Ce mémoire a pour objectif général de définir et de caractériser les présences amérindiennes sur l’île de Montréal au cours de la période s’échelonnant du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du XVIIe siècle ainsi que de tenter de comprendre le rôle qu’exerça le mont Royal dans ce contexte. En nous appuyant sur des théories de l’archéologie du paysage, nous avons étudié la création consciente et inconsciente de paysages et la manière par laquelle ces lieux ont façonné les comportements et les identités de leurs occupants. Grâce à la continuité d’activités répétitives, liées au concept de taskscape, nous avons tenté d’y établir un modèle de trame d’occupation reflétant une utilisation dynamique et stratégique du paysage face aux politiques coloniales. La démarche adoptée est celle d’une approche holistique s’appuyant à la fois sur des données archéologiques, historiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques émanant des rapports de fouilles archéologiques, des traditions orales et des différents documents coloniaux datant des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Cette étude a permis de déterminer différentes zones associées à des perceptions différentes du paysage reflétant une stratégie de continuité dans la conceptualisation, l’organisation et la manipulation de l’espace à la suite de l’appropriation des terres par le gouvernement colonial. / The main aim of this thesis is to define and characterize the native presence on the island of Montreal during the period extending from the Late Woodland to the end of the 17th century, and to attempt to understand the role of the Mount Royal within this context. On the basis of landscape archeology theories, we study the human landscape’s creation and the way by which these places affect the behavior and identity of their occupants. Using the continuity of repetitive tasks associated with the concept of taskscape, we have tried to establish a model of occupation reflecting the dynamic and strategic use of the landscape with regard to colonial policies. The method adopted is a holistic approach based on archeological, historical, ethnohistorical and ethnographic data from archeological excavation reports, oral traditions and various colonial documents dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. This study has made it possible to determine various areas associated with different perceptions of landscape reflecting a continuity strategy regarding the conceptualization, organization and manipulation of space following land appropriation by the colonial government.

Late Iron Age and Early Roman Britain has often been homogenised by models that focus on the resistance/assimilation dichotomy during the period of transition. The main objective of this thesis is to examine the rural settlements of this period through the lens of Cultural Theory in order to tease out the more nuanced and diverse human landscape that the material suggests. This approach begins to develop new ways of thinking about the variability observed in rural settlement from the end of the Middle Iron Age (MIA) to the beginning of the 2nd century AD. The selected study area is the Upper and Middle Thames Valley. The thesis uses the grid/group designations of Mary Douglas' Cultural Theory as a tool to produce a more multifaceted picture of the period, exploring the assemblages of these rural settlements to understand the nature of the socio-political structures of the region, beyond the anonymity of tribal affiliation and the faceless economical dichotomy of high and low status. The structure of the thesis is as follows: Chapter 2 summarises the state of play in the study of Late Iron Age and Early Roman Britain within the study area. The strengths and weakness of Cultural Theory, how it has been used in the past, and what role it has played in this research will be introduced in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents the dataset and the patterns observed, as well as why and how the types of artefacts examined are integral to the formation of the worldview of people. Chapter 5 offers interpretation of the data through the lens of the Cultural Theory model whilst Chapters 6, 7, and 8 place six case studies from the Upper and Middle Thames Valley under inspection and show in greater detail the potential of Cultural Theory as a tool for thinking about rural settlement variation. This study re-characterises the rural Upper and Middle Thames Valley as a place where there was a wide variety of worldviews during the period of great cultural and socio-political transition of the centuries straddling the turn of the first millennium. It suggests that the varying success and longevities of these rural settlements may have depended upon the ability of their inhabitants to either change their worldviews or to find similarities in the new organisation of their world.

This thesis deals with the development of farming landscapes in the Thames Valley from the Neolithic to the Roman period (4000 BCE - 410 CE). The focus is on the major domestic animal species, cattle, sheep and pig, and their roles in the agroecosystem, traced using carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios measured in collagen. The large dataset of faunal isotope values from a limited area, obtained from sites with extensive archaeological and environmental information, allowed a thorough characterisation of variability in isotope values, within and between species, sites, archaeological periods, and landscape regions. Isotope ratios in a flock of modern sheep showed less variability than archaeological assemblages. Linear mixed models were used to analyse variation in isotope values in 1490 archaeological samples from 23 sites. The pattern of change over time differed for cattle, sheep and pig, reflecting both wide-scale environmental change and changes in animal management. d13C values of cattle and pigs reflected the loss of primary closed-canopy woodland. Pig management changed from an emphasis on woodland resources to a closer association with settlement and consumption of anthropogenic waste. Herbivore d15N values probably reflect variations in the intensity of pasture use and association with arable farming. Climatic cooling since the post-glacial thermal maximum cannot explain these varied trajectories of change. Variation between sites in faunal isotope values was related to landscape regions. Faunal isotope values at individual sites were useful in site interpretation in the context of other evidence. The trend in pig and cattle δ13C values with time was widely found in the UK, as expected if it represents forest clearance. In the Neolithic, cattle management was similar to the UK at central and eastern European Neolithic sites, but pig management was different. Patterns of faunal isotope values and their changes over time, analysed in the context of archaeological and environmental information, can contribute to the interpretation of sites, and give a unique perspective on changes in farming practice and their effects on the landscape.

Ce travail s’attache aux espaces pastoraux d’altitude dans la longue durée et s’intègre dans le cadre de recherches menées en archéologie pastorale dans les Pyrénées. Il repose sur une démarche ethnoarchéologique et vise à une meilleure compréhension des pratiques de ces espaces, à travers deux axes, soit l’élaboration d’un corpus de sites pastoraux d’altitude inédit et la constitution d’un référentiel actuel de parcours de troupeaux. L’objectif est d’envisager les territoires pastoraux, leurs recompositions et surtout d’identifier leur corrélats matériels permettant de les approcher à la fois dans l’actuel et dans la longue durée. Les cabanes et les enclos qui président au déploiement des troupeaux sont envisagés en relation à d’autres sources, à savoir les résultats des disciplines paléoenvironnementales et les sources planimétriques. Les territoires pastoraux sont enfin confrontés aux sources écrites conservées par les communautés valléennes depuis le Moyen âge. / This study takes an interest in pastoral altitude areas in the long term and integrates itself into the framework of pastoral archaeological research in the Pyrenees. It rests on ethnoarchaeological approach and aims to a better understanding of the practices in these areas through two axes i.e. the elaboration of a pastoral altitude areas’ corpus and the making of a system of reference regarding to the distances travelled by herds. The aim is to consider the pastoral territories, their reconstructions and above all the identification of the material correlates which enables pastoral territories’ present and long-term approach. Shacks and pens governing held’s deployment are considered in connection with other sources i.e. paleoenvironmental and planimetric. At last pastoral areas are compared to written sources preserved by the valley’s communities since the Middle Ages.

Submitted by Leda Lopes (ledacplopes@hotmail.com) on 2017-02-16T18:06:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) MONTEIRO, Victor Gomes. Uma arqueologia das paisagens da escravidão na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (1832-1850).pdf: 5984002 bytes, checksum: 0ff2d7f076ebe50dd534e2f2a681b458 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T21:29:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Victor Gomes. Uma arqueologia das paisagens da escravidão na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (1832-1850).pdf: 5984002 bytes, checksum: 0ff2d7f076ebe50dd534e2f2a681b458 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-22T21:31:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Victor Gomes. Uma arqueologia das paisagens da escravidão na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (1832-1850).pdf: 5984002 bytes, checksum: 0ff2d7f076ebe50dd534e2f2a681b458 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T21:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MONTEIRO, Victor Gomes. Uma arqueologia das paisagens da escravidão na cidade de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (1832-1850).pdf: 5984002 bytes, checksum: 0ff2d7f076ebe50dd534e2f2a681b458 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-24 / Esta dissertação analisa como a construção política e cultural da paisagem, instituiu formas de governo e de resistência dos escravos, bem como foi parte fundamental da consolidação do sistema escravista na cidade de Pelotas, durante a primeira metade do séc. XIX (1832-1850). Destacam-se neste estudo duas escalas da paisagem pelotense. A macro-espacialidade da escravidão é trazida pela análise dos documentos administrativos (Atas e Posturas da Câmara Municipal de Pelotas). A micro-espacialidade da escravidão é exemplificada pela análise arqueológica da paisagem de uma unidade produtiva escravista (charqueada São João). Nesse sentido, faz-se o diálogo entre os preceitos das Arqueologias da Escravidão, Documental e da Paisagem. Em ambas escalas de analise, evidenciam-se o uso e atuação da paisagem enquanto um dispositivo de controle do escravo. Em contrapartida, revelam-se as re-interpretações e manipulações criativas empreendidas pelos escravos frente aos dispositivos materiais que visavam o controle de seus corpos. Este estudo revelou alguns aspectos centrais do entendimento do sistema escravista, dentre estes: o uso de dispositivos materiais de controle por parte das autoridades locais, no intuito de estabelecer um cerceamento da circulação dos escravos no espaço público; as resistências materiais dos escravos e o uso criativo dos espaços para o desenvolvimento das sociabilidades, alheias ao poder disciplinador; a constatação de que os corpos dos escravos, enquanto unidade ou um contingente configuraram-se enquanto componentes materiais da paisagem; a conformação mútua entre as matas da Serra dos Tapes e a identidade quilombola de forma geral. Ademais, verificaram-se as características do processo de normatização dos espaços empreendido pelas autoridades pelotenses. Este processo é exemplificado pela tentativa de dinamizar a fluidez do comércio local e da circulação de pessoas e objetos; a busca por instituir uma hierarquização entre as áreas da cidade, principalmente por meio da eleição de tipos construtivos padronizados para zona urbana e a exclusão de outros; bem como a autoridade ou controle sobre as construções e modificações na paisagem e sobre a circulação de produtos e pessoas nos espaços e vias da cidade, para fins de taxação e cobrança de impostos. A análise da charqueada São João e da disposição de suas estruturas na paisagem, constatou em linhas gerais, sua configuração de centralidade com relação ao sistema produtivo e de proximidade entre suas estruturas (as de moradia e as relacionadas ao espaço produtivo). Esta configuração, com variações locais, aparece em distintos contextos escravistas do novo mundo. / This study analyzes how the political and cultural construction of landscape, organized forms of government and resistance of enslaved, and was a key part of the slave system consolidation in the city of Pelotas (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil), during the first half of the nineteenth century (1832-1850). In this sense, are emphasized in this text two analytical scales of landscape. The macro-spatiality of slavery is brought by the analysis of administrative documents (Minutes and Postures of the Municipality of Pelotas). The micro-spatiality of slavery is exemplified by the archaeological analysis of a plantation (that traded jerked beef) named Charqueada São João. In this sense, there is the dialogue between the precepts of Archaeology of Slavery, Documentary Archaeology and Landscape Archaeology. In both scales of analysis, landscape is established as a slave control device. On the other hand, it shows the re-interpretations and creative manipulations undertaken by slaves before of the material devices that aimed to the control of their bodies. This study revealed some key aspects of the understanding of the slave system, among these: the use of material control devices by local authorities in order to establish a retrenchment of slave movement in public spaces; resistance materials of the slaves and the creative use of space for the development of sociability, unrelated to the disciplinary power; the fact that the bodies of slaves, as a unit or a contingent, it was configured as a material component of the landscape; mutual conformation between the forests of the Serra dos Tapes and Maroon identity in general. In addition, there were the features of the normative process sat in spaces, undertaken by Pelotas authorities. This process is exemplified by the attempt to give dynamism to the flow of local trade and movement of persons and objects; the search for establishing a hierarchy between the areas of the city, primarily through standardized election of building types for urban areas and the exclusion of others; and the authority or control through the buildings and changes in the landscape and by the movement of goods and people in the spaces and streets of the city, for tax purposes and tax collection. The analysis of Charqueada São João and the layout of its structures in the landscape, showed its central setting in relation to the production system and the proximity between all the structures of the plantation (the principal house and those related to the production space). This configuration, with local variations, appears in different contexts of slave plantations in the New World.

Gratuation theses: Analisis of historical landscape of Blatná hill-country from cartographic sources and archaeological sources view is focused on analysis of historical landscape Blatná hill-country, mainly from view of landscape archaeology and historical cartography. Blatná region has been often the target of local archaeologists in past and therefore by current archaelogical discoveries we can easily describe the development of settlement, on which basic we can establish historical seat zones. As a main source of knowledge were used (beside present archaeological discoveries) old maps, which helped in detail study of development of landscape for last cca 170 years. Comparison between maps from different time sections was made in geographic information system. There were each maps analised and they came throuth other processes. Identification of each region was completed by surface collections, which were took near ?Hradišťský creek?. The target of these collections was: completion of present archaeological discoveries and also to add new localities.

Water, Ancestors and Landscape ArchaeologyThis paper explores the possibilities of a landscape archaeology approach, which is still rarely used in Peruvian archaeology. The basic principles are presented in order to apply them to a specific case, the Pisac complex, near modern Cuzco. This often cited complex lacks convincing historical and archeological evidence which result in diverse and basically unconvincing hypotheses. The chosen approach, however, leads to a different interpretation, that of a predominantly sacred site. Future excavations and better documentation at the site should corroborate the offered suggestions. / Este trabajo pretende explotar las posibilidades del enfoque de la arqueología de paisaje, aún poco aplicado en la arqueología del Perú. Se presentan sus principios y su aplicación en un caso concreto: el complejo arqueológico de Pisac, situado cerca del Cuzco. Este complejo, bien conocido en la literatura, pero provisto de escasas evidencias históricas y arqueológicas, ha sido objeto de diversas hipótesis, todas poco convincentes. En la perspectiva de la arqueología de paisaje se ofrece otra interpretación, en la que Pisac aparece como sitio predominantemente sagrado. Excavaciones futuras y una documentación más precisa deberían consolidar las sugerencias presentadas.

O quilombo de Pedro Cubas situa-se, juntamente com a maioria das comunidades remanescentes paulistas, na região do Vale do Ribeira. Incentivos financeiros por parte do governo estadual na região e a valorização das terras a partir de meados do século XX criaram um ambiente de tensão e ameaça ao modo de vida dessa população, a qual existe desde a primeira metade do século XIX. Durante as décadas de 1990 e 2000, diversas dessas comunidades foram finalmente reconhecidas e tituladas com base na Constituição de 1988, a qual assegura aos quilombos a posse coletiva de suas terras centenárias. Diversas pesquisas antropológicas e ecológicas foram executadas no Médio Ribeira em parceria com as comunidades quilombolas da região, muitas delas contribuindo para os processos reivindicatórios dessas populações. No entanto, nenhuma destas pesquisas teve por enfoque a materialidade dessas populações. Inspirado nos pressupostos teóricos da Arqueologia Histórica, Ecologia Histórica e Arqueologia da Paisagem, esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo a identificação de antigas áreas residenciais, com ênfase na utilização de vestígios arbóreos típicos dos padrões de assentamento locais. Com base principalmente em entrevistas e visitas guiadas à áreas antigamente habitadas, uma correlação clara entre determinadas espécies de árvores frutíferas e antigas habitações foi estabelecida. Por fim, espera-se também que essa dissertação venha a contribuir para o crescimento recente dos estudos arqueológicos em comunidades quilombolas e rurais em geral. / The maroon of Pedro Cubas is located, as the majority of the other paulista communities, at the Ribeira Valley region. State government financial incentives and land valorization by the second half of the XXth century created an environment of tension and a threat to this population\'s way of life, which exists since the end of the XIXth century. During 1990 and 2000 decades several of these communities were finally recognized and conceived collective land titles based on 1988\'s Constitution, which assures the maroons the rights to their centennial lands. Many anthropological and ecological researches were made at the Middle Ribeira Valley in partnership with the region\'s maroon communities, contributing to their reivindication processes. However none of these researches emphasized the materiality of these populations. Inspired on Historical Archaeology, Historical Ecology and Landscape Archaeology theoretical assumptions, this master\'s thesis has as its objective the identification of former residential areas with emphasis on the use of typical arboreal vestiges from local settlement patterns. Based mainly on interviews and guided visits to formerly inhabited areas, a clear correlation between determined tree species and ancient inhabited areas was established. Finally it is also hoped that this master\'s thesis contribute to the recent growing of archaeological studies on maroon and rural communities in general.

Nesta tese vou apresentar novos dados sobre padrões de ocupação dos Jê Meridionais e minhas interpretações sobre a história deste povo, com base em meu estudo de caso, do Alto Rio Canoas, região de Urubici, em Santa Catarina, Brasil. No planalto, os camposde altitude e a mata de araucária dominam a paisagem. Nas serrarias de Urubici, as nascentes de vários arroios e rios começam em zonas húmidas, com solos rasos e pedregosos, na área dos campos, a cerca de 1800m de altitude. Estas águas correm através de vales incisos florestados pela mata de araucária criando cachoeiras e corredeiras, que acabam por se transformar no meândrico Rio Canoas, que flui no meio de um vale largo e plano, em torno de 1000m acima do nível do mar. A montanhosa região de Urubici foi intensamente pesquisada na década de 60, mas depois disso, a pesquisa ficou estagnada. Os principais pontos deste projeto foram: Primeiro, foram revisadas e atualizadas as pesquisas anteriores, revisitando a maioria dos sítios arqueológicos mapeados na década de 60, atribuindo-lhes coordenadas geográficas, fotos e mapas, e descrições ambientais recentes. Segundo, além da visita aos sítios mapeados previamente, foi realizado um mapeamento oportunista de novos sítios, baseado em entrevistas com membros da comunidade local, o que gerou um novo mapa arqueológico da região. Terceiro, com base nessas informações e nas novas escavações em sítios específicos, iniciou-se a reflexão sobre as paisagens Jê do Sul, com o objetivo de compreender a história de longo prazo e o sistema de assentamento da tradição arqueológica Taquara-Itararé. Quarto, a partir das análises de grãos de amido de fitólitos, a partir de restos carbonizados de alimento aderidos a parede da cerâmica coletada na escavação do sítio Bonin, foram obtidos novos dados, importantíssimos para pensar novas formas de interpretação na arqueologia da tradição Taquara-Itararé. Tais análises trouxeram evidências de produção de alimentos como Zea mays, Cucurbitasp., Manihotsp., e o consumo alimentar de Phaseolussp. e Dioscoreasp. entre outros, o que, sem dúvida, é uma chave para pensar em outro tipo de organização social, mobilidade e economia para os povos proto-Jê Meridional. Em quinto lugar, no sentido de pensar uma \"estratigrafia paisagem do Jê Meridional\" um banco de dados SIG foi utilizado como uma ferramenta para criar modelos virtuais de, por exemplo, a análise visibilidade acumulada entre sítios e análise de rotas de menor custo. / In this thesis I will present new data on Southern Jêsettlement patterns, and my interpretations regarding the history of these people, based on my case study, from the Upper Canoas River, Urubici region, in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. On the highland plateau, the High Altitude Grasslands (or Campos) and the Paraná Pine Forest dominate the landscape. In the Urubici hills, various headwaters begin in wetland areas, with shallow and rocky soils, on Campos, around 1800m altitude. These waters flow through incised valleys forested by Paraná Pine and create waterfalls and rapids, which eventually turn into the meandering Canoas River that flows in the middle of a wide and flat valley, around 1000m above sea level. The mountainous Urubici region was intensively researched in the 60\'s, but after that, research wasstagnated. The main points of this project were: First, I reviewed and updated previous research, which involved relocating the sites mapped in the 60\'s, assigning them geographical coordinates, photos and maps, and improving environmental descriptions. Second, I carried out an inspection of previously recorded sites and carried out opportunistic survey, based on interviews with members of the local community, looking for new sites, and making a new archaeological map of the region. Third, based on this information and my new excavations at targeted sites, I aimed to think about the Southern Jê landscapes, with a view to understanding the long-term history and the settlement pattern of the Taquara-Itararé archaeological tradition. Fourth, starch grain and phytoliths analysis from charred food remains founded in pottery, collected at Bonin site excavation, achieved important new data for new interpretive ways on Taquara-Itararé archaeology, bringing to us food production evidences of Zea mays, Cucurbitasp., Manihotsp., and food consumption of Phaseolussp.,Dioscoreasp. and others, what is a key to think another kind of social organization, mobility and economy for southern proto-Jê people. Fifth, in a way to think the \"southern Jê landscape stratigraphy\" aGIS database were used like a tool to create virtual models of, for example, cumulative viewshed analysis and least coast pathway analysis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study seeks to understand the landscape through the artisanal activity of lime in the Municipality of Parnamirim, located in the central wilderness of Pernambuco. The examination is focused on aspects of the daily life of the region that can be discussed from particularities of recent history. The intention is to analyze the landscape through the materiality and oral testimonies of the lime producers. The relations of people with things are focused to discuss notions of the limely activities and use of lime through social practices, in a context in which the importance of the incorporation of the studied landscape is emphasized. Through the subjectivity of the people involved in the documentation I look for the interpretation of the landscape that active subjects perceive, act and give meaning through a handmade production. In this way, I direct the research by gathering information about the lore, the materiality and memories present in the oral sources, the experience obtained by me in the field and my interpretation of scholars who discuss the landscape as a social environment. The perspective of active participation of the people is a central aspect of the discussion and involves directing the activities carried out in the region to the aspects of the individuals' permanence, which present ways of conceiving the landscape influenced by economic activities. This is a question captured by the way of understanding the landscape as an element inherent in the daily life of the local inhabitants. One of the arguments is that it is possible to know the social subjects surveyed on the basis of how they act in the landscape. It is an aspect of local socialization perceptible by the ways that those workers affirm their choice to remain in their place. / Este estudo busca a compreensão da paisagem através da atividade artesanal da cal no Município de Parnamirim, localizado no sertão central pernambucano. O exame é voltado aos aspectos do cotidiano da região que podem ser discutidos a partir de particularidades da história recente. A pretensão é analisar a paisagem através da materialidade e dos testemunhos orais dos produtores de cal. As relações das pessoas com as coisas são enfocadas para discutir noções das atividades caieiristas e uso da cal através das práticas sociais, em um contexto em que é ressaltada a importância da incorporação da paisagem estudada. Através da subjetividade das pessoas envolvidas na documentação busco a interpretação da paisagem que sujeitos ativos percebem, atuam e dão significado por meio de uma produção artesanal. Desta forma, direciono a pesquisa reunindo informações do saber fazer cal, da materialidade e de memórias presentes nas fontes orais, da experiência obtida por mim em campo e de minha interpretação dos estudiosos que discutem a paisagem como meio social. A perspectiva da participação ativa das pessoas é um aspecto central da discussão e envolve direcionar as atividades realizadas na região aos aspectos da permanência dos indivíduos, que apresentam formas de conceber a paisagem influenciada pelas atividades econômicas. Esta é uma questão captada pela maneira de entender a paisagem como um elemento inerente ao cotidiano dos habitantes locais. Um dos argumentos é que é possível conhecer os sujeitos sociais pesquisados com base na forma em que eles atuam na paisagem. É um aspecto da socialização local perceptível pelas maneiras que aqueles trabalhadores afirmam a sua escolha de permanecerem no seu lugar. / Laranjeiras