A partir de sua fundação em 689/8 a.C. Gela, pólis siciliana, iniciou a ocupação do território (a khóra) ao redor da área urbana (a ásty). No século VI a.C. essa ocupação atingiu seu ápice, extendendo-se pelos vales dos rios Salso, Gelas-Maroglio e Dirillo e pela região montanhosa a norte da planície de Gela, quando entraram em contato tanto com os nativos quanto com outros gregos estabelecidos nas regiões de fronteiras. Nota-se a relação entre a definição desse território que os gelenses procuraram ocupar - com intenções de uso agrário - e a fundação de santuários, fato que se percebe em diversas pólis gregas tanto balcânicas quanto coloniais, mas que se mostra com muito mais clareza nas apoikias, e com especial ênfase em Gela. Assim como é notável a relação entre esses santuários e a vida política gelense. É sobre esse processo de definição política do território através do domínio religioso representado pelos espaços sagrados, assim como sobre os modos de contato e transformação das sociedades que se procurará trabalhar. / From this founding in 689/8 B.C. Gela, a sicilian polis, began the occupation of their territory - the khóra - around the urban center - the ásty. In the sixth century B.C. this occupation reached its maximum, extending through the valleys of the rivers Salso, Gelas-Maroglio and Dirillo, and through the montainous region north the Geloan Plain; when in contacted whith natives populations and with other Greeks established in the frontiers. It is remarkable the relationship between the definition of this territory that the geloans sought to occupy - with intentions of agrarian use - and the founding of sanctuaries. What we see in various balkan and colonial poleis, but that much more visible in the apoikias, Gela especially. As is noteworthy the relationship between these sanctuaries and the geloan political life. Is about this process of political definition of the territory through the religious domain represented by the sacred spaces, as well as on the modes of contact and transformation of societies that seek to discuss.

No description available.

The Yorkshire Dales National Park contains some of the UK’s most extensive and well-preserved prehistoric landscapes. Of particular interest are a number of coaxial field systems, which cover hundreds of hectares and exhibit significant time-depth, yet remain little studied and poorly understood in relation to comparable resources elsewhere in Britain and north western Europe. This research aims to address this situation, bringing together existing disparate source materials for the first time, alongside supplementary field observation, to develop a detailed record of the coaxial landscapes. Using a Geographic Information System to manage, interpret and interrogate the combined datasets, analysis focuses on form and character, and explores prehistoric use of the iconic landscape. The study seeks to enhance our knowledge and understanding of the landscapes’ place in space and time, setting them against the backdrop of systems elsewhere, and attempts to place them within the context of later prehistoric society. The research, conducted in association with the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority, also informs the management and public understanding of the archaeological resource of the Dales via the Historic Environment Record. / Arts and Humanities Research Council Collaborative Doctoral Award.

Geophysics and remote sensing were used at the Amis Mill and Homesite to determine the location of structures during the 1780s. Areas of interest were surveyed using shallow geophysical and remote sensing techniques including the orchard, horse pasture, original kitchen on the east side of the house, the west side of the house, plowed field, store site, and cemetery. After analyzing the results of the geophysical surveys and remote sensing, 22 sites were chosen to test inside and outside potential features. A large rectangular feature, possibly a tavern with a cellar, was discovered. Four other features were identified, three of which could be possible cabins of the enslaved. The first 0.37m of a midden was excavated at the probable store site, the historic road was identified with LiDAR, and 27 potential graves were located.

Yes / A series of massive geophysical anomalies, located south of the Durrington Walls henge monument, were identified during fluxgate gradiometer survey undertaken by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project (SHLP). Initially interpreted as dewponds, these data have been re-evaluated, along with information on similar features revealed by archaeological contractors undertaking survey and excavation to the north of the Durrington Walls henge. Analysis of the available data identified a total of 20 comparable features, which align within a series of arcs adjacent to Durrington Walls. Further geophysical survey, supported by mechanical coring, was undertaken on several geophysical anomalies to assess their nature, and to provide dating and environmental evidence. The results of fieldwork demonstrate that some of these features, at least, were massive, circular pits with a surface diameter of 20m or more and a depth of at least 5m. Struck flint and bone were recovered from primary silts and radiocarbon dating indicates a Late Neolithic date for the lower silts of one pit. The degree of similarity across the 20 features identified suggests that they could have formed part of a circuit of large pits around Durrington Walls, and this may also have incorporated the recently discovered Larkhill causewayed enclosure. The diameter of the circuit of pits exceeds 2km and there is some evidence that an intermittent, inner post alignment may have existed within the circuit of pits. One pit may provide evidence for a recut; suggesting that some of these features could have been maintained through to the Middle Bronze Age. Together, these features represent a unique group of features related to the henge at Durrington Walls, executed at a scale not previously recorded. / The University of Bradford Research Development Fund and the University of St Andrews funded this open access publication. / Supplementary data can be found at https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue55/4/supp-text.html

No description available.

This thesis investigates the rural landscape of the Vale of the White Horse in the late Iron Age and the Roman period. Its three aims are to place the Roman temple, amphitheatre and cemetery at Marcham / Frilford within the context of the wider rural landscape, to document the nature of the Romano-British social and economic structure and its relationship to earlier Iron Age systems, and to compare the rural community of the Vale with other communities in the upper Thames Valley. The first aim is addressed by analysing the archaeological data for the neighbourhood of the religious complex at Marcham / Frilford, integrating recent geophysical survey and commercial archaeological evaluations. It is considered whether the site's function was restricted to an extensive religious complex, or whether it can be classed as a small town. Although there is no evidence for urbanism in terms of densely packed buildings, market activities are possible. It is suggested that the cemetery might be a 'managed cemetery'. The second and third aims are addressed by presenting and evaluating the archaeological evidence for the use of the landscape. The development of the Iron Age into the Romano-British landscape is seen through changes in settlement density, structure and form, buildings such as villas, ditched field systems, communication via roads and trackways, increasing population and agricultural intensification. Variations in settlement forms in the Vale of the White Horse are considered within the wider context of settlement in the upper Thames Valley. The Iron Age landscape of the Vale appears similar to that of the gravel terraces north of the river Thames. In the Roman period it differs from the gravel terraces to the north by becoming a region of villas and local centres, which suggests differences in landholding and in social and economic structures. In addition, the late Iron Age and Romano-British settlement in the Vale of the White Horse is compared with other regional studies.

A presente dissertação discorre sobre a ocupação pré-histórica da Ilha de São Luís-Maranhão, a partir do estudo arqueológico realizado no sambaqui do Bacanga, que evidenciou vestígios materiais de populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas, que se estabeleceram na região, em torno de 6.600 anos antes do presente e permaneceram habitando esse assentamento até o ano 900 antes do presente. A pesquisa em questão, pautada nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Arqueologia da Paisagem e da Antropologia das Técnicas, aglutinou uma gama de especialidades, que se envolveram na datação de material arqueológico, na análise técnica da cerâmica, na identificação dos vestígios arqueofaunísticos, no levantamento topográfico, altimétrico e na execução de plantas e desenhos da distribuição espacial dos vestígios, bem como na caracterização geoambiental, além da própria análise dos dados arqueológicos, principalmente o material cerâmico. A descrição, interpretação e a correlação das informações obtidas no sambaqui do Bacanga permitiram construir conhecimento inédito sobre os processos ocorridos na préhistória da Ilha de São Luís, ao atestar a existência e permanência, por um longo período de tempo, de populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas adaptadas a ambiente estuarino-marinho, cuja dieta envolvia a captura de uma variedade de animais e a coleta de algumas espécies vegetais, mas que contudo, encontrava a sua base de sustentação na pesca e na utilização de crustáceos e moluscos como alimentos. O foco da análise centrou-se na investigação do modo de vida de tais populações, a partir da caracterização técnica e tipológica da cerâmica, uma vez que a presença desse tipo de evidência em sambaquis tem sua área geográfica bastante circunscrita no Brasil, envolvendo majoritariamente algumas regiões do Pará, Maranhão e em menor escala Sergipe e Bahia. Além disso, um aspecto de fundamental importância para arqueologia brasileira e que não se obteve paralelo na literatura analisada relacionou-se à descoberta de um assentamento ceramista pré-sambaqui, cuja localização era a mesma do sambaqui do Bacanga, estando situado nas camadas mais antigas de ocupação, algo entre 6.600 a 5.500 anos antes do presente, com grande concentração de cerâmica, sem, no entanto, apresentar o acúmulo de restos alimentares nos pisos de ocupação. Ao passo que as populações pescadoras- coletoras- caçadoras e ceramistas do sambaqui propriamente dito, assentaram-se entre 5.000 a 900 anos antes do presente. Em síntese, a inserção do sítio em questão, nas escalas espaciais, temporais e ambientais, bem como o estudo dos vestígios arqueológicos estabeleceram parâmetros pioneiros para que futuras pesquisas no Maranhão encontrem referenciais de suporte e levem em consideração a história de longa duração dos primeiros povoadores da Ilha de São Luís. / The present dissertation discusses about the pre-historic occupation at São Luís Island-Maranhão, from the archaeological study realized at Bacanga Shell Mound, that appointed material vestiges of the fishing-collecting-hunters and ceramists populations that settled in the region, around 6.600 years before present and remained living this settlement until 900 before present. The research, based in theorical-methodological issues of the Landscape Archaeology and the Technicist Anthropology, united a variety of specialties, that were involved in the archaeological material process of date, in the analyses of ceramics, in the identification of archaeofaunistical vestiges, in the topographical, altimetrical research and in the execution of plants and drawings of this site, in the geoenvironmental characterization, besides the analyses of the archaeological information, mainly the ceramics remains. The description, interpretation and co-relation of the information obtained at Bacanga Shell Mound allowed to build inedited knowledge about the processes occurred in the pre-history of São Luís Island, testifying the existence and permanence, for a long period, of fishing-collecting-hunters and ceramists population adapted to estuary-sea environmental, whose diet involved the gathering of a variety of animals and gathering of some vegetable species, but, the, however, found support in the fishing and in the crustacean and mollusks as food. The focus of analyses was centered in the investigation of the way of life of this population, from the technicist and typological characterization of ceramics, considering that the presence of this kind of evidence in shell mounds has its geographical area really circumscribed in Brazil, involving majorly some regions in Pará, Maranhão, and, in a minor scale, Sergipe and Bahia. Besides that, as aspect of fundamental importance to the brazilian archaeology and that does not have parallel in the literature analyzed related to the discovery of a pre-shell mound ceramist settlement, whose, localization was the same of Bacanga shell mound, being localized in the older layers of the settlement, from 6.600 to 5.5000 years before present, with big concentration of ceramics, without, however, presenting an accumulation of food residues in the settlement floors. Making a summary, the insertion of this site, in spatial, temporal, and environmental scales, and the study of archaeological vestiges establish primary parameters to future researches in Maranhão, finding references of support and considering the long duration history of the first population in São Luís Island.

Em sua história, o município de São Sebastião, localizado no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, foi palco de inúmeras transformações ambientais, principalmente a partir do final do século XVI, quando chegaram à região as primeiras levas de colonizadores europeus, introduzindo novos hábitos e imprimindo na paisagem as marcas de sua ocupação. Apesar das constantes alterações e apropriações do espaço urbano e rural, ainda existem remanescentes culturais que, norteados pela pesquisa arqueológica, propiciam significativas informações sobre as paisagens culturais do passado. Nesse caso, destaca-se o Sítio Arqueológico São Francisco, um complexo construtivo e arquitetônico cujas instalações estão relacionadas a uma propriedade agrícola da primeira metade do século XIX e que constituiu o objeto de estudo apresentado nesta tese de doutorado. De maneira geral, as pesquisas foram realizadas no âmbito da Arqueologia da Paisagem com o objetivo de compreender o cenário de implantação do sítio arqueológico. Privilegiou-se a utilização de tecnologias para realizar a leitura do processo histórico a partir de uma visão de espectro amplo baseada no entendimento das relações homem/meio ambiente, analisando os processos de artificialização do meio e as principais características da paisagem na época de ocupação do sítio. / In its history, the municipality of São Sebastião, located at the north costal zone of the State of São Paulo, was the stage of uncountable environmental transformations, mainly after the end of the XVIth century, when the first waves of European settlers disembarked in the region, introducing new customs as well as printing their signals of occupation in the landscape. Despite the constant alteration and re-appropriation of the urban space and rural zones, there are cultural reminiscences that, based on archaeological research, have revealed significative information about past cultural landscapes. In this case, the archaeological site known as São Francisco is an impressive instance of that, and constituted by an architectonic and constructive complex in which the units are associated with a XIXth century agricultural property, the very object of study in this PhD dissertation. In general terms, this research is focused on landscape archaeology with the priority to understand the implantation scenario of this archaeological site. At this point, it was selected the use of technologies to read the historical process of man-envrionment interaction based on a wide spectrum vision, and also analyzing the environment artificial-transformative processes that took place. Additionally, the main characteristics of the landscape during the time of site occupation are revealed.

Realizamos um levantamento e um estudo dos vestígios de santuários construídos nas apoikias do Ocidente, analisando aspectos referentes à sua organização física e inserção no espaço urbano e no território ligado a ele para, a partir daí, procurar entender a relação do culto religioso com esse espaço construído. O período estudado compreende o intervalo entre os séculos VII e III a.C., quando identificamos movimentos de expansão e retração na frequentação das áreas sacras estudadas. A compreensão em profundidade da dinâmica de instalação e uso desses santuários nos proporcionou um melhor entendimento de como a sociedade grega estruturava a religião no espaço e como esses lugares serviam como mecanismos políticos de posse e controle do território, usados pelos gregos para se estabelecerem nessas novas áreas já ocupadas por populações autóctones ou por gregos provenientes de outras regiões. / We conducted a research of the remains of sanctuaries in the Western apoikias, analyzing aspects related to their physical organization and insertion into the urban space and the territory attached to it, in order to understand the relationship of the religious worship to this constructed space. The chronological scope of the study is from VII to III centuries BC, a time frame when we identify movements of expansion and contraction in the utilization of the sacred areas studied. The deep understanding of the dynamics of installation and use of these sanctuaries gave us a better understanding of how Greek society structured religion in space and how these places served as mechanisms of political control and possession of territory, used by the Greeks to settle in these new areas already occupied by indigenous communities or by Greeks from other regions.