Abstract: For more than 250 years, the Canadian province of Quebec could be considered a territory of intensive "language contact" situations (Hoffer, 2002; Winford, 2003) between French and English. One of the outcomes of this situation is the flow of lexical units that pass especially from English to French (that is, loanwords). Against this sociolinguistic background, we observe a paradox that inspired the present study. On the one hand, English loanwords are widely reported to represent an "invasive species" (Peritz, 2018) in Quebec French. On the other hand, these lexical units are uncommon, as the relevant literature has shown through examples drawn from French oral speech (Poplack, 2017) or the francophone press (Planchon, 2019). In fact, these studies have demonstrated that English loanwords account for less than 1% of francophone communication of up to a few hundreds of millions of words. To identify a possible explanation for the abovementioned contradiction, we verify our hypothesis about the dependence of loanword frequency on both the context of loanword usage and the type of loanword that these items belong to in the Quebec francophone press. To this end, we pose the following research questions: 1. Are there any differences in the integration of English loanwords selected from the authoritative online reference source, the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), into various Quebec francophone print media context types as they are observed in a francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir"? 2. Does the type of borrowing to which an English loanword belongs (as it is indicated in the studied reference source) influence the integration of this unit into the contexts of "Le Devoir"? We choose a Quebec francophone newspaper, "Le Devoir," as our study material; it represents a corpus of 66,402,141 words drawn from 1,556 issues published between 2017 and 2020. Our reference pool is a list of examples of five types of English loanwords (i.e., "integral," "syntactic," and "idiomatic") described in the Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) of the Office québécois de la langue française. To the best of our knowledge, this doctoral study is the first to produce a deep qualitative assessment of the contextual usage of five types of English loanwords (24 lexical units) in the Quebec press over the past quarter of a century and the first ever to analyze idiomatic English loanwords in this respect. Quantitative, contextual, and discourse analysis methods allow us to confirm our hypothesis. Indeed, contexts related to the context types "Culture," "Miscellaneous Topics," and "Opinions and Letters" are the most likely to feature English loanwords. Our multidimensional approach reveals important and recurrent usage patterns that are characteristic of the studied loanword types (for example, the idiomatic loanword "appliquer mur à mur" in the recurrent contexts of discussions on educational policies or the hybrid item "énergisante" in "boisson énergisante" as a negatively perceived term in the recurrent contexts of healthy habit recommendations). -- Résumé: Depuis plus de deux cent cinquante ans, la province canadienne du Québec peut être considérée comme un territoire de situations de "contact linguistique" intensif (Hoffer, 2002 ; Winford, 2003) entre le français et l'anglais. L'une des conséquences de ces situations est le flux inévitable d'unités lexicales passant notamment de l'anglais au français (les emprunts). Dans ce contexte sociolinguistique, nous observons un paradoxe qui a inspiré la présente étude. D'une part, les emprunts à l'anglais sont largement signalés comme ceux représentant une "espèce invasive" (Peritz, 2018) dans le français québécois, et pourtant, d'autre part, ces unités lexicales ne sont pas abondantes, comme la littérature pertinente le prouve de manière irréfutable par les exemples du discours oral français (Poplack, 2017), ou de la presse francophone (Planchon, 2019). En fait, comme l'ont démontré les études mentionnées, la part des emprunts à l'anglais représente moins de 1 % de la communication francophone, qui compte jusqu'à quelques centaines de millions de mots. À la recherche d'une explication possible de la contradiction mentionnée, nous cherchons, dans le cadre de notre étude et en nous référant à l'exemple de la presse francophone québécoise, à vérifier l'hypothèse de la dépendance de la fréquence des emprunts à la fois au contexte d'utilisation de ces items et au type d'emprunt auquel ces items appartiennent. Les questions de recherche que nous posons sont donc les suivantes : 1) Existe-t-il des différences dans l'intégration des emprunts à l'anglais, sélectionnés dans la source de référence en ligne faisant autorité, la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021), dans divers types de contextes de la presse écrite francophone québécoise, tels qu'ils sont observés dans un journal francophone, "Le Devoir" ? 2) Le type d'emprunt auquel appartient une unité lexicale (tel qu'il est indiqué dans la source de référence étudiée) a-t-il une influence sur l'intégration de cette unité dans les contextes du "Devoir" ? Nous choisissons un journal francophone québécois, "Le Devoir," comme matériel d'étude (corpus de 66 402 141 mots provenant de 1 556 numéros du journal publiés entre 2017 et 2020). Notre liste de référence est la liste pertinente des représentants des cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (à savoir, "intégral," "hybride," "morphologique," "syntaxique," "idiomatique") telle que décrite dans la Banque de Dépannage Linguistique (2021) de l'Office québécois de la langue française. À notre connaissance, cette étude doctorale est la première du genre au cours du dernier quart de siècle à aborder l'évaluation qualitative approfondie de l'usage contextuel de cinq types des emprunts à l'anglais (24 unités lexicales) dans la presse québécoise, les emprunts idiomatiques étant analysés à cet égard pour la toute première fois. Les méthodes d'analyse quantitative, contextuelle et discursive nous aident à confirmer notre hypothèse. En effet, les contextes liés à la "Culture," aux "Sujets divers" et aux "Opinions et lettres" s'avèrent être ceux qui accueillent le plus les emprunts à l'anglais. Notre approche multidimensionnelle des emprunts révèle des modèles d'utilisation influents et récurrents qui sont caractéristiques des types d'emprunts étudiés, par exemple : l'emprunt idiomatique "appliquer mur à mur" dans les contextes récurrents de discussions sur les politiques éducatives ou celui hybride "énergisante" dans "boisson énergisante" en tant que terme perçu négativement dans les contextes récurrents de recommandations d'habitudes saines."

В работе рассказывается о том, сколько иностранных слов в китайском языке заимствовано в русский язык, путем поиска иностранных слов в китайском языке в 11 словарях и составления таблицы найденных иностранных слов, проникая в русскую речь заимствования становятся формой выражения обычаев и представлений русской культуры. Заимствования также делают русский язык современнее. Появление новых китайских вещей, новых китайских понятий в России требует заимствования новых слов из китайского языка. / The paper describes how many foreign words in Chinese have been borrowed into the Russian language by searching for foreign words in Chinese in 11 dictionaries and compiling a table of the foreign words found, by penetrating into Russian speech borrowings become a form of expression of customs and representations of Russian culture. Borrowings also make the Russian language more modern. The emergence of new Chinese things, new Chinese concepts in Russia requires borrowing new words from the Chinese language.

In the following thesis, an analysis of the fundamental aspects of Lucumí phonology and word-formation will be presented with the aim of determining the extent to which this liturgical language is related to Standard Yoruba. Additionally, this thesis will provide an overview of selected socio-cultural and historical factors pertaining to the environment in which Lucumí developed. This overview aims to offer a general perspective on how interactions with other languages may have influenced certain innovations observed in Lucumí. However, it is important to note that the scope of this research is primarily confined to the comparison of sound correspondences between Lucumí and Yoruba, which is considered to be the ancestral language of Lucumí. The findings of this historical examination reveal that there is a minimum of 29% cognates in basic vocabulary between Lucumí and Standard Yoruba. This implies that, at a lexical level, Lucumí can be classified as a close relative of Yoruba. Nevertheless, the dynamic evolution of phonemes and allophones appears to be arbitrary, lacking clear and consistent correspondences. In the thesis this phenomenon is discussed as being effects of language death. From a phonological perspective, Lucumí demonstrates evident influences from various languages, most notably Spanish, as well as a substantial number of loanwords whose origins are not thoroughly addressed within the confines of this thesis.

Traditionally, language contact studies have dealt with grammatical interference between two languages. Clearly, the case of Cimbrian is unique in that its linguistic system results from contact with two different languages: German, which belongs to the same family that Cimbrian is commonly considered to belong to (Germanic) and Italian, which belongs to a different language family (Romance). For this reason, this dissertation has two main aims: First and foremost, it aims to provide the first theoretical account for three relevant morpho-syntactic features of Cimbrian: adjectival ordering, participial forms, and auxiliary selection. These three case studies were purposefully chosen as being representative of the impact the two source languages had on the receiving language. Second, by looking at the three aforementioned cases, it ultimately aims to lay ground- work for further research on theoretical approaches to language variation and innovation via language contact.

No description available.

This thesis studies the inter-group variation of the consonant endings among five principal subgroups of the Chaoshan dialect, a branch of the South Min dialect in Eastern Guangdong Province, from the perspective of language contact and horizontal transmission. I conduct a quantitative study to present the synchronic variance of the consonant endings among five Chaoshan subgroups and the diachronic variance from Middle Chinese to modern Chaoshan dialect on a numerical scale. The current literature tends to take the change of the consonant endings as a process of weakening governed by regular rules. My research findings challenge this conventional view. First, the change of the consonant endings from Middle Chinese to five subgroups of modern Chaoshan dialect is irregular, which is an exception to the linguistic laws proposed in the existing literature. Secondly, I find that some characters without consonant endings or with a weakened ending in Chaozhou in the 19th century reverse to have a consonant ending in modern Chaoshan dialect. This reversal contradicts to the weakening hypothesis that regards the change of the consonant endings as a process of simplifying. Finally, my quantitative research shows that Chaozhou dialect in the 19th century in much closer to modern Xiamen dialect than to five subgroups of modern Chaoshan dialect in terms of the relativeness in consonant endings, which is the opposite to the prediction that languages become more and more different and have no consequent contact with other daughter languages after separating from the proto-language. We propose that the actual situation of the consonant endings in different subgroups of the Chaoshan dialect can be better explained from the perspective of language contact and horizontal transmission. The interaction between Han Chinese and non-Han Chinese is the primary reason for the change of the consonant endings of the Chaoshan dialect. Also, the language contact between Chaoshan aborigines and migrants from the Fujian Province leads to the divergence of the consonant endings in different Chaoshan subgroups.Population structure and other social factors determine what phonetic features survive after several times of horizontal transmission.

The dissertation tries to explain why most of the Bapedi people do not feel free to speak their language when they are among other communities. It explains why the speakers of the so-called ‘inferior’ dialects of the Limpopo Province have an inferiority complex while the speakers of the ‘superior’ dialects are confident when speaking their dialects. The standardisation of the Northern Sotho Language Board and the missionary activities within the Bapedi communities led to the creation of 'superior' and ‘inferior’ dialects. A detailed discussion is presented of the social rural and urban varieties, which found in Bapedi culture. Some of these varieties are kept secret and therefore are unknown to the public; and others, which are not secretive in nature. The use of language and the impact of language contact between languages is discussed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

H εργασία πραγματεύεται την γλωσσική αλλαγή, η οποία τροφοδοτείται από την επαφή γλωσσικών συστημάτων στη μορφολογία των ονομάτων των Επτανησιακών διαλέκτων, οι οποίες έχουν επηρεαστεί από δύο Ρωμανικές διαλέκτους, την Ιταλική και τα Βενετσιάνικα. Θα δούμε ότι τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά της γλώσσας αποδέκτη που είναι η Ελληνική, διαδραματίζουν πρωτεύοντα ρόλο για το τελικό αποτέλεσμα της διαδικασίας του δανεισμού. Επίσης, θα γίνει σαφές ότι η επίγνωση από την πλευρά των ομιλητών της δομής της γλώσσας πηγής (Ρωμανική) είναι εξέχουσας σημασίας για την επιλογή της εκάστοτε στρατηγικής δανεισμού. Το πεδίο της ονοματικής κλίσης είναι ιδιαιτέρως προσοδοφόρο, όπως θα αποδειχθεί, για την εξέταση και τον έλεγχο των μορφολογικών θεωριών που έχουν διαμορφωθεί μέχρι ώρας, καθώς θα διευκολύνουν το έλεγχο και το βαθμό εφαρμογής συγκεκριμένων προσεγγίσεων που έχουν διατυπωθεί μέσα στο θεωρητικό πλαίσιο της γλωσσικής επαφής. / --

Ce travail contient une première caractérisation générale du discours de la communauté cubaine à Montréal, avec une attention particulière sur deux aspects: le comportement de certains traits qui caractérisent l'espagnol de Cuba chez les locuteurs migrants, et les possibles variations produites par le contact linguistique. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons les données d'un corpus élaboré par la chercheuse à partir de conversations semi-dirigées enregistrées (registre colloquial) avec 19 Cubains: dix hommes et neuf femmes vivant à Montréal. L'analyse des données nous permet de vérifier que les traits caractéristiques étudiés se sont conservés dans le discours des Cubains résidants dans la ville, mais quelques variations se sont produites, provoquées par le contact avec les langues dominantes (français-espagnol, et moins en anglais-espagnol) et d'autres variétés de l'espagnol, ainsi qu’avec une réalité socio-économique, politique et culturelle très différente de celle d’origine. Les variations morphosyntaxiques ont été détectées principalement dans les mots invariables (prépositions). Au niveau lexico-sémantique, nous avons trouvé essentiellement des emprunts lexicaux. Il existe également des prêts sémantiques, des calques et des changements de fréquence de certains mots. Concernant le niveau pragmatique, nous avons remarqué un ralentissement du rythme dans les conversations de l'échantillon qui pourrait être dû à la situation du bilinguisme fonctionnel. En résumé, le discours des Cubains participants dans cette étude montre quelques-uns des traits caractéristiques à toute situation de contact de langues, mais aussi des particularités relatives aux caractéristiques de la communauté étudiée (les attitudes linguistiques, par exemple), à la distance typologique entre les langues impliquées (espagnol et français) et au contraste entre les sociétés d’origine et d’accueil, entre autres. / This paper presents a first general characterization of the speech of the Cuban community in Montreal, with special attention to two aspects: the behavior of some of the characterizing features of Cuban Spanish in migrant speakers, and the possible contact-induced variations. To do this, we use data from a corpus collected by the researcher through recorded conversations (colloquial speech) with 19 Cubans: ten men and nine women currently living in Montreal. After analyzing the data, we have found that the characterizing features are preserved in the speech of Cuban residents in the city. The data also show some variations induced by the contact with the dominant languages (French-Spanish and, to a lesser extent, English-Spanish) band other varieties of Spanish, as well as with a new reality that is socio-economically, politically and culturally very different from the Cuban one. The detected variations at the morphosyntactic level are mainly in invariable words (prepositions).At the lexical-semantic level, we have found predominantly loanwords. There are also semantic loans, calques and frequency changes of some words. Concerning the pragmatic level, a slower rhythm of speech, possibly due to the condition of functional bilingualism, has been observed. In sum, the speech of the Cuban participants in this study shows some of the characteristic features of any language contact situation, but also has peculiarities relating to the characteristics of the community under study (language attitudes, for example), the typological distance between the languages involved (Spanish-French) and the contrast between the societies, among other factors. / El presente trabajo contiene una primera caracterización general del habla de la comunidad cubana en Montreal, atendiendo especialmente a dos aspectos fundamentales: el comportamiento de algunos de los rasgos tipificantes del español de Cuba en hablantes migrantes, y las posibles variaciones sufridas producto del contacto lingüístico (francés-español, y en menor medida inglés-español). Para ello, empleamos los datos de un corpus confeccionado por la propia investigadora gracias a las conversaciones semidirigidas grabadas (habla coloquial) con 19 cubanos: diez hombres y nueve mujeres residentes en Montreal. El análisis de los datos nos permite comprobar que los rasgos tipificantes objeto de estudio se conservan en el habla de los cubanos residentes en la ciudad, pero esta ha sufrido algunos cambios provocados por el contacto con las lenguas dominantes y con otras variedades del español, así como con una realidad muy diferente a la de origen desde el punto de vista socioeconómico, político y cultural. Las variaciones se han detectado tanto en el nivel morfosintáctico, principalmente en las palabras invariables (preposiciones), como en el nivel léxico-semántico. En este último, predominan los préstamos léxicos. También se observan préstamos semánticos, calcos y cambios de frecuencia de algunas palabras. Desde el punto de vista pragmático, es posible observar una mayor lentitud en el ritmo de habla de los informantes, que podría deberse a la condición de bilingüismo funcional. Con todo, el habla de los cubanos participantes en este estudio presenta algunos de los rasgos característicos de cualquier situación de contacto lingüístico, pero posee también peculiaridades debidas a las características propias de la comunidad objeto de estudio (actitudes lingüísticas, por ejemplo), a la distancia tipológica de las lenguas implicadas (español-francés) y al contraste entre las sociedades de origen y de acogida, entre otros factores.

<p>Ova disertacija se usredsređuje na jezičke i vanjezičke opise srpsko-engleskog ili englesko-srpskog hibridnog jezika serbli&scaron;a koji upotrebljavaju pripadnici mlađe generacije srpske dijaspore u Vankuveru. Tema zahvata oblast kontaktne i kontrastivne lingvistike, sociolingvistike, psiholingvistike i pragmatike i bavi se istražvanjem i opisom navedenog varijeteta na morfosintaksičkom, leksičkom (semantičkom i pragmatičkom), fonolo&scaron;kom i grafolo&scaron;kom nivou.<br />Teorijsku podlogu ovog rada čine brojna proučavanja jezičkog kontakta sa lingvističkog, sociolingvističkog, pragmatičkog i psiholingvističkog aspekta, kako u svetu, tako i kod nas &minus; u biv&scaron;oj Jugoslaviji i u Srbiji.<br />Prvu fazu istraživanja predstavljalo je pilot-istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo pisane izvore na srpskom jeziku u Vankuveru, od kojih su najvažniji i najobimniji novine Ki&scaron;obran koje su petnaest godina (od 1997. do 2012.) izlazile u Vankuveru. Podaci dobijeni ovim istraživanjem poslužili su kao osnova za sastavljanje upitnika za drugu fazu istraživanja.<br />Analiza i opis serbli&scaron;a kao varijeteta srpskog jezika zasniva se na građi dobijenoj u drugoj fazi istraživanja putem intervjua sa dvojezičnim ispitanicima i upitnika koji su ispitanici popunjavali. Prikupljena građa je analizirana i u odgovarajućim poglavljima predstavljena su svojstva ovog varijeteta na navedenim nivoima. Na kraju su izvedeni zaključci o svojstvima serbli&scaron;a među pripadnicima mlađe generacije iseljenika, utvrđen je intenzitet i način uticaja engleskog jezika u konkretnoj kontaktnoj situaciji, ustanovljeni su slučajevi u kojima promene u jeziku nisu rezultat delovanja engleskog jezika, već nedovoljno naučenih aspekata srpskog jezika ili unutra&scaron;njih tendencija u srpskom jeziku u matici i utvrđene su sličnosti i razlike u upotrebi jezika između dve ispitivane pogdrupe mlađe generacije govornika serbli&scaron;a.<br />Disertacije je podeljena u pet poglavlja. U prvom, uvodnom poglavlju dat je prikaz teme i ciljeva istraživanja i obja&scaron;njenje osnovnih termina. Drugo poglavlje daje prikaz teorijskih postavki istraživanja i pregled preovlađujućih stavova u literaturi. Metodi istraživanja, profil ispitanika, etički aspekti istraživanja, jezik na kojem je istraživanje vođeno, kao i prikupljanje i obrada podataka za korpus predstavljaju se u trećem poglavlju. U četvrtom poglavlju daje se analiza korpusa i diskusija dobijenih rezultata. U poslednjem, petom poglavlju daju se zaključna razmatranja sa rekapitulacijom rezultata istraživanja i implikacijama za dalja istraživanja.</p> / <p>This dissertation focuses on a linguistic and extralinguistic description of the Serbian-English or English-Serbian hybrid language Serblish as used by the younger generation of the Serbian diaspora in Vancouver. It encompasses the domains of contact and contrastive linguistics, sociolinguistics psycholinguistics and pragmatics and analyeses and describes this language variety at the morphosyntactic, lexical (semantic and pragmatic), phonological and graphological levels.<br />Numerous studies of language contact from the linguistic, sociolinguistic, pragmatic and psycholinguistic aspects conducted around the world, as well as in the former Yugoslavia and in Serbia form the theoretical framework of this dissertation.<br />The first stage of the research was a pilot research of written sources in the Serbian language in Vancouver, the most important and extensive being the Ki&scaron;obran newspaper published in Vancouver over 15 years (from 1997 to 2012). The data obtained in this pilot study formed the basis for creating a questionnaire to be used in the second stage of the research.<br />The analysis and description of Serblish as a variety of the Serbian language is based on the material obtained in the second stage of the research through interviews with bilingual research participants and through a questionnaire filled out by the participants. The collected material was analyzed, and the properties of this variety are presented in the corresponding chapters for each linguistic level. Finally, conclusions were drawn about the properties of Serblish as used by the younger generations of immigrants, the intensity and ways of the influence of English in the given language contact situation were specified, cases were determined where the observed changes are not a result of English influence, but stem from imperfect learning or from internally motivated changes in the Serbian language in the home country, and similarities and differences in the use of the language between the two generations were determined.<br />This dissertation is divided into five chapters. The first, introductory chapter outlines the topic and goals of the research, as well as introducing the basic terminology. The second chapter presents the theoretical framework of the research and reviews the prevailing perspectives in the literature. Research methods, profile of the research participants, ethical issues and language mode in the research, as well as gathering and processing the corpus material are presented in the third chapter. The focus of the the fourth chapter is an analysis of the corpus and a discussion of the obtained results. The final, fifth chapter provides concluding remarks, summarizing the research findings and outlining implications for further research.</p>