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The purpose of this project is to provide more effective teaching strategies for ESL students through the integration of CALP and content area teaching.

Adolescent immigrant English learners who enter U.S. schools at the secondary level are faced with challenges that distinguish their experience in second language acquisition from that of children and adults. Some of the challenges they face include limited time to acquire academic English proficiencey in reading and writing, difficulty in assimilating into English speaking American culture, and limited programs and services at the secondary level.

These learning strategies have presented a theoretical framework for applying brain-based learning to EFL teaching. The model is based on the holistic principles of brain based learning rather than memorization of skills and knowledge as has been previously employed in EFL instruction.

The content of this project will serve to demonstrate that ample research connects self-directed learning to more healthy psychological dynamics in language acquisition. It will also show that self-directed learning strategies are practical and effective in teaching a second language.

This project demonstrates teaching strategies designed to illustrate bicultural identity development and reading skills in an English as a Foreign Language program for the elementary school level..

Thesis (Ph. D. (Language and Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / This research study dealt with specific aspects relating to attitudes of intermediate phase learners, educators, and SGB members towards Xitsonga as medium of learning and teaching in Limpopo. The statement of the study’s problem was articulated against clearly defined contexts. As a foundational slab for the study, the thesis deemed it fit and necessary to give the background to the problem on attitudes in general and language attitude in particular. When the foundation had been laid, the statement of the problem was clearly articulated so as to open a curtain on the niche and the exact problem the thesis sought to investigate. The aim of the study was derived from the title, finetuned in the niche and focused on clearly defined objectives which informed the research lanes the whole project operated in. The significance of the research project was not a stand alone entity, but spoke to the aim and objectives. The police officer of the thesis was the theoretical framework. It directed the process by means of indicating that mother-tongue education as an ideal practice should also be considered for the post foundation phase studies also in South Africa. On its wings, was the behaviourist theory. Unlike its counterpart the mentalist theory, the former was a vehicle through which the study elicited valuable data by observing the behaviour of the target subjects in the Mopani District. Without a well-indicated scope of the study, the investigation would had been too general to address a specific niche. The distinct niche of the thesis was further uncovered and demonstrated by the evaluation of literature survey of various studies on language attitudes in the country as well as the world over. The search design of the study was also a context against which the qualitative approach was used for data gathering instruments, and sampling process. The ethical considerations were clearly outlined and applied accordingly prior and during the data collection process. The thesis would had been incomplete if relevant and up to date literature review was not done. In order to contextualise the thrust of language attitudes among the target research respondents, Chapter Two provided a brief but inclusive overview of (vi) historical data. The data were evaluated against language attitude theories, home language instruction principles, attitudes towards a sample of three dominant Limpopo official languages (that is, Xitsonga, Sepedi and Tshivenḓa), completed research studies that focused on language attitudes, language policy matters and curricula development and implications from the first post apartheid Curriculum 2005 up to the current Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). The review or survey ended up with a critical evaluation of the concept of multilingualism in South African schools against language attitudes, four periods of language policy in the RSA, as well as the language phenomenon from divine creation to date. Before the fieldwork was undertaken, description was made in some detail on how the research data were collected, possible limitations to the research exercise were spelt out, coupled with counter-measures taken to ensure reliability, validity and objectivity in collecting data, and how analysis and interpretation of research data were actualised. The analysis and interpretation of the research data elicited from learners, teachers, and SGB members yielded almost similar results. The majority of all the respondents across the Mopani District (an average of 80%), displayed very strong negative attitudes towards mother-tongue instruction at Intermediate Phase level. Though learners and teachers had challenges with the use of the source language in class, they still did not favour the target language medium. Only 20% of their counterparts favoured the mother-tongue medium. The volunteer system in the composition of parent component of the SGB members was discovered by the study to be a serious challenge. This challenge does not assist the institutions they are governing to be what they should be. Almost 100% of them exposed themselves through the research tool used that they were not performing the core duties they were expected to perform save signing cheques and solving petty disputes. In conclusion, relevant and appropriate recommendations were made to affected stakeholders. They were addressed mainly to: communities, managers, teachers, government, community leaders, academics, researchers and writers on ways and means of addressing the deep-seated negative attitudes towards Xitsonga as a medium of instruction at Intermediate Phase level of the Mopani District.

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The study explored essay writing errors of English First Additional Language (EFAL) FET rural learners. The aim of the study was to analyse essay writing errors of the EFAL FET learners in rural schools. EFAL Grade 11 learners together with their educators from 4 circuits in Mopani West District of Limpopo Province (LP), South Africa (SA), participated in the study. The learners’ 40 essays were analysed. Additionally, the learners and educators were interviewed and the data generated were analysed. A qualitative Content Analysis (CA) research method was used to collect data. The sample was made up of 3 instruments; an essay checklist for the 40 essays, EFAL learners’ group interviews that consisted of 4 equal groups made up of 10 learners per school, and interviews with 4 educators from each of the school represented. N – Vivo was used for data transcription, storage and analysis. Errors populated in the checklist were arranged into smaller units, identified, analysed, described and reported. Data obtained through semi-structured interviews with EFAL learners and educators were transcribed and analysed thematically. The analysis of the EFAL FET rural learners’ essay writing errors revealed weaknesses pertaining to choice of essay topics, proofreading, spelling, punctuation and grammar.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Translation Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Some research has been done on the intellectualisation of African languages. However, African languages are still not used enough in academia; in fact, they are undermined. They need to be developed into languages of education, economy and social interaction. This means preparing the languages for use in more advanced contexts. The aim of this study was to examine the intellectualisation of African languages at the University of Limpopo. Methodologically, this study was achieved through a qualitative-descriptive research design, with the use of semi-structured interviews to find out if the University of Limpopo was actively involved in intellectualising African languages. The data collected was analysed through thematic content analysis. The first finding is that the University of Limpopo has a language policy whose implementation requires improvement. It was found that there is no parity or equitable use of the languages of the university, mostly between African languages and English. It has been observed that African languages can improve the academic performance of students at the University of Limpopo. The study further found that the development of African languages can help students and lecturers to learn these languages, so they can communicate with each other in these languages and thereby promote multilingualism. It has been found that the University of Limpopo is a good place to promote and exercise multilingualism as it is a multicultural community. The significant point here is that there is a need to devise strategies to improve the implementation of the university’s language policy. It is concluded that the intellectualisation of African languages would help minimise (if not erase) any language barriers, particularly for those who would be working with individuals on a daily basis in their respective fields. There is a need to do campaigns to educate students about the importance of mother tongue and African languages as well as to remove the negative perceptions about these languages. One recommendation for the university is that the University of Limpopo must come up with an implementation plan to implement its language policy. One recommendation for other researchers is to come up with more strategies on how xi higher institutions of learning can implement their language policies and intellectualise African languages. / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) and South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA)

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Este estudio investiga cómo un profesor de español, como segunda lengua, mantiene el uso de la lengua meta (L2) en la totalidad de las interacciones del aula para los niveles principiante y avanzado de educación secundaria, aun cuando existen dificultades con conceptos gramaticales nuevos, malentendidos y errores. Los episodios muestran cómo el profesor diminuye su rol como proveedor del conocimiento y actúa como un mediador durante las interacciones para guiar a los alumnos en la resolución del problema mediante el uso de la instrucción proléptica. Además, presentan cómo el profesor incorpora muchos recursos discursivos para sostener el uso de L2. Se revela que la herramienta más importante es la negociación la cual permite que el novato se involucre más en la lengua, se enfoque en formas específicas y adquiera las formas lingüísticas necesarias, transfiriendo la información del plano social al plano cognitivo. Es más, se demuestra cómo el uso de la pregunta retórica es utilizado en muchas formas diferentes: motivar e integrar al alumno en la participación, identificar y corregir formas incorrectas de la lengua haciendo eso de la retroalimentación implícita, y evaluar comprensión y clarificar el significado del mensaje. El análisis aquí presentado muestra situaciones de dichas herramientas para sostener la L2 el aula.