsequent slavery abolition, and became private property with the decline of \"tropeirismo\". Black rural communities were created during various processes of diversity and area now present in the whole national territory. It is hoped that through Landscape Archaeology and comparing historic sources being them by mouth and drawings, will be possible interpret a quilombo landscape. So, in the interface between Archeology and Museology, this research intends to demonstrate how Jaó and it surrounding area, can be seen as a priviledged territory, to be identified, valorized and preserved through actions of material and non material identification of this heritage, not yet wholly analised. The land work has at its principal aim, to present this quilombo people, a landscape and memory sites as patrimonial references. These, once located, will be the basis of actions to create a museum

Esta pesquisa está voltada para o estudo arqueológico do Jaó, uma das áreas do Estado de São Paulo categorizada como comunidade remanescente de quilombo no ano de 2000. O sítio arqueológico histórico do Jaó está localizado na cidade de Itapeva, sudoeste do Estado. Trata-se de um bem que permaneceu indiviso entre os herdeiros, um sítio caboclo de raiz africana que se formou nos anos posteriores à abolição e que se constituiu como propriedade privada, no contexto da decadência do Tropeirismo. As comunidades negras rurais se constituíram a partir de uma grande diversidade de processos e estão presente em todo território nacional. Busca-se através da Arqueologia da Paisagem e do cotejamento com as fontes históricas, cartoriais e orais, outros caminhos interpretativos para a paisagem quilombola. Assim, na interface entre Arqueologia e Museologia, esta pesquisa pretende demonstrar como o Jaó e seu entorno podem ser vistos como um território privilegiado para uma ação baseada na identificação, valorização e preservação do patrimônio tanto material como imaterial, ainda não analisados plenamente. O trabalho de campo tem como objetivo principal apresentar aos habitantes do quilombo, a paisagem e os lugares da memória como referências patrimoniais. Estes, uma vez localizados, serão a base para ações de musealização / This research is turned to the archaelogical study of Jaó, one of the areas in the State of São Paulo, that in the year 2000, was categorized as remaining quilombo colony. The historical archaeological site of Jaó, is located in Itapeva, a town in the South East of the State. It is a property that stayed whole, without divisions between heirs, a small holding of peasants of african roots, formed in the years subsequent slavery abolition, and became private property with the decline of \"tropeirismo\". Black rural communities were created during various processes of diversity and area now present in the whole national territory. It is hoped that through Landscape Archaeology and comparing historic sources being them by mouth and drawings, will be possible interpret a quilombo landscape. So, in the interface between Archeology and Museology, this research intends to demonstrate how Jaó and it surrounding area, can be seen as a priviledged territory, to be identified, valorized and preserved through actions of material and non material identification of this heritage, not yet wholly analised. The land work has at its principal aim, to present this quilombo people, a landscape and memory sites as patrimonial references. These, once located, will be the basis of actions to create a museum

Conflict archaeology is a fairly new discipline and is in the process of defining its methods and theories. Recently, the American Battlefield Protection Program has started requiring that grant applicants perform a KOCOA analysis. KOCOA is a modern military technique and stands for Key terrain, Obstacle, Cover and Concealment, Observation, and Avenues of Approach. However, this method was developed for modern warfare, and its adoption by the archaeological community has not yet been analyzed. I argue that this method needs a few modifications to make it more applicable to historical research and that it can be broadened to investigate more complex questions regarding decision-making processes. In its current form, KOCOA only looks at how a landscape was used during conflict based on the results of what happened. I contend we can use this method to analyze the landscape and look at the decisions that went into selecting it. Employing KOCOA in this manner will allow us to understand how militaries adapted, or failed to adapt, to a given landscape. The Second Seminole War in Florida (1835-1842) can serve as an ideal case study. For one thing, the military had never experienced the Florida environment, and therefore adaptations to landscape utilization will be readily apparent. Also, in the early 19th-century, the military as a cultural institution indoctrinated its members through extensive training at the United States Military Academy in West Point, NY, and I propose this standardized education had a significant negative effect on the shape, direction, and outcome of the Second Seminole War due to the gap between the knowledge gained through training and the knowledge needed in the field when fighting a war with Indians in the swamps and hammocks of Florida. Using modern military theory, the purpose of this research is to develop tools to measure how traditional European educational methods, which officers received while at the Military Academy, hindered their ability to adapt to the unique and challenging environment they encountered while trying to remove the Seminole Indians from the Florida territory. Conflict archaeology is also well suited to investigate the more human side, such as the decision-making processes and adaptations required, moving beyond the "what" and "how" aspects of conflict to the "why." One traditional approach to conflict archaeology is KOCOA. As used archaeologically, KOCOA employs modern cartographic information. Those participating in the conflict, however, would not have had access to this level of detail. Therefore, I propose that KOCOA be revised to incorporate the knowledge that would have been available to the decision makers at the time of the conflict. The aim of this research is to expand the methodologies of conflict archaeology to include indirect expressions of warfare and to incorporate them into a meaningful discussion of their role in the outcome of conflict. To accomplish this, I have developed a model against which hypotheses about the decision-making processes and their effectiveness can be compared.

This thesis examines Phrygian cultic sites in Western Phrygia from the perspective of landscape using a range of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) analyses. More specifically, it explores spatial relationships between these cultic sites and the regional geographical context with reference to certain environmental and cultural parameters. These include topography, geology, and distance to settlements, hilltop sites, and ancient roads. A total of 30 Phrygian cultic sites form the primary archaeological evidence. Secondary archaeological evidence covers a range of mound settlements and hilltop sites associated with Phrygian culture. The study heavily relies on the readily available archaeological site data from related publications and recent surveys in the region. Geographic datasets used include ASTER Global DEM and derived surfaces, as well as digital geological and historical maps. This study contributes to our understanding of Phrygian cultic sites by revealing certain patterns as to their locations. It also brings all the available site data from Western Phrygia together for the first time. Ultimately, it suggests that the &ldquo / highlandscapes&rdquo / of Phrygia with spectacular geological formations could have played a crucial role on the cultic site locations.

Developed in the early 1800's, Bulow Plantation is a prime example of the thriving sugar industry of East Florida prior to the Second Seminole War. Additionally, the layout of the slave cabins at Bulow Plantation in an arc centered on the main house is unique in Florida except for Kingsley Plantation near Jacksonville, FL. Despite its importance and the paucity of information available about even basic questions regarding life at Bulow Plantation, relatively little in the way of archaeological work has been done at the site. Using historical research and non-destructive archaeological techniques such as pedestrian survey, aerial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), and remote sensing completed as part of recent work by the Alliance for Integrated Spatial Technologies (AIST) (Collins and Doering 2009a; Collins et al 2010) this work examines not only the material landscape of Bulow Plantation but also the social and cognitive landscapes that might have shaped life for both enslaver and enslaved. Using data collected as part of AIST's larger project (Collins et al 2010) an analysis of the pedestrian survey data, as well as a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) created from aerial LiDAR data, revealed the locations of several previously unrecorded slave cabins as well as some large scale landscape features. Although there are three competing theories as to why the Bulow slave cabins were arranged in an arc, without subsurface archaeology it is impossible to endorse one interpretation over another. While the analysis of landscapes generally privileges the view of those in power, suggestions for future archaeological work are made so that the voices of those who were enslaved at Bulow Plantation can begin to be heard.

This dissertation begins with a comprehensive review of the evolutionary biological debate over the evolution of altruism and a discussion of how various models of mechanism have influenced the models of circumstance that paleoanthropologists continue to use in reconstructing details about the level of cooperation displayed by early hominin societies. The remainder of the dissertation concerns itself with systematically exposing previously unquestioned assumptions to potential falsification as well as with exploring some new scenarios concerning the evolution and landscape archaeology of Plio-Pleistocene hominin food sharing, all via a null agent-based model called SHARE. This heuristic model was built to address two major questions: (1) What range of ecological and social conditions facilitates the evolution of food sharing in artificial Plio-Pleistocene hominin populations and (2) Is food sharing at central places necessary for the formation of the so-called "scatter and patches" archaeological landscapes that are characteristic of the Plio-Pleistocene record in East Africa? In answer to the first question, population-level genetic results collected from artificial societies of hominin agents demonstrate that the so-called transitional zone of ecological patchiness can facilitate the evolution of altruistic food sharing in mixed starting populations, even if foragers lack the ability to remember past interactions or to avoid social cheaters. In answer to the second question, ecological patchiness can affect the movements of simple foragers such that the artificial archaeological landscapes they create display the same spatial signature that characterizes observed Oldowan landscapes. That is, in ecological conditions marked by fragmented food resources, archaeological landscapes composed of both concentrated patches and diffuse scatters can form as a result of solitary foragers using simple routes that are in no way tethered to culturally-defined and culturally-maintained central places. In the end, SHARE provides new hypotheses about how ecological patchiness could have influenced both the evolution of altruistic food sharing and the structure of Lower Paleolithic archaeological landscapes. The latter can be tested in the field by looking at the relationship between artifact density and the paleoenvironmental characteristics of locales both in which artifacts are abundant and from which they are conspicuously absent.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Anthropology)--Vanderbilt University, May 2010. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Through an examination of the processes and influences on the character of grey literature and its producers, this thesis explores the nature of archaeological investigation, how it is reported and the creation of archaeological data in England from 1990 to 2010 and the implications for future understanding of the English archaeological record. I intend to address broad research questions regarding grey literature and archaeology: What is grey literature? Who creates it and why? What is it meant for? Is it fit-for-purpose? My research objectives in studying grey literature reporting and archaeological fieldwork investigation in England are: •To explore the nature of archaeological grey literature reporting and its producers, the framework of its production and communication, and its impact on archaeological research and knowledge production; •To capture the developments and changes in English archaeological practice between 1990 and 2010 and their implications for the creation and understanding of the archaeological record; and •To consider potential future directions for archaeological fieldwork and reporting. I propose to achieve this using a combination of both quantitative and qualitative approaches including spatial analysis techniques, comparative analysis at a range of scales from England-wide to individual case study areas, and detailed analysis of the nature and actual content of grey literature reports alongside a characterisation of the many creators of grey literature reporting. This study will illustrate and explore the process of producing grey literature reporting as well as examining the end product itself - grey literature reports. This European Research Council funded DPhil research was undertaken within the context of the English Landscapes and Identities Project, which analyses change and continuity in the English Landscape from the middle Bronze Age (c.1500 BC) to the Domesday survey (c. AD 1086).

The Yorkshire Dales National Park contains some of the UK’s most extensive and well-preserved prehistoric landscapes. Of particular interest are a number of coaxial field systems, which cover hundreds of hectares and exhibit significant time-depth, yet remain little studied and poorly understood in relation to comparable resources elsewhere in Britain and north western Europe. This research aims to address this situation, bringing together existing disparate source materials for the first time, alongside supplementary field observation, to develop a detailed record of the coaxial landscapes. Using a Geographic Information System to manage, interpret and interrogate the combined datasets, analysis focuses on form and character, and explores prehistoric use of the iconic landscape. The study seeks to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the landscapes’ place in space and time, setting them against the backdrop of systems elsewhere, and attempts to place them within the context of later prehistoric society. The research, conducted in association with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority, also informs the management and public understanding of the archaeological resource of the Dales via the Historic Environment Record.

This paper addresses the active and changing role of circular kancha, public buildings organized around an open central court, common to the northern highlands of Perú. It discusses the distribution and chronology of this type of monument based on regional and local scale investigations in the central Los Conchucos region as well as the Callejón de Huaylas Valley. The focus on their landscape setting and the structure of the internal space, linked to the analysis of pottery samples recovered from excavations at Gotushjirka (San Nicolás district, Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald province, Ancash Region), revealed that these are spaces built to create a dramatic sense of liminality, closely tied to mortuary practices. The remodelling of circular kancha following an orthogonal plan, detected at two sites in the Cordillera Blanca —Kishwar (Yanama district, Yungay province) and Keushu (Yungay district and province)— raise questions on the interaction of different sociohistorical trajectories at subregional level. / Este trabajo aborda el papel activo y cambiante de las kancha de planta circular, estructuras públicas organizadas en torno a un patio abierto y que son comunes en la sierra norcentral del Perú. Se discuten la distribución y cronología de este tipo de monumentos a partir de las investigaciones a escala regional y local en la región de Los Conchucos y la parte media del Callejón de Huaylas. El enfoque en su emplazamiento en el paisaje y la estructura del espacio interno, ligado al análisis de los restos de cerámica hallados en las excavaciones realizadas en el sitio de Gotushjirka (distrito de San Nicolás, provincia de Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald, región Áncash), revela que se trata de espacios diseñados para crear un impresionante sentido de “liminalidad”, estrechamente vinculado con prácticas mortuorias. La remodelación de kancha circulares según un plano ortogonal, detectada en dos sitios de la Cordillera Blanca —Kishwar (distrito deYanama, provincia de Yungay) y Keushu (distrito y provincia de Yungay)— suscita interrogantes acerca de trayectorias sociohistóricas disímiles a nivel subregional.