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This thesis consists of three papers, all treating various aspects of the operation partial balayage from potential theory. The first paper concerns the equilibrium measure in the setting of two dimensional weighted potential theory, an important measure arising in various mathematical areas, e.g. random matrix theory and the theory of orthogonal polynomials. In this paper we show that the equilibrium measure satisfies a complementary relation with a partial balayage measure if the weight function is of a certain type. The second paper treats the connection between partial balayage measures and measures arising from scaling limits of a generalisation of the so-called divisible sandpile model on lattices. The standard divisible sandpile can, in a natural way, be considered a discrete version of the partial balayage operation with respect to the Lebesgue measure. The generalisation that is developed in this paper is essentially a discrete version of the partial balayage operation with respect to more general measures than the Lebesgue measure. In the third paper we develop a version of partial balayage on Riemannian manifolds, using the theory of currents. Several known properties of partial balayage measures are shown to have corresponding results in the Riemannian manifold setting, one of which being the main result of the first paper. Moreover, we utilize the developed framework to show that for manifolds of dimension two, harmonic and geodesic balls are locally equivalent if and only if the manifold locally has constant curvature. / Denna avhandling består av tre artiklar som alla behandlar olika aspekter av den potentialteoretiska operationen partiell balayage. Den första artikeln betraktar jämviktsmåttet i tvådimensionell viktad potentialteori, ett viktigt mått inom flertalet matematiska inriktningar såsom slumpmatristeori och teorin om ortogonalpolynom. I denna artikel visas att jämviktsmåttet uppfyller en komplementaritetsrelation med ett partiell balayage-mått om viktfunktionen är av en viss typ. Den andra artikeln behandlar relationen mellan partiell balayage-mått och mått som uppstår från skalningsgränser av en generalisering av den så kallade "delbara sandhögen", en diskret modell för partikelaggregation på gitter. Den vanliga delbara sandhögen kan på ett naturligt sätt betraktas som en diskret version av partiell balayage-operatorn med avseende på Lebesguemåttet. Generaliseringen som utarbetas i denna artikel är väsentligen en diskret version av partiell balayage-operatorn med avseende på mer allmänna mått än Lebesguemåttet. I den tredje artikeln formuleras en version av partiell balayage på riemannska mångfalder utifrån teorin om strömmar. Åtskilliga tidigare kända egenskaper om partiella balayage-mått visas ha motsvarande formuleringar i formuleringen på riemannska mångfalder, bland annat huvudresultatet från den första artikeln. Vidare så utnyttjas det utarbetade ramverket för att visa att tvådimensionella riemannska mångfalder har egenskapen att harmoniska och geodetiska bollar lokalt är ekvivalenta om och endast om mångfalden lokalt har konstant krökning. / <p>QC 20160524</p>

This thesis considers two isoperimetric inequalities for the eigenvalues of the Laplacian on a family of spherically symmetric Riemannian manifolds. The Payne-Pólya-Weinberger Conjecture (PPW) states that for a bounded domain Ω in Euclidean space Rn, the ratio λ1(Ω)/λ0(Ω) of the first two eigenvalues of the Dirichlet Laplacian is bounded by the corresponding eigenvalue ratio for the Dirichlet Laplacian on the ball BΩof equal volume. The Szegö-Weinberger inequality states that for a bounded domain Ω in Euclidean space Rn, the first nonzero eigenvalue of the Neumann Laplacian μ1(Ω) is maximized on the ball BΩ of the same volume. In the first three chapters we will look at the known work for the manifolds Rn and Hn. Then we will take a family a spherically symmetric manifolds given by Rn with a spherically symmetric metric determined by a radially symmetric function f. We will then give a PPW-type upper bound for the eigenvalue gap, λ1(Ω) − λ0(Ω), and the ratio λ1(Ω)/λ0(Ω) on a family of symmetric bounded domains in this space. Finally, we prove the Szegö-Weinberger inequality for this same class of domains.

Understanding physical configurations and how these can emerge from the underlying gauge theory is a fundamental problem in modern particle physics. This thesis investigates the study of these configurations primarily focussing on the need for gauge invariance in constructing the gauge invariant fields for any physical theory. We consider Wu’s approach to gauge invariance by identifying the gauge symmetry preserving conditions in quantum electrodynamics and demonstrate how Wu’s conditions for one-loop order calculations (under various regularisation schemes) leads to the maintenance of gauge invariance. The need for gauge invariance is stressed and the consequences discussed in terms of the Ward identities for which various examples and proofs are presented in this thesis. We next consider Zwanziger’s description of a mass term in Yang-Mills theory, where an expansion is introduced in terms of the quadratic and cubic powers of the field strength. Although Zwanziger introduced this expansion there is, however, no derivation or discussion about how it arises and how it may be extended to higher orders. We show how Zwanziger’s expansion in terms of the inverse covariant Laplacian can be derived and extended to higher orders. An explicit derivation is presented, for the first time, for the next to next to leading order term. The role of dressings and their factorisation lies at the heart of this analysis.

Ce mémoire a pour but d'étudier les propriétés des solutions à l'équation aux valeurs propres de l'opérateur de Laplace sur le disque lorsque les valeurs propres tendent vers l'in ni. En particulier, on s'intéresse au taux de croissance des normes ponctuelle et L1. Soit D le disque unitaire et @D sa frontière (le cercle unitaire). On s'inté- resse aux solutions de l'équation aux valeurs propres f = f avec soit des conditions frontières de Dirichlet (fj@D = 0), soit des conditions frontières de Neumann ( @f @nj@D = 0 ; notons que sur le disque, la dérivée normale est simplement la dérivée par rapport à la variable radiale : @ @n = @ @r ). Les fonctions propres correspondantes sont données par : f (r; ) = fn;m(r; ) = Jn(kn;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Dirichlet) fN (r; ) = fN n;m(r; ) = Jn(k0 n;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Neumann) où Jn est la fonction de Bessel de premier type d'ordre n, kn;m est son m- ième zéro et k0 n;m est le m-ième zéro de sa dérivée (ici on dénote les fonctions propres pour le problème de Dirichlet par f et celles pour le problème de Neumann par fN). Dans ce cas, on obtient que le spectre SpD( ) du laplacien sur D, c'est-à-dire l'ensemble de ses valeurs propres, est donné par : SpD( ) = f : f = fg = fk2 n;m : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Dirichlet) SpN D( ) = f : fN = fNg = fk0 n;m 2 : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Neumann) En n, on impose que nos fonctions propres soient normalisées par rapport à la norme L2 sur D, c'est-à-dire : R D F2 da = 1 (à partir de maintenant on utilise F pour noter les fonctions propres normalisées et f pour les fonctions propres quelconques). Sous ces conditions, on s'intéresse à déterminer le taux de croissance de la norme L1 des fonctions propres normalisées, notée jjF jj1, selon . Il est vi important de mentionner que la norme L1 d'une fonction sur un domaine correspond au maximum de sa valeur absolue sur le domaine. Notons que dépend de deux paramètres, m et n et que la dépendance entre et la norme L1 dépendra du rapport entre leurs taux de croissance. L'étude du comportement de la norme L1 est étroitement liée à l'étude de l'ensemble E(D) qui est l'ensemble des points d'accumulation de log(jjF jj1)= log : Notre principal résultat sera de montrer que [7=36; 1=4] E(B2) [1=18; 1=4]: Le mémoire est organisé comme suit. L'introdution et les résultats principaux sont présentés au chapitre 1. Au chapitre 2, on rappelle quelques faits biens connus concernant les fonctions propres du laplacien sur le disque et sur les fonctions de Bessel. Au chapitre 3, on prouve des résultats concernant la croissance de la norme ponctuelle des fonctions propres. On montre notamment que, si m=n ! 0, alors pour tout point donné (r; ) du disque, la valeur de F (r; ) décroit exponentiellement lorsque ! 1. Au chapitre 4, on montre plusieurs résultats sur la croissance de la norme L1. Le probl ème avec conditions frontières de Neumann est discuté au chapitre 5 et on présente quelques résultats numériques au chapitre 6. Une brève discussion et un sommaire de notre travail se trouve au chapitre 7. / The goal of this master's thesis is to explore the properties of the solutions of the eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator on a disk as the eigenvalues go to in nity. More speci cally, we study the growth rate of the pointwise and the L1 norms of the eigenfunctions. Let D be the unit disk and @D be its boundary (the unit circle). We study the solutions of the eigenvalue problem f = f with either Dirichlet boundary condition (fj@D = 0) or Neumann boundary condition ( @f @nj@D = 0; note that for the disk the normal derivative is simply the derivative with respect to the radial variable: @ @n = @ @r ). The corresponding eigenfunctions are given by: f (r; ) = fn;m(r; ) = Jn(kn;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Dirichlet) fN (r; ) = fN n;m(r; ) = Jn(k0 n;mr)(Acos(n ) + B sin(n )) (Neumann) where Jn is the nth order Bessel function of the rst type, kn;m is its mth zero and k0 n;m is the mth zero of its derivative (here we denote the eigenfunctions for the Dirichlet problem by f and those for the Neumann problem by fN). The spectrum of the Laplacian on D, SpD( ), that is the set of its eigenvalues, is given by: SpD( ) = f : f = fg = fk2 n;m : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Dirichlet) SpN D( ) = f : fN = fNg = fk0 n;m 2 : n = 0; 1; 2; : : :m = 1; 2; : : :g (Neumann) Finally, we normalize the L2 norm of the eigenfunctions on D, namely: R D F2 da = 1 (here and further on we use the notation F for the normalized eigenfunctions and f for arbitrary eigenfunctions). Under these conditions, we study the growth rate of the L1 norm of the normalized eigenfunctions, jjF jj1, in relation to . It is important to mention that the L1 norm of a function on a given domain corresponds to the iv maximum of its absolute value on the domain. Note that depends on two parameters, m and n, and the relation between and the L1 norm depends on the regime at which m and n change as goes to in nity. Studying the behavior of the L1 norm is linked to the study of the set E(D) which is the set of accumulation points of log(jjF jj1)= log : One of our main results is that [7=36; 1=4] E(B2) [1=18; 1=4]: The thesis is organized as follows. Introduction and main results are presented in chapter 1. In chapter 2 we review some well-known facts regarding the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on the disk and the properties of the Bessel functions. In chapter 3 we prove results on pointwise growth of eigenfunctions. In particular, we show that, if m=n ! 0, then, for any xed point (r; ) on D, the value of F (r; ) decreases exponentially as ! 1. In chapter 4 we study the growth of the L1 norm. Eigenfunctions of the Neumann problem are discussed in chapter 5. Some numerical results are presented in chapter 6. A discussion and a summary of our work could be found in chapter 7.

[pt] Este trabalho busca reconstruir a geometria de uma malha partindo de sua conectividade e de um conjunto esparso de pontos com geometria conhecida, denominados pontos de controle. O problema é formulado como a maximização da suavidade da superfície fixando a posição dos pontos de controle. Nessa formulação, o método consiste em resolver um sistema linear esparso aplicando-se mínimos quadrados. Diferentes propostas para a seleção de pontos de controle, o método de minimização e a construção do sistema linear são apresentadas e comparadas. / [en] This work aims at reconstructing the geometry of a mesh from its connectivity and a small set of control points, whose geometry is known.The problem is formulated as a maximization of the surface smoothness restricting the position of the control points. With this formulation, the method reduces to solving a sparse linear system using least squares minimization. Several proposals for the selection of the control points, the minimization method and the linear system construction are presented and compared .

In this work, we develop an extension of the generalized Fourier transform for exterior domains due to T. Ikebe and A. Ramm for all dimensions n>2 to study the Laplacian, and fractional Laplacian operators in such a domain. Using the harmonic extension approach due to L. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, we can obtain a localized version of the operator, so that it is precisely the square root of the Laplacian as a self-adjoint operator in L2 with DIrichlet boundary conditions. In turn, this allowed us to obtain a maximum principle for solutions of the dissipative two-dimensional quasi-geostrophic equation the exterior domain, which we apply to prove decay results using an adaptation of the Fourier Splitting method of M.E. Schonbek. / by Leonardo Kosloff. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

In this thesis we investigate the role of odd Poisson brackets in related areas of supergeometry. In particular we study three different cases of their appearance: Courant algebroids and their homotopy analogues, weak Poisson structures and their relation to foliated manifolds, and the structure of odd Poisson manifolds and their modular class. In chapter 2 we introduce the notion of a homotopy Courant algebroid, a subclass of which is suggested to stand as the double objects to L-bialgebroids. We provide explicit formula for the higher homotopy Dorfman brackets introduced in this case, and the higher relations between these and the anchor maps. The homotopy Loday structure is investigated, and we begin a discussion of what other constructions in the theory of Courant algebroids can be carried out in this homotopy setting. Chapter 3 is devoted to lifting a weak Poisson structure corresponding to a local foliation of a submanifold to a weak Koszul bracket, and interpreting the results in terms of the cohomology of an associated differential. This bracket is shown to produce a bracket on co-exact differential forms. In chapter 5 studies classes of second order differential operators acting on semidensities on an arbitrary supermanifold. In particular, when the supermanifold is odd Poisson, we given an explicit description of the modular class of the odd Poisson manifold, and provide the first non-trivial examples of such a class. We also introduce the potential field of a general odd Laplacian, and discuss its relation to the geometry of the odd Poisson manifold and its status as a connection-like object.

Ces travaux concernent deux équations paraboliques, dégénérées et non-locales. La première équation est une équation de films minces fractionnaire et la deuxième est une équation des milieux poreux fractionnaire. La présentation des problèmes, les résultats existants dans la littérature, ainsi que le résumé de nos résultats font l'objet de l'introduction. Le deuxième chapitre est consacré à la présentation de la méthode de De Giorgi utilisée pour montrer la régularité Hölder des solutions des équations elliptiques. On présente de plus les résultats utilisant cette approche dans les cas paraboliques local et non-local. Dans le troisième chapitre, on montre l'existence de solutions faibles d'une équation des films minces fractionnaire. C'est une équation parabolique, dégénérée, non-locale d'ordre $alpha+2$ où $0 < alpha < 2$. C'est une généralisation d'une équation étudiée par Imbert et Mellet en 2011 pour $alpha = 1$. Pour construire les solutions, on passe par un problème régularisé. En utilisant les injections de Sobolev, on passe à la limite pour trouver des solutions faibles. Vu la différence des injections de Sobolev, on distingue deux cas $0 <alpha < 1$ et $1 leq alpha < 2$. Dans les deux cas on démontre que la solution est positive si la condition initiale l'est. Le quatrième chapitre concerne une équation des milieux poreux fractionnaire. On montre la régularité Hölder de solutions faibles positives satisfaisant des estimées d'énergie. D'abord, on montre l'existence de solutions faibles qui satisfont des estimées d'énergie. On distingue deux cas $0 <alpha < 1$ et $1 leq alpha < 2$ à cause de problème de divergence. Puis on démontre les lemmes de De Giorgi qui sont des lemmes de réduction de l'oscillation d'en dessus et d'au-dessous. Ces deux lemmes ne suffisent pas pour montrer la régularité Hölder. On a besoin d'améliorer le résultat du lemme de réduction de l'oscillation d'en dessus. Donc, on passe par un lemme des valeurs intermédiaires et on montrer un lemme de réduction de l'oscillation d'en dessus amélioré. Enfin, on montre la régularité Hölder des solutions en utilisant la propriété scaling de ces solutions / In this thesis, we study two degenerate, non-local parabolic equations, a fractional thin film equation and a fractional porous medium equation. The introduction contains a presentation of problems, the previous results in the literature and a brief presentation of our results. In the second chapter, we present a short overview of the De Giorgi method used to prove Hölder regularity of solutions of elliptic equations. Moreover, we present the results using this approach in the local and non-local parabolic cases. In the third chapter we prove existence of weak solutions of a fractional thin film equation. It is a non-local degenerate parabolic equation of order $alpha + 2$ where $0 < alpha < 2$. It is a generalization of an equation studied by Imbert and Mellet in 2011 for $alpha = 1$. To construct these solutions, we consider a regularized problem then we pass to the limit using Sobolev embedding theorem, that's why we distinguish two cases $0 < alpha < 1$ and $1 leq alpha < 2$. We also prove that the solution is positive if the initial condition is so. The fourth chapter is dedicated for a fractional porous medium equation. We prove Hölder regularity of positive weak solutions satisfying energy estimates. First, we prove the existence of weak solutions that satisfy energy estimates. We distiguish two cases $0 < alpha < 1$ and $1 leq alpha < 2$ because of divergence problems. The we prove De Giorgi Lemmas about oscillation reduction from above and from below. This is not suffisant. We need to improve the lemma about oscillation reduction from above. So we pass by an intermediate values lemma and we prove an improved oscillation reduction lemma from above. Finally, we prove Hölder regularity of solutions using the scaling property

Neste trabalho, estudamos o problema de encontrar grafos extremais com rela c~ao a energia laplaciana sem sinal. Mais especi camente, procuramos grafos com a maior energia laplaciana sem sinal em determinadas classes. Nesse sentido, conjecturamos que o grafo unic clico conexo com a maior energia laplaciana sem sinal e o grafo formado por um tri^angulo com v ertices pendentes distribu dos balanceadamente e provamos parcialmente essa conjectura. Tal resultado foi provado tamb em para a energia laplaciana. Al em disso, conjecturamos que o grafo com a maior energia laplaciana sem sinal dentre todos os grafos com n v ertices e o grafo split completo com uma clique de [n+1/ 3] v ertices e provamos tal conjectura para algumas classes de grafos, em particular, para arvores, grafos unic clicos e bic clicos. / In this work, we study the problem of nding extremal graphs with relation to the signless Laplacian energy. More speci cally, we look for graphs with the largest signless Laplacian energy inside certains classes. In this sense, we conjecture that the connected unicyclic graph with the largest signless Laplacian energy is the graph consisting of a triangle with balanced distributed pendent vertices and we partially prove this conjecture. This result was also proved for the Laplacian energy. Moreover we conjecture that the graph with the largest signless Laplacian energy among all graphs with n vertices is the complete split graph with a clique of [n+1/ 3] vertices and we prove this conjecture for some classes of graphs, in particular, for trees, for unicyclic and bicyclic graphs.