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El objetivo de esta tesis ha sido estudiar la respuesta directa a la selección por tasa de ovulación en conejo y las respuestas correlacionadas en tamaño de camada y tasas de supervivencia. Los animales pertenecían a una línea de conejos seleccionada por tasa de ovulación durante 10 generaciones. La selección se realizó en base al valor fenotípico de la hembra, que se midió el día 12 de la segunda gestación mediante laparoscopia. Se creó una línea control a partir de la recuperación de aproximadamente 470 embriones de 50 hembras donantes de la generación base. Los embriones fueron vitrificados y almacenados en nitrógeno líquido hasta su transferencia al final del experimento de selección (generación 10 de la línea seleccionada). Se midieron los siguientes caracteres: tamaño de camada (LS), estimada como el número total de gazapos al parto en un máximo de 5 partos; tasa de ovulación (OR), estimada como el número de cuerpos lúteos en los dos ovarios; tasa de ovulación derecha y tasa de ovulación izquierda (ROR y LOR); el número de embriones implantados totales (IE), en el lado derecho (RIE) y en el lado izquierdo (LIE); la diferencia ovulatoria (OD), definida como la diferencia entre ROR y LOR, expresada en valor absoluto; la diferencia de implantación (ID), definida como la diferencia entre RIE y LIE, expresada en valor absoluto; la supervivencia embrionaria (ES), calculada como IE/OR; la supervivencia fetal (FS), calculada como LS/IE; la supervivencia prenatal (PS), calculada como LS/OR. Se utilizó metodología bayesiana para analizar los datos. Las estimas de las heredabilidades de OR, LS, ES, FS y PS fueron 0.16, 0.09, 0.09, 0.24 y 0.14, respectivamente. Las estimas de las correlaciones fenotípicas de OR con LS, ES, FS y PS fueron 0.09, -0.07, -0.26 and -0.28, respectivamente. Las estimas de las correlaciones genéticas de OR con LS y ES tuvieron una baja precisión, y no se pudo concretar su signo. Las estimas de las correlaciones genéticas de OR con FS y PS fueron negativas (probabilidad de ser negativa de 1.00 y 0.98, respectivamente). Las correlaciones fenotípicas y genéticas entre LS y las tasas de supervivencias fueron positivas (probabilidad de ser positivas de 1.00). / Laborda Vidal, P. (2011). Selection for ovulation rate in rabbits [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/14121

The general aim of this thesis was to optimise the current methodologies of oocyte cryopreservation in order to obtain live offspring from cryopreserved rabbit oocytes. In chapter 1, meiotic spindle configuration, cortical granules (CGs) distribution and oocyte developmental competence were evaluated after cryopreservation with the current slow-freezing and vitrification procedures. The meiotic spindle organisation was dramatically impaired regardless of the method used. Nevertheless, altered CG distribution is more evident in vitrified oocytes than in slow-frozen ones and the developmental rate to blastocyst stage after parthenogenetic activation was only obtained using slow-freezing method. From this chapter it may be concluded that both methodologies equally affect oocyte structure. However, slow-freezing method seems to be the recommended option for this species as a consequence of the sensitivity to high levels of cryoprotectants in this species. The aim of the following two chapters was the optimisation of cryopreservation procedures using different strategies to modify the oocytes in order to make them more cryoresistant. In chapter 2, Taxol and Cytochalasin B were employed to stabilise the cytoskeleton system during vitrification. The effect of these two molecules on the meiotic spindle and chromosome configuration and development to blastocyst stage after parthenogenesis activation were also evaluated. There were no significant differences in the structural configuration between vitrified groups. Regarding cleavage and blastocyst developmental rate, no statistical differences were found between vitrified-non-treated and Taxol-treated oocytes, but no oocytes treated with Cytochalasin B reached this stage. Therefore, structural configuration and blastocyst development were not improved by this pre-treatment. Moreover, Cytochalasin B pre-treatment seems to cause a deleterious effect on developmental ability to blastocyst stage of these oocytes. In chapter 3, oocytes were incubated with cholesterol-loaded methyl-ß- cyclodextrin (CLC) to increase the membrane fluidity and stability and improve their developmental ability after parthenogenetic activation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Cholesterol incorporation and its presence after cryopreservation were evaluated using confocal microscopy. Results showed that cholesterol was incorporated into the oocyte and remained, albeit in a lesser amount after cryopreservation procedures. However, no improvements on developmental competence were obtained after parthenogenetic activation or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. In the last three chapters of this thesis, the main objective was to develop a reliable technique which would allow us to obtain live offspring from cryopreserved oocytes. For that purpose, in vivo fertilisation using intraoviductal oocyte transfer assisted by laparoscopy was considered a good alternative to bypass the inadequacy of conventional in vitro fertilisation in rabbit. In chapter 4, two recipient models (ovariectomised or oviduct ligated immediately after transfer) were used to compare the ability of fresh oocytes to fertilise in vivo. This first work showed that embryo recovery rates in all transferred groups decreased significantly, but ligated oviduct recipients provided significantly higher results compared to ovariectomised ones. For that reason, in the second experiment the ligated oviduct recipient model was used to generate live births. Results obtained in this chapter suggested that it was possible to obtain offspring from cryopreserved oocytes using this technique, but this kind of animal models compromised the use of the reproductive tract in a high percentage of females. For that reason, chapter 5 was focused on the development of another type of animal model as an alternative. First, the ability of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive to block the oviducts before the ovulation would take place was evaluated. Then, in vivo fertilisation ability of fresh transferred oocytes after blocking the oviduct with the adhesive was also assessed. Finally, slow frozen oocytes were transferred to generate live birth. Results showed that cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive was effective in blocking the oviduct, as no embryos were recovered in the blocked oviduct six days after artificial insemination (AI). Moreover, this method could fertilise fresh and also slowfrozen oocytes with a higher live birth rate than the previous recipient models. This study showed that successful production of live offspring using slow-frozen oocytes in combination with in vivo fertilisation was possible, which suggested that in vivo environment could help improve the results of oocyte cryopreservation. Thus, this method was employed in the last chapter of this thesis to generate live offspring from vitrified rabbit oocytes for the first time. Results obtained revealed that there were no differences in the rate of birth between vitrified and slow-frozen transferred oocytes. Nevertheless, based on the results with fresh oocytes, further experiments are still needed if the efficiency of cryopreservation procedures are to be improved. / Jiménez Trigos, ME. (2014). Generation of offspring from cryopreserved rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) oocytes [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37977

This work consists of three original articles and is focused on the overall question: How can hyperspectral imaging contribute to patient safety and improve outcomes during abdominal surgery? The hypothesis was that HSI is suitable for the intraoperative assessment of tissue structures and decision support in routine clinical use. Spectral imaging was performed with the TIVITA Tissue for open surgery or TIVITA Mini system for laparoscopic HSI from Diaspective Vision GmbH (Am Salzhaff-Pepelow, Germany). Both HSI systems use pushbroom mode and provide 100 spectral channels in the visible and near-infrared spectral range from 500 - 1000 nm. The Number of Effective Pixels is at least 640 × 480 (x-, y-axis), while the field of view and spatial resolution depend on the measurement distance and the used focal length of the objective. Illumination is done by halogen spots for open surgery and broadband LED in the laparoscopic system. The first part of this work aimed to evaluate HSI for the measurement of ischemic conditioning effects of the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Ischemic preconditioning by dividing major blood vessels of the stomach prior to gastric pull-up is performed to improve the perfusion at the later esophagogastric anastomosis to reduce the risk of leaks. Intraoperative hyperspectral records of the gastric tube were acquired from 22 patients through the mini-thoracotomy. Fourteen of them underwent ischemic conditioning of the stomach several days before the two-step transthoracic esophagectomy and gastric pull-up with intrathoracic anastomosis was performed. The tip of the gastric tube (later esophago-gastric anastomosis) was measured with HSI. These in vivo records showed that the tissue oxygenation of the gastric conduit was significantly higher in patients who underwent ischemic conditioning (78% vs. 66%; p = 0.03). In the second part of this work, a novel hyperspectral imaging system for MIS is described and evaluated to address the requirements for clinical use and high-resolution spectral imaging. Reference objects and resected human tissue were used to show spectral conformity with the approved HSI device for open surgery. Furthermore, varying object distances were investigated and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for different light sources were measured. Measurements with both systems were performed on a human tissue resectate and compared quantitatively. It was shown that the handheld design of the laparoscopic HSI system enables the processing and visualization of spectral data in parallel during acquisition within a few seconds. The obtained measurements from both spectral imaging devices were consistent and a mean SNR of 30 to 43 dB (500 to 950 nm) was found using a standard rigid laparoscope in combination with a broadband LED light source. Finally, in the third part of this work, different image registration methods were investigated to compensate for small movements of the laparoscope and tissue deformations. The obtained image transformation is used to augment the laparoscopic color video with the static HSI data to support intraoperative localization. Multiple feature-based algorithms and a pre-trained deep homography neural network (DH-NN) were evaluated for the estimation of appropriate image transformations (single and multi-homography). The methods were validated with a ground truth dataset of 750 annotated laparoscopic images, that was created during this work, and in vivo data from the TIVITA Mini system. All feature-based single homography methods outperformed the fine-tuned DH-NN in terms of reprojection error, Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), and processing time. The feature detector and descriptor ORB1000 enabled video-rate registration of laparoscopic images on standard hardware with submillimeter accuracy. Therefore, all initially stated research questions could be confirmed with the applied methods. Although technical limitations have been identified, the non-invasive and contact-free measurement principle makes HSI attractive for a variety of surgical disciplines.:1 Introduction 1.1 Interaction of light and biological tissue 1.2 Spectral imaging systems 1.3 Medical applications of spectral imaging 1.4 Intraoperative visualization of spectral data 2 Original Articles 2.1 Evaluation of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for the measurement of ischemic conditioning effects of the gastric conduit during esophagectomy 2.2 Laparoscopic system for simultaneous high-resolution video and rapid hyperspectral imaging in the visible and near-infrared spectral range 2.3 Comparison of image registration methods for combining laparoscopic video and spectral image data 3 Summary 3.1 Conclusions and Outlook 4 References

Yes / This work presents a methodology to optimize the selection of multiple parameter levels of an image acquisition, degradation, or post-processing process applied to stimuli intended to be used in a subjective image or video quality assessment (QA) study. It is known that processing parameters (e.g. compression bit-rate) or techni- cal quality measures (e.g. peak signal-to-noise ratio, PSNR) are often non-linearly related to human quality judgment, and the model of either relationship may not be known in advance. Using these approaches to select parameter levels may lead to an inaccurate estimate of the relationship between the parameter and subjective quality judgments – the system’s quality model. To overcome this, we propose a method for modeling the rela- tionship between parameter levels and perceived quality distances using a paired comparison parameter selection procedure in which subjects judge the perceived similarity in quality. Our goal is to enable the selection of evenly sampled parameter levels within the considered quality range for use in a subjective QA study. This approach is tested on two applications: (1) selection of compression levels for laparoscopic surgery video QA study, and (2) selection of dose levels for an interventional X-ray QA study. Subjective scores, obtained from the follow-up single stimulus QA experiments conducted with expert subjects who evaluated the selected bit-rates and dose levels, were roughly equidistant in the perceptual quality space - as intended. These results suggest that a similarity judgment task can help select parameter values corresponding to desired subjective quality levels. / Parts of this work were performed within the Telesurgery project (co-funded by iMinds, a digital research institute founded by the Flemish Government; project partners are Unilabs Teleradiology, SDNsquare and Barco, with project support from IWT) and the PANORAMA project (co-funded by grants from Belgium, Italy, France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the ENIAC Joint Undertaking).

INTRODUÇÃO: A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (HLT) é uma técnica de exploração das estruturas tubo-ovarianas em pacientes inférteis sem alteração pélvica determinada. O procedimento consiste no acesso via vaginal da cavidade pélvica com trocarte e introdução de óptica que é acoplada ao sistema de videodocumentação. O exame é realizado em ambulatório com anestesia local. A visibilização é conseguida graças a hidroflotação das estruturas pélvicas provocada pela instilação de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactatoringer. Trata-se de uma das técnicas vídeo-endoscópicas ginecológica mais recentes descrita na literatura, ainda em fase de estudos. Este método permite o diagnóstico de afecções da pelve posterior como, endometriose, cistos ovarianos, aderências, hidrossalpinge, miomas e estudo da tuba distal em pacientes laqueadas. O estudo desenvolvido tem por objetivo avaliar a técnica operatória em si, assim como os achados através deste método e a segurança e eficácia de um novo um novo instrumental, mais particularmente uma agulha de Veress modificada, desenvolvida especificamente para este procedimento. Este instrumental difere de outros utilizados e descritos na literatura por apresentar um dispositivo de segurança em sua base que tem por finalidade fixar a parte interna da ponta da agulha, oferecendo maior segurança ao adentrar-se às cegas na cavidade pélvica através do fórnice vaginal posterior. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Para realização do estudo selecionou-se 38 pacientes laqueadas que apresentavam desejo de gravidez. Foram excluídas pacientes que apresentassem outra afecção pélvica e aquelas cujos parceiros apresentavam espermograma alterado com indicação de fertilização in vitro. O procedimento foi realizado com a paciente em posição ginecológica. Após a anti-sepsia da vulva e vagina procedeu-se à infiltração de 2 ml de lidocaína com vasoconstritor em porção mediana do fórnice vaginal posterior aproximadamente 1,5 cm abaixo da inserção da parede vaginal na cérvice uterina. Depois disto puncionava-se através do local previamente anestesiado com a agulha, objeto deste estudo, já envolta por uma cânula similar a um trocarte, até transpassar-se a parede vaginal e obter-se acesso à cavidade pélvica. Introduzia-se 100 ml de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactato-ringer com lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor diluída em uma proporção de 1/100. Após remover a agulha introduzia-se através da cânula uma óptica de 2,9 mm com ângulo de 30º acoplada a um sistema de vídeodocumentação; confirmava-se o acesso ao interior da cavidade e prosseguia-se a instilação de líquido e inspeção da mesma. RESULTADOS: 1) Obteve-se acesso à cavidade pélvica em 36 (94,7%) das pacientes. 2) A quantidade de líquido utilizada variou de 300 a 1500 ml. 3) O escore médio de dor foi de 2,3 na escala visual analógica de dor. O escore médio nas pacientes nas quais se utilizou quantidades 600ml foi de 2,7 e 1,7 respectivamente. 4) Os achados mais comuns durante o procedimento foram de aderências pélvicas velamentosas, além de hidrossalpinge e salpingectomia distal em alguns casos. 5) Não houve qualquer complicação nos 38 casos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: 1) O novo instrumental de hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (agulhas de Veress modificada) é eficaz em acessar a cavidade pélvica, é seguro e de fácil manuseio. 2) A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal é um método realizável em âmbito ambulatorial, reprodutível, bem tolerado, de baixo custo e com boa capacidade diagnóstica / INTRODUCTION: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) is a technique for pelvic exploration in patients without pelvic pathology. The procedure consists of accessing the pelvic cavity with a trocar and introduction of an optic coupled to a videodocumentation system. The exam is performed in outpatient under local anesthesia. Visualization is achieved through hydroflotation of the pelvis\'s structures, following instillation of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution. It is one of the most recently described gynecological videoendoscopic techniques in the literature and still in trial phase. This method enables the diagnosis of alterations in the posterior pelvis, such as endometriosis; ovarian cysts; adhesions; hydrosalpinx; myomas; and evaluation of the distal tube in patient with tubal ligation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the technique itself, as well as the findings using this method and the efficiency of the new instrument, in particular the modified Veress needle that has been developed specifically for this procedure. This instrument differs from others described in the literature because it has a safety device in its base designed to fix the inner part of needle\'s tip, thereby offering greater safety during blind insertion into the pelvic cavity through the posterior fornix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 patients with tubal ligation were selected that had expressed the desire to become pregnant. Patients with other pelvic alteration and whose partner presented abnormal semen analisys with indication for in vitro fertilization were excluded. The procedure was performed in gynecologic position. After antisepsis of the vulva and vagina, 2 ml of lidocaine with adrenaline was perfomed of posterior fornix at midline, approximately 1.5 cm below the insertion of the vaginal wall in the uterine cervix. After this, the Veress needle previously covered with a cannula that is similar a trocar, was inserted through the anesthetized area until it reached the pelvic cavity. A hundred milliliter of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution with 2% lidocaine, without adrenaline and diluted to 1:100 was introduced. After removal of the Veress needle, a rigid 2,9 mm endoscope with a 30º optical angle coupled to a videodocumentation system was inserted trough the cannula to confirm the access into pelvic cavity. The liquid has continued instilled and the inspection was undertaken. RESULTS: 1) the pelvic cavity was accessed in 36 (94.7%) patients; 2) the distention media volume used was 300 to 1500 ml; 3) the mean score for pain using the visual analog pain scale was 2.3. This score for the patients that received 600 ml was 2.7 and 1.7, respectively; 4) the most common findings during the procedure were filamentous pelvic adhesions, besides hydrosalpinx and distal salpingectomy in some cases 5) there were no complications in any of the 38 cases studied. CONCLUSIONS: 1)The new transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy instrument (modified Veress needle) is effective to access the pelvic cavity, safe and easy handle; 2) transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is feasibility in outpatient basis and is reproducible, well tolerated, inexpensive and offers a good diagnostic capacity

Introdução: Aproximadamente 2% a 26% das mulheres submetidas à esterilização demonstram arrependimento em algum momento de sua vida. A reversão cirúrgica pode ser realizada por laparotomia, minilaparotomia ou laparoscopia. Para tanto, é necessário avaliarem-se as condições tubárias para prognosticar o procedimento cirúrgico. Para a avaliação anatômica da tuba procede-se à histerossalpingografia para a análise da porção proximal à cicatriz cirúrgica da laqueadura, e a laparoscopia para a porção distal. Neste estudo prospectivo transversal, avaliou-se a porção distal das tubas pela hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (HLT) como alternativa à laparoscopia diagnóstica. Métodos: No período de agosto de 2001 a abril de 2004, 38 pacientes sem outra afecção pélvica, com idade inferior a 40 anos, índice de massa corpórea menor que 35 kg/m2, e cujos parceiros não apresentavam espermograma alterado com indicação de fertilização in vitro, foram submetidas à HLT, em ambulatório e sob anestesia local. A reversão cirúrgica foi efetuada em 30 pacientes por minilaparotomia, que foi considerada \"padrão-ouro\" para determinar a acurácia dos achados da HLT. Resultados: 1) Obteve-se acesso à cavidade pélvica em 36 (94,7%) pacientes; em duas (5,3%) houve falha de acesso. 2) Das 30 pacientes que se mantiveram no estudo, em duas (6,7%) não se obteve acesso à cavidade pélvi-ca, e das 28 (93,3%) pacientes avaliadas em um total de 56 tubas, o prognóstico foi correto em 25 (89,3%) e insatisfatório em três (10,7%). A falha prognóstica decorreu de hidrossalpinge e laqueadura em dois pontos em cada uma das tubas em uma paciente e de hidrossalpinge em outras duas pacientes. 3) Não houve qualquer complicação nos 38 casos estudados. Conclusões: A HTL é método que per-mite a visualização das fímbrias e do coto distal das tubas de pacientes laqueadas. Constitui método com alto índice de acerto na análise da possibilidade de recanalização cirúrgica pós-laqueadura, mas a presença de hidrossalpinge prejudica a avaliação do prognóstico da reversibilidade. / Background: The rate of post sterilization regret in women is about 2% to 26% de-pending on the moment of life they are living. Surgical reversibility can be carried out with the use of laparotomy, minilaparotomy or laparoscopy. However, tubal condi-tions must be assessed for the surgical prognosis. Hysterosalpingography is useful for assessing the proximal surgical scar of the ligated tube, and laparoscopy is used for evaluating the distal portion. Distal portion of ligated tubes were evaluated by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) as an alternative to laparoscopy in this investi-gation. Method: Between August 2001 and April 2004, 38 female candidates for sterilization reversal without any other pelvic disease, aged up to 40 years old, pre-senting body mass index <35 kg/m2, whose partners did not present abnormal es-permogram, and without indication for in vitro fertilization were submitted to outpa-tient THL under local anesthesia. Surgical reversal was accomplished in 30 patients with minilaparotomy, considered the golden-pattern for analyzing the accuracy of THL findings. Results: 1) Pelvic cavity was achieved in 36 (94.7%) patients, and the access failed in the other two (5.3%). 2) Out of the 30 patients who were kept in the study, failure in achieving the pelvic cavity occurred in two (6.7%) of them. In the remaining 28 (93.3%) women or 56 tubes, THL diagnosis was correct in 25 (89.3%) and unsatisfactory in the other three (10.7%). Prognosis failure was result of hy-drosalpinge, and one of these three patients presented two points ligated in both tubes as well. 3) There were no THL complications in all cases. Conclusion: THL is a technique useful for allowing visualization of fimbriae and distal stump of ligated tubes, and for accurately previewing the possibility of surgical reversal, although the presence of hydrosalpinge can interfere in the THL prognosis for tubal reversibility.

INTRODUÇÃO: A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (HLT) é uma técnica de exploração das estruturas tubo-ovarianas em pacientes inférteis sem alteração pélvica determinada. O procedimento consiste no acesso via vaginal da cavidade pélvica com trocarte e introdução de óptica que é acoplada ao sistema de videodocumentação. O exame é realizado em ambulatório com anestesia local. A visibilização é conseguida graças a hidroflotação das estruturas pélvicas provocada pela instilação de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactatoringer. Trata-se de uma das técnicas vídeo-endoscópicas ginecológica mais recentes descrita na literatura, ainda em fase de estudos. Este método permite o diagnóstico de afecções da pelve posterior como, endometriose, cistos ovarianos, aderências, hidrossalpinge, miomas e estudo da tuba distal em pacientes laqueadas. O estudo desenvolvido tem por objetivo avaliar a técnica operatória em si, assim como os achados através deste método e a segurança e eficácia de um novo um novo instrumental, mais particularmente uma agulha de Veress modificada, desenvolvida especificamente para este procedimento. Este instrumental difere de outros utilizados e descritos na literatura por apresentar um dispositivo de segurança em sua base que tem por finalidade fixar a parte interna da ponta da agulha, oferecendo maior segurança ao adentrar-se às cegas na cavidade pélvica através do fórnice vaginal posterior. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Para realização do estudo selecionou-se 38 pacientes laqueadas que apresentavam desejo de gravidez. Foram excluídas pacientes que apresentassem outra afecção pélvica e aquelas cujos parceiros apresentavam espermograma alterado com indicação de fertilização in vitro. O procedimento foi realizado com a paciente em posição ginecológica. Após a anti-sepsia da vulva e vagina procedeu-se à infiltração de 2 ml de lidocaína com vasoconstritor em porção mediana do fórnice vaginal posterior aproximadamente 1,5 cm abaixo da inserção da parede vaginal na cérvice uterina. Depois disto puncionava-se através do local previamente anestesiado com a agulha, objeto deste estudo, já envolta por uma cânula similar a um trocarte, até transpassar-se a parede vaginal e obter-se acesso à cavidade pélvica. Introduzia-se 100 ml de soro fisiológico ou solução de lactato-ringer com lidocaína 2% sem vasoconstritor diluída em uma proporção de 1/100. Após remover a agulha introduzia-se através da cânula uma óptica de 2,9 mm com ângulo de 30º acoplada a um sistema de vídeodocumentação; confirmava-se o acesso ao interior da cavidade e prosseguia-se a instilação de líquido e inspeção da mesma. RESULTADOS: 1) Obteve-se acesso à cavidade pélvica em 36 (94,7%) das pacientes. 2) A quantidade de líquido utilizada variou de 300 a 1500 ml. 3) O escore médio de dor foi de 2,3 na escala visual analógica de dor. O escore médio nas pacientes nas quais se utilizou quantidades 600ml foi de 2,7 e 1,7 respectivamente. 4) Os achados mais comuns durante o procedimento foram de aderências pélvicas velamentosas, além de hidrossalpinge e salpingectomia distal em alguns casos. 5) Não houve qualquer complicação nos 38 casos estudados. CONCLUSÕES: 1) O novo instrumental de hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (agulhas de Veress modificada) é eficaz em acessar a cavidade pélvica, é seguro e de fácil manuseio. 2) A hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal é um método realizável em âmbito ambulatorial, reprodutível, bem tolerado, de baixo custo e com boa capacidade diagnóstica / INTRODUCTION: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) is a technique for pelvic exploration in patients without pelvic pathology. The procedure consists of accessing the pelvic cavity with a trocar and introduction of an optic coupled to a videodocumentation system. The exam is performed in outpatient under local anesthesia. Visualization is achieved through hydroflotation of the pelvis\'s structures, following instillation of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution. It is one of the most recently described gynecological videoendoscopic techniques in the literature and still in trial phase. This method enables the diagnosis of alterations in the posterior pelvis, such as endometriosis; ovarian cysts; adhesions; hydrosalpinx; myomas; and evaluation of the distal tube in patient with tubal ligation. The objective of the study was to evaluate the technique itself, as well as the findings using this method and the efficiency of the new instrument, in particular the modified Veress needle that has been developed specifically for this procedure. This instrument differs from others described in the literature because it has a safety device in its base designed to fix the inner part of needle\'s tip, thereby offering greater safety during blind insertion into the pelvic cavity through the posterior fornix. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 38 patients with tubal ligation were selected that had expressed the desire to become pregnant. Patients with other pelvic alteration and whose partner presented abnormal semen analisys with indication for in vitro fertilization were excluded. The procedure was performed in gynecologic position. After antisepsis of the vulva and vagina, 2 ml of lidocaine with adrenaline was perfomed of posterior fornix at midline, approximately 1.5 cm below the insertion of the vaginal wall in the uterine cervix. After this, the Veress needle previously covered with a cannula that is similar a trocar, was inserted through the anesthetized area until it reached the pelvic cavity. A hundred milliliter of saline or Ringer\'s lactate solution with 2% lidocaine, without adrenaline and diluted to 1:100 was introduced. After removal of the Veress needle, a rigid 2,9 mm endoscope with a 30º optical angle coupled to a videodocumentation system was inserted trough the cannula to confirm the access into pelvic cavity. The liquid has continued instilled and the inspection was undertaken. RESULTS: 1) the pelvic cavity was accessed in 36 (94.7%) patients; 2) the distention media volume used was 300 to 1500 ml; 3) the mean score for pain using the visual analog pain scale was 2.3. This score for the patients that received 600 ml was 2.7 and 1.7, respectively; 4) the most common findings during the procedure were filamentous pelvic adhesions, besides hydrosalpinx and distal salpingectomy in some cases 5) there were no complications in any of the 38 cases studied. CONCLUSIONS: 1)The new transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy instrument (modified Veress needle) is effective to access the pelvic cavity, safe and easy handle; 2) transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is feasibility in outpatient basis and is reproducible, well tolerated, inexpensive and offers a good diagnostic capacity

Introdução: Aproximadamente 2% a 26% das mulheres submetidas à esterilização demonstram arrependimento em algum momento de sua vida. A reversão cirúrgica pode ser realizada por laparotomia, minilaparotomia ou laparoscopia. Para tanto, é necessário avaliarem-se as condições tubárias para prognosticar o procedimento cirúrgico. Para a avaliação anatômica da tuba procede-se à histerossalpingografia para a análise da porção proximal à cicatriz cirúrgica da laqueadura, e a laparoscopia para a porção distal. Neste estudo prospectivo transversal, avaliou-se a porção distal das tubas pela hidrolaparoscopia transvaginal (HLT) como alternativa à laparoscopia diagnóstica. Métodos: No período de agosto de 2001 a abril de 2004, 38 pacientes sem outra afecção pélvica, com idade inferior a 40 anos, índice de massa corpórea menor que 35 kg/m2, e cujos parceiros não apresentavam espermograma alterado com indicação de fertilização in vitro, foram submetidas à HLT, em ambulatório e sob anestesia local. A reversão cirúrgica foi efetuada em 30 pacientes por minilaparotomia, que foi considerada \"padrão-ouro\" para determinar a acurácia dos achados da HLT. Resultados: 1) Obteve-se acesso à cavidade pélvica em 36 (94,7%) pacientes; em duas (5,3%) houve falha de acesso. 2) Das 30 pacientes que se mantiveram no estudo, em duas (6,7%) não se obteve acesso à cavidade pélvi-ca, e das 28 (93,3%) pacientes avaliadas em um total de 56 tubas, o prognóstico foi correto em 25 (89,3%) e insatisfatório em três (10,7%). A falha prognóstica decorreu de hidrossalpinge e laqueadura em dois pontos em cada uma das tubas em uma paciente e de hidrossalpinge em outras duas pacientes. 3) Não houve qualquer complicação nos 38 casos estudados. Conclusões: A HTL é método que per-mite a visualização das fímbrias e do coto distal das tubas de pacientes laqueadas. Constitui método com alto índice de acerto na análise da possibilidade de recanalização cirúrgica pós-laqueadura, mas a presença de hidrossalpinge prejudica a avaliação do prognóstico da reversibilidade. / Background: The rate of post sterilization regret in women is about 2% to 26% de-pending on the moment of life they are living. Surgical reversibility can be carried out with the use of laparotomy, minilaparotomy or laparoscopy. However, tubal condi-tions must be assessed for the surgical prognosis. Hysterosalpingography is useful for assessing the proximal surgical scar of the ligated tube, and laparoscopy is used for evaluating the distal portion. Distal portion of ligated tubes were evaluated by transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) as an alternative to laparoscopy in this investi-gation. Method: Between August 2001 and April 2004, 38 female candidates for sterilization reversal without any other pelvic disease, aged up to 40 years old, pre-senting body mass index <35 kg/m2, whose partners did not present abnormal es-permogram, and without indication for in vitro fertilization were submitted to outpa-tient THL under local anesthesia. Surgical reversal was accomplished in 30 patients with minilaparotomy, considered the golden-pattern for analyzing the accuracy of THL findings. Results: 1) Pelvic cavity was achieved in 36 (94.7%) patients, and the access failed in the other two (5.3%). 2) Out of the 30 patients who were kept in the study, failure in achieving the pelvic cavity occurred in two (6.7%) of them. In the remaining 28 (93.3%) women or 56 tubes, THL diagnosis was correct in 25 (89.3%) and unsatisfactory in the other three (10.7%). Prognosis failure was result of hy-drosalpinge, and one of these three patients presented two points ligated in both tubes as well. 3) There were no THL complications in all cases. Conclusion: THL is a technique useful for allowing visualization of fimbriae and distal stump of ligated tubes, and for accurately previewing the possibility of surgical reversal, although the presence of hydrosalpinge can interfere in the THL prognosis for tubal reversibility.

<p>Uvod:Apendicitis je oboljenje, koje se najče&scaron;će javlja u dečjem uzrastu. Poslednjih godina se laparoskopska apendektomija sprovodi sve če&scaron;će u ovom uzrastu, međutim ne postoji jasan konsenzus o optimalnom izboru anestetika za održavanje op&scaron;te anestezije u toku ove hirur&scaron;ke metode u dečjem uzrastu. Cilj istraživanja: Utvrditi uticaj vrste anestezije i vrste hirur&scaron;ke procedure na odgovor organizma na hirur&scaron;ki stres tokom operacije crvuljka. Metodologija: Klinički prospektivno istraživanje je sprovedeno na Klinici za dečiju hirurgiju, na Institutu za zdravstvenu za&scaron;titu dece i omladine Vojvodine. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 120 dece, uzrasta od 7 do 17 godina, bez postojećih komorbiditeta, koji su operisani zbog zapaljenja crvuljka. U zavisnosti od vrste operativnog zahvata i vrste primenjene anestezije deca su podeljena u četiri grupe bolesnika. Kod sve četiri ispitivane grupe uzimana je venska i kapilarna krv, nekoliko minuta nakon uvoda u anesteziju, u momentu vađenja crvuljka iz trbuha i 12 časova nakon kraja hirur&scaron;ke intervencije. Laboratorijski su određeni markeri oksidativnog stresa (TBARS), metaboličkog odgovora na hirur&scaron;ki stres (laktat, glikemija), inflamatornog odgovora organizma (IL-6, leukociti), gasne analize, parametri oksigenacije i ventilacije, i hemodinamski parametri ispitanika. Rezultati:U istraživanju je dobijen rezultat da je zapaljenje crvuljka oboljenje koje se če&scaron;će javlja kod dečaka. Tokom apendektomije u dečjem uzrastu, sevofluran je bolje kontrolisao arterijsku tenziju, dok na srčanu frekvencu vrsta anestezije nije imala uticaja. Sevofluran je anestetik tokom čije primene je manji inflamatorni odgovor tokom laparoskospske apendektomije. Propofol deluje suprimirajuće na oksidativni stres, ali nije nađena statistička značajnost u odnosu na vrednosti dobijene analizom uticaja sevoflurana na parametre oksidativnog stresa. Zaključak: Laparoskopska apendektomija u odnosu na laparotomiju nije praćena većim stepenom hirur&scaron;kog stresa, a sevofluran je anestetik koji tokom anestezije za laparoskopsku apendektomiju u dečijem uzrastu daje bolju kontrolu kliničkog, metaboličkog i inflamatornog odgovora.</p> / <p>Introduction: Appendicitis is a disease which appears most commonly in children. In recent years appendectomy in children is performed by laparoscopy, but there is no consensus yet on the optimal choice of anesthetics during general anesthesia for this procedure. Aim: To determine the influence of type of anesthesia and type of surgical procedure for appendectomy, on surgical stress in children. Methodology: A prospective clinical trial in Clinic of pediatric surgery in Novi Sad, Vojvodina. The study included 120 children aged from 7 to 17 years, with no commorbidities, who underwent appendectomy. Children were divided in four groups based on the type of anesthesia and type of surgery they received. In all participants, venous and capillary blood was sampled for analyzis 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia, at the moment of appendix removal and 12 hours after the procedure. The laboratory analysis included markers of oxidative stress (TBARS), metabolic response to surgical stress (lactate, blood glucose), inflammatory response (IL-6, leucocites), bloodgas analyses, parameters of oxygentation and ventilation and haemodynamic parameters of the participants. Results: In the study appendicitis was more common in boys. During laparoscopic appendectomy sevoflurane controlled better the blood pressure, but not the heart rate. Sevoflurane maintained a better control of parameters of the inflammatory response. Propofol decreased the oxidative stress, but there was no statistical difference compared to the effects of sevoflurane on oxidative stress. Conclusion: Laparoscopic appendectomy shoved no difference in the level of surgical stress compared to laparotomy, and sevoflurane appeared as an anaesthetic which had a better control of the metabolic, clinical and inflammatory response.</p>