Lithospermum arvense es una maleza anual facultativa de invierno de creciente importancia en sistemas agrícolas de la región semiárida del sud-sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los mayores niveles de abundancia de L. arvense se han observado en las zonas de mayor aptitud agrícola donde los sistemas de labranza conservacionista alcanzan los más altos niveles de adopción y difusión. La implementación de prácticas de manejo conservacionista, como la labranza cero, produce cambios en el patrón de distribución vertical de las semillas en el suelo en relación con los sistemas de labranza convencional. Asimismo, el carácter estacional e irregular de las precipitaciones de la región afecta el patrón de germinación de las malezas. Los objetivos generales del presente trabajo de tesis consistieron en: (a) estudiar aspectos de la ecología del banco de semillas de L. arvense a fin dilucidar algunas de las causas del incremento de la abundancia de la especie en la región, y (b) comprender y modelar los cambios en el nivel de dormición de las semillas a fin de poder predecir la germinación y emergencia a campo con miras a instrumentar prácticas más eficientes y sustentables de control. Se llevaron a cabo experimentos a campo con la finalidad de estudiar la dinámica de la dormición, germinación y mortalidad de semillas en el banco bajo condiciones contrastantes de profundidad de enterramiento de semillas y de regimenes hídricos fluctuantes de suelo. Complementariamente, se estudió el efecto de la profundidad de enterramiento sobre la germinación y la emergencia bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Se observó una marcada reducción de la germinación y la emergencia con el incremento de la profundidad de enterramiento. Los cambios en el nivel de dormición en el banco de semillas estuvieron regulados por la temperatura del suelo, mientras que la profundidad de enterramiento o el régimen hídrico del suelo no ejercieron un efecto definido sobre dicho atributo poblacional. Se observó un incremento en la mortalidad de las semillas con el aumento de la profundidad de enterramiento. Los resultados obtenidos bajo las condiciones ambientales evaluadas sugieren que la proporción de semillas viables se reduciría luego de dos años de enterramiento a < 10 % de la población inicial. A fin de cuantificar los requerimientos térmicos para la salida de la dormición de L. arvense, las semillas fueron almacenadas a temperaturas constantes en condiciones de laboratorio durante distintos periodos de tiempo. Los cambios en el nivel de dormición poblacional fueron adecuadamente descritos a través de un índice de tiempo-térmico que permitió establecer relaciones funcionales entre la acumulación de unidades de tiempo-térmico para la salida de la dormición y la tasa de cambio de los parámetros térmicos y de hidrotiempo de la población. Los modelos desarrollados fueron validados con datos independientes mostrando una aceptable capacidad para predecir los cambios en el nivel de dormición permitiendo estimar las distintas fracciones de la población de semillas capaces de germinar dada una determinada condición térmica o hídrica del ambiente. / Lithospermum arvense is a facultative winter annual weed of increasing importance in agricultural systems of the semiarid region of the south-southwest area of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. L. arvense higher abundance levels were observed in the areas of higher agricultural aptitude where conservationist tillage systems reach the highest adoption and diffusion levels. The implementation of conservationist tillage practices, such as non-tillage, produce changes on the vertical pattern of seed distribution in the soil in relation to conventional tillage systems. Likewise, the seasonal and irregular pattern of precipitation of the region affects the germination pattern of weeds. The main objectives of the present thesis were: (a) to study aspects of the seed bank ecology of L. arvense in order to elucidate some of the reasons of the abundance increment of this species in the region, and (b) to comprehend and model the changes in the level of seed dormancy in order to be able to predict seed germination and field emergence aiming to reach more efficient and sustainable weed control practices. Field experiments were conducted in order to study seed dormancy, germination and mortality dynamics in the seed bank under contrasting conditions of seed burial depth and fluctuating soil water regimes. Also, the effect of seed burial depth on seed germination and seedling emergence was studied under laboratory controlled conditions. A significant reduction of seed germination and seedling emergence was observed as seed burial depth increased. Dormancy changes in the seed bank were regulated by soil temperature, while the effect of seed burial depth or the soil water regime was not conclusive. An increment on seed mortality was observed as seed burial depth increased. Observed results under the evaluated environmental conditions suggest the amount of viable seed would be reduced to < 10 % of the initial population after two years of burial. In order to quantify the thermal requirements for L. arvense dormancy loss, seeds were stored at constant temperatures under laboratory conditions during different time periods. Changes in the dormancy level of the seed population were adequately described by means of a thermal-time index which allowed establishing functional relations between the accumulation of thermal-time units for seed dormancy release and the rate of change of thermal and hydrotime parameters of the population. Developed models were validated using independent data showing an acceptable capacity to predict seed dormancy changes and allowing the estimation of the different fractions of the seed population which are able to germinate given a certain thermal or hydric environmental condition.

This sociological study investigates the effects of work stress on family dynamics. Job demands, like heavy workload and working overtime, could have an effect on family members to fulfill role obligations and vital family functions according to Parsons’s, Murdock’s and Merton’s functionalist theories. By employing qualitative research techniques, fifty in-depth interviews guided by an interview schedule are conducted. The three research questions or tentative hypotheses, based on the functionalist theory, are answered by the findings from the data gathered. An inductive strategy is used to gather and interpret data to eventually build new theory. Theory is grounded in the data, hence grounded theory. The findings are categorized in terms of the research questions and describe and explain how the family is affected when work stress is experienced by the employee and family member. Possible explanations are offered as to why this occurs. Recommendations for further research are also made. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

This sociological study investigates the effects of work stress on family dynamics. Job demands, like heavy workload and working overtime, could have an effect on family members to fulfill role obligations and vital family functions according to Parsons’s, Murdock’s and Merton’s functionalist theories. By employing qualitative research techniques, fifty in-depth interviews guided by an interview schedule are conducted. The three research questions or tentative hypotheses, based on the functionalist theory, are answered by the findings from the data gathered. An inductive strategy is used to gather and interpret data to eventually build new theory. Theory is grounded in the data, hence grounded theory. The findings are categorized in terms of the research questions and describe and explain how the family is affected when work stress is experienced by the employee and family member. Possible explanations are offered as to why this occurs. Recommendations for further research are also made. / Sociology / M.A. (Sociology)

Distintos son los recursos de la comunicación que el museo utiliza para cumplir con sus objetivos. Junto a los contenidos, las metodologías y los lenguajes son las preocupaciones en los procesos de transmisión del conocimiento. La visión educativa del museo se ha venido fortaleciendo en los últimos tiempos y siendo esta tarea primordial en una sociedad, es necesario que la forma de comunicación en sus etapas de creación, transmisión y recepción sean eficaces. La museografía es cada vez una herramienta no solo necesaria sino asequible en el proceso educativo por lo que los elementos de la comunicación empleados y su procesamiento requieren de una especial atención La característica propia de la museografía y su materialización en la exposición exige un manejo adecuado en la totalidad del proceso de la comunicación. La densidad de los elementos que intervienen en este discurso tiende a obstaculizar la claridad en la lectura del mismo. Este estudio busca internarse en este conglomerado de elementos para descubrir sus mecanismos de organización funcional y su forma de interrelacionarse para construir un discurso unitario con identidad y un lenguaje nítido que permita, en consecuencia, transmitir con efectividad el mensaje de la exposición.

Alquilbenzeno Linear Sulfonado (LAS) é o surfactante aniônico mais utilizado no mundo e é encontrado constantemente em esgoto doméstico e águas residuárias de lavanderia. A remoção de LAS em reatores foi comprovada em estudos anteriores, mas pouco se sabe sobre a toxicidade desse composto em amostras mais complexas para a biota aquática. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar duas Hipóteses; A: O LAS padrão causa efeitos negativos na biota aquática, e B: O tratamento em reator de leito fluidificado de amostra complexa contendo LAS (água residuária de lavanderia comercial combinada com esgoto doméstico bruto) diminui os efeitos negativos na biota aquática. Ambas as hipóteses foram avaliadas por meio de bioensaios de toxicidade com: Chironomus sancticaroli, Allonais inaequalis e Daphnia magna, analisados a partir da mortalidade dos organismos e análises estatísticas, para determinar os efeitos tóxicos dos LAS padrão e das amostras do reator, comparados ao controle. Para avaliar a Hipótese A foram realizados testes de toxicidade aguda, crônica e crônica de gerações com o LAS padrão. No teste de toxicidade crônica de gerações, com a espécie C. sancticaroli, foram analisados a deformidade bucal, comprimento das larvas, tamanho das asas das fêmeas e fecundidade potencial com o LAS padrão em 3 gerações. Para responder a Hipótese B, foram realizados bioensaios de toxicidade aguda e crônica com os afluentes, efluentes e diluições dos efluentes nas seis fases de operação do reator. C. sancticaroli foi a espécie mais tolerante tanto em teste de toxicidade aguda como crônica com LAS padrão (CL50-96h 25,25 mg.L-1 e CL50-10dias 18,11 mg.L-1), seguido de A. inaequalis (CL50-96h 8,13 mg.L-1 e CL50-10dias 8,56 mg.L-1). A espécie mais sensível ao LAS foi D. magna (CE50-48h 6,11mg.L-1 e CE50-21dias 3,21 mg.L-1). No teste de toxicidade crônica de longa duração, não existiu diferença estatística entre as gerações para o desenvolvimento das larvas do inseto C. sancticaroli, entretanto evidenciaram diferença estatística entre as gerações quanto ao tamanho das asas das fêmeas, indicando que esses organismos podem sofrer alterações fisiológicas quando a exposição ao contaminante é contínua, confirmando a Hipótese A. Os resultados ecotoxicológicos com o reator evidenciaram toxicidade de 100% de todos afluentes e efluentes para A. inaequalis e D. magna. Já C. sancticaroli apresentou menor toxicidade nas primeiras fases de operação (de 20 a 100% de mortalidade). Em geral, foi identificado diferença de toxicidade das fases do reator por meio das diluições. Nas fases menos tóxicas, a diminuição da mortalidade era observada a partir de diluição de 50%; nas fases mais tóxicas, a partir de 20%. É possível concluir que a Fase VIb de operação do reator apresentou diminuição da toxicidade. Entretanto, ao se analisar testes de toxicidade crônica nessa fase, conclui-se que o efluente mesmo depois do tratamento em reator causa efeito negativo nos organismos-teste avaliados, dessa forma é possível refutar a Hipótese B. A partir dos resultados apresentados, é possível concluir que o LAS causa impacto ambiental, principalmente em exposição continua, e que mesmo com remoção em sistema biológico de efluentes reais (água residuária de lavanderia comercial combinada com esgoto doméstico) existe impacto, possivelmente com a interação entre os diversos compostos tóxicos e o LAS. / Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) is the most commonly utilized anionic surfactant in the world and it is present in domestic sewage and laundry wastewater. Removal of LAS in reactors has been proven in previous studies, but little is known about the toxicity to the aquatic biota. The objectives of this study were tested into two Hypotheses, A: The standard surfactant LAS causes negative effects on aquatic biota, and B: Treatment in complex sample fluidized bed reactor containing LAS (commercial laundry wastewater combined with raw domestic sewage) diminishes the negative effects on aquatic biota. Both Hypotheses were evaluated toxicity bioassays using three test organisms: Chironomus sancticaroli, Allonais inaequalis and Daphnia magna. To evaluate the Hypothesis A, acute, chronic and long-term chronic toxicity tests were performed with standard LAS. In the long-term chronic tests with C. sancticaroli organisms, we analyzed the oral deformity, larval length, female wing size and potential fecundity in contact with the standard LAS in 3 generations. Acute and chronic bioassays with affluents, effluents and effluent dilutions in the VI operating phases of the fluidized bed reactor were proceeded to evaluate the Hypothesis B. The results were analyzed from the mortality of the organisms, and statistical analysis were performed to determine the similarity of the toxic effects of the LAS and reactor samples, compared to the control. The species C. sancticaroli was the most tolerant species in both acute and chronic trials with standard LAS (LC50-96h 25.25 mg.L-1 and LC50- 10 days 18.11 mg.L-1), followed by species of A. inaequalis (LC50-96h 8.13 mg.L-1 and LC50-10 days 8.56 mg.L-1). The species most sensitive to LAS was D. magna (CE50-48h 6.11mg.L-1 and CE50-21dias 3.21mg.L-1). In the long-term chronic test, there is no statistical difference between the generations for the development of C. sancticaroli insect larvae. However, they showed a statistical difference between the generations regarding the size of the female wings, indicating that these organisms may undergo physiological changes when exposure to the contaminant is continuous. From these results it is possible to confirm Hypothesis A. The ecotoxicological results with the reactor showed toxicity of 100% of all tributaries and effluents for A. inaequalis and D. magna. The C. sancticaroli species had low toxicity in the first stages of operation (from 20 to 100% mortality). In general, toxicity difference of the reactor phases was identified by half of the dilution analysis. In the less toxic phases, the decrease in mortality was observed from 50% dilution; in the most toxic phases, from 20%. It is also possible to conclude that Phase VIb showed a decrease in the mortality of the test organisms where a chronic test was performed. However, when analyzing the chronic tests, it can be concluded that the effluent even after the treatment in the reactor causes a negative effect on the test organisms evaluated, so it is possible to refute the Hypothesis B. From the results presented, it is possible to conclude that the LAS causes environmental impact, mainly in continuous exposure, and that even with treatment of actual effluents (commercial laundry wastewater combined with domestic sewage) there is an impact, possibly with the interaction between the various toxic compounds and the LAS.

Alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) é um surfactante presente em água residuária de lavanderia. Em virtude da complexidade de sua degradação, o presente estudo envolveu a análise de alguns fatores, destacando-se: diversidade de co-substratos; tempo de detenção hidráulico (TDH); e concentração de co-substratos. Avaliou-se a degradação de LAS com diferentes co-substratos (metanol, etanol e extrato de levedura) em reator UASB, em TDH de 24 h e 14±2 mg/L de LAS. A influência de TDH e concentração de co-substratos foram analisadas em sete reatores UASB, com 12±3 mg/L de LAS; TDH de 6, 35 e 80 h, e diferentes concentrações de co-substratos (etanol, metanol e extrato de levedura), expressada pela carga orgânica específica (COE), entre 0,03 e 0,18 gDQO/gSTV.d. Ao final, avaliou-se a degradação de LAS em água residuária de lavanderia diluída, nessa mesma configuração de reator com TDH de 35 h e 10±5 mg/L de LAS. Em todos os ensaios foi utilizado inóculo granulado proveniente de reator UASB empregado no tratamento de água residuária de abatedouro de aves, mantendo-se intacta a forma granulada. No ensaio variando co-substratos, observou-se maior remoção de LAS (50%) na presença de co-substrato complexo (extrato de levedura) que na presença de metanol e etanol (29-41%). Diferença pouco significativa entre as comunidades do domínio Archaea e Bacteria (cerca de 60 e 40%, respectivamente) foi observada na presença de diferentes co-substratos, mediante análise de hibridação fluorescente in situ (fluorescent in situ hybridization FISH). Verificou-se maior influência da concentração de co-substratos na degradação de LAS, seguida pelo TDH. Aplicando a menor COE (0,03 gDQO/gSTV.d), obteve-se alta degradação de LAS (76%), enquanto nos reatores variando TDH foram observadas eficiências de 18% (6 h), 37-53% (35 h) e 55% (80 h). Nos reatores variando TDH e concentração de co-substratos, observou-se significativa remoção de LAS no separador de fases (20-53%; na manta de lodo observou-se 13-43%), relacionada à baixa concentração de co-substratos e condição anaeróbia facultativa nessa região. Por meio da técnica de PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) nas amostras do ensaio variando TDH e concentração de co-substratos, verificou-se maior coeficiente de similaridade na manta de lodo (Archaea: 70-90%; Bacteria: 69-83%), devido à estrutura de grânulo do inóculo utilizado. Verificou-se alta degradação de LAS (82%) no reator com água de lavanderia, atribuída à diversidade de co-substratos (12 ácidos orgânicos voláteis detectados) e à concentração baixa desses co-substratos (COE: 0,03 gDQO/gSTV.d). Mediante análise de pirosequenciamento da região do RNAr 16S de amostras do ensaio com água residuária de lavanderia foram encontrados 147 gêneros, dos quais 32 foram relacionados com a degradação de LAS (gêneros capazes de degradar compostos aromáticos, dessulfonação, e -oxidação). Observou-se significativa abundância relativa (>1%) dos seguintes gêneros relacionados com a degradação de LAS: Comamonas, Dechloromonas, Desulfovibrio, Gemmatimonas, Holophoga, Parvibaculum, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Sporomusa, Synergistes e Zoogloea. No separador de fases do reator com água de lavanderia, a alta remoção de LAS (90%) e a abundância relativa dos gêneros aeróbios (23%) e anaeróbios (6%) relacionados com a degradação de LAS corroboraram a relação entre remoção de LAS e condição anaeróbia facultativa / Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a surfactant present in laundry wastewater. Due to the complexity of its degradation, the present study involved the analysis of some features, highlighting: co-substrates diversity; hydraulic retention time (HRT); and co-substrates concentration. The LAS degradation with different co-substrates (methanol, ethanol and yeast extract) was evaluated in UASB reactor, at HRT of 24 h and LAS 14±2 mg/L. The influence of HRT and concentration of co-substrates was analyzed in seven UASB reactors, with LAS 12±3 mg/L; the HRT was 6, 35 and 80 h, and different concentration of co-substrates (methanol, ethanol and yeast extract), as specific organic load rate (SOLR) between 0.03 and 0.18 gCOD/gTVS.d. At the end, the LAS degradation was performed in UASB reactor fed with diluted laundry wastewater, at HRT of 35 h and LAS 10±5 mg/L. In all assays was used a granular inoculum from a UASB reactor employed in treatment of wastewater from poultry slaughterhouse, maintaining the granular form. In the assay varying the co-substrates, it was observed greater LAS removal (50%) in the presence of complex co-substrate (yeast extract) than in the presence of methanol and ethanol (removal: 29-41%). Insignificant difference between the communities from Archaea and Bacteria domain (about 60 and 40%, respectively) was observed in the presence of different co-substrates, according to the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. It was verified greater influence of cosubstrates concentration than the HRT in the LAS degradation. At the lowest SOLR (0.03 gCOD/gTVS.d), high LAS degradation (76%) was obtained while in the reactors varying the HRT were observed efficiencies of 18% (6 h), 37-53% (35 h) and 55% (80 h). In the reactors varying the HRT and concentration of co-substrates, a significant LAS removal rate (20-53%; in the sludge blanket the rate was 13-43%) was observed in the phase separator, related to the low concentration of co-substrates and the anaerobic facultative condition in this region. By the PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) technique of samples from the assay varying the HRT and concentration of co-substrates, it was verified great similarity coefficient in the sludge blanket (Archaea: 70-90%; Bacteria: 69- 83%) due to the granule structure of the inoculum used. High LAS degradation (82%) was verified in the reactor with laundry wastewater, which was attributed to the diversity of cosubstrates (12 organic volatile acids detected) and the low concentration of co-substrates (SOLR: 0.03 gCOD/gTVS.d). By pyrosequencing analysis of 16S RNAr genes in the samples from assay with laundry wastewater, it was found 147 genus, which 32 were related to the LAS degradation (genus able to degrade aromatic compounds, desulfonation, and - oxidation). A significant relative abundance (>1%) was observed in the following genus related to the degradation of LAS: Comamonas, Dechloromonas, Desulfovibrio, Gemmatimonas, Holophoga, Parvibaculum, Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Sporomusa, Synergistes and Zoogloea. In the phases separator of the reactor with laundry wastewater, the high LAS removal (90%) and the relative abundance of genus aerobic (23%) and anaerobic (6%) related to the degradation of LAS corroborated the relation between LAS removal and the anaerobic facultative condition

Neste trabalho foi estudada a remoção e degradação de alquilbenzeno linear sulfonado (LAS) em esgoto sanitário afluente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto Monjolinho do município de São Carlos-SP. Para isso, foi utilizado reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF) em escala piloto com areia como material suporte. O reator foi operado durante 220 dias em TDH de 18&#177;1,96h e temperatura mesófila. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas e cromatográficas, tanto de caracterização do esgoto sanitário afluente, quanto no monitoramento do reator. Em relação ao esgoto sanitário observou-se 653,50 &#177; 169,30 mg.L-1 e 6,19 &#177; 3,25 mg.L -1 para DQO bruta e LAS, respectivamente. Em relação aos metais potencialmente tóxicos foram observados cádmio, chumbo, manganês, níquel e zinco, além de traços de ferro. Em relação aos compostos recalcitrantes foram observados no esgoto sanitário butil benzeno sulfonamida, ácido hexadecanóico, limoneno, terpineno, fenol, álcool feniletílico, indolizina, cafeína e isobutil octadecil ftalato. Durante o período de operação do RALF em fluxo contínuo observou-se 503,84 &#177; 187,06 mg.L-1 e 210,53 &#177; 78,37 mg.L -1 de DQO bruta afluente e efluente, respectivamente, e eficiência de remoção de 56 &#177; 14&#37;. Em relação ao LAS foi observado 7,77 &#177; 3,06 mg.L-1 e 5,67 &#177; 2,84 mg.L-1 para o afluente e efluente, respectivamente, e eficiência de remoção de 28 &#177; 27&#37;. Por meio do balanço de massa foi verificado que apenas 0,1&#37; dessa remoção foi por adsorção. Observou-se pH efluente de 7,40 &#177; 0,32, alcalinidade total efluente de 233,40 &#177; 40,75 mgCaCO3 L-1, e ácidos orgânicos voláteis efluente de 57,64 &#177; 48,08 mg L -1. / In this work, it was studied the removal and degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in a sanitary sewage effluent from the Monjolinho Sewage Treatment Station of the city of São Carlos-SP. For such, it was used a pilot scale anaerobic fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), filled with sand as support material. The reactor was operated with 18 hours of TDH and mesophilic temperature. Physicochemical and chromatographic analyzes were performed both in the characterization of the sewage inflow and in the monitoring of the reactor. The variation in concentration of COD and LAS were of 653,50 &#177; 169,30 mg L-1, and 6,189 &#177; 3,25 mg L-1, respectively. Regarding potentially toxic metals, cadmium, lead, manganese, nickel and zinc were observed, traces of Iron were also found. Regarding recalcitrant compounds was observed in sanitary sewage, butyl benzenesulfonamide, hexadecanoic acid, limonene, terpinene, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, indolizine, caffeine and isobutyl octadecyl phthalate were observed. The AFBR was operated in a continuous stream during 220 days. During this period the COD concentration was 503.84 &#177; 187.06 mg L-1 and 210.53 &#177; 78.37 mg L-1, afluente and effluent, respectively, with a removal efficiency of 56 &#177; 14&#37;. In regard to the surfactant LAS, was observed 7.77 &#177; 3.06 mg L-1 and 5.67 &#177; 2.84 mg L-1 a ffluent and effluent respectively, being the efficiency of removal of 28 &#177; 27&#37;. When the mass balance was perform, it was possible to verify that only 0.1&#37; of this LAS removal was by adsorption. The effluent pH remained stable, close to neutrality 7.40 &#177; 0.32, the total effluent alkalinity was 233.40 &#177; 40.75 mgCaCO3 L-1 and volatile organic acids 57.64 &#177; 48.08 mg L-1.

Neste trabalho foi utilizado reator anaeróbio operado em bateladas seqüenciais com biomassa imobilizada para avaliação da remoção e degradação de alquilbenzeno sulfonado linear (LAS). O volume útil do sistema foi de 2,6 L, sendo a temperatura mantida constante a 30 \'+ OU -\' 1 grau Celsius. O inóculo, lodo proveniente de reator UASB utilizado no tratamento de resíduos de suinocultura, foi imobilizado em partículas de carvão vegetal. A alimentação consistiu de substrato sintético acrescido de LAS. A operação foi dividida em quatro etapas: (1) substrato sintético sem LAS, (2) substrato sintético acrescido de 12 \'+ OU -\' 3 mg/L de LAS, (3) substrato sintético acrescido de 32 \'+ OU -\' 5 mg/L de LAS e (4) substrato sintético sem sacarose acrescido de 10 \'+ OU -\' 2 mg/L de LAS. O reator, operado durante 256 dias, mostrou estabilidade operacional sob baixas concentrações de LAS (12 \'+ OU -\' 3 e 10 \'+ OU -\' 2 mg/L). A elevação da concentração de LAS a 32 \'+ OU -\' 5 mg/L influenciou negativamente o processo de digestão anaeróbia. Nessa concentração, atingiu-se a mínima eficiência de remoção média de DQO (53% \'+ OU -\' 12 p.p.) e houve consumo de alcalinidade (valor mínimo de 241 mg \'CA\'\'CO IND.3\'/L) associado ao acúmulo de ácidos voláteis (concentração máxima de 97 mgHAc/L). Sob essas condições, atribui-se o inadequado desempenho do reator possivelmente ao comprometimento de suas condições hidrodinâmicas, que podem ter sido afetadas pela produção excessiva de exopolímeros. Com a diminuição da concentração de LAS a 10 \'+ OU -\' 2 mg/L o sistema mostrou recuperação. Nessa última fase foi verificada remoção de 70% \'+ OU -\' 5 p.p. de DQO, para 61 dias de operação. O balanço de massa do LAS indicou remoção de 18%, enquanto que sua degradação biológica atingiu 16%. Conclui-se que configuração testada, com biomassa imobilizada, não foi considerada adequada ao tratamento de águas residuárias contendo LAS. As análises microscópicas revelaram ampla variedade morfológica e não se constatou diferenças significativas quanto as morfologias encontradas no inóculo e durante as fases de operação. Por meio de técnicas de biologia molecular (PCR/DGGE), constatou-se que o meio suporte foi seletivo para o domínio Bacteria. / This work used an anaerobic sequencing biofilm batch reactor aiming the removal and degradation of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Biomass from an UASB reactor treating suine wastewater was immobilized in charcoal fragments. The reactor was fed with synthetic substrate with addition of LAS. Feeding happened in four stages: (1) synthetic substrate without LAS, (2) synthetic substrate with LAS at 12 ±3 mg/L, (3) synthetic substrate with LAS at 32 ±5 mg/L and (4) synthetic substrate with LAS at 10 ±2 mg/L. The reactor, which was monitored for 256 days, has shown good stability under low LAS concentrations (12 ±3 e 10 ±2 mg/L). Rising in LAS concentration to 32 ±5 mg/L have negatively influenced anaerobic digestion. At this concentration, the lowest organic matter removal efficiency (55% ±12 p.p.) was attained and alkalinity consumption took place (lowest value of 241 mgCaCO3/L) associated with amassing of volatile acids (peak value of 97 mgHAc/L). Under these conditions, the ill-suited performance shown by the reactor is assumed to be caused by the compromising of the reactors hydrodynamics properties, which could have been affected by the observed extracellular polymers overproduction. The reactor showed good performance recovery when the LAS concentration was lowered to 10 ±2 mg/L. The last stage reached 70% ±5 p.p. of organic matter removal efficiency within 61 days. LAS mass balance indicated that 18% of the mass affluent to the reactor were removed by biodegradation and adsorption, while 16% were biologically degraded. Upon the obtained results, it was concluded that the proposed configuration is not suited in treating wastewaters containing LAS. Microscopic investigations have revealed notable microbial morphological variety and it could not been distinguished significative differences between inoculums and reactors samples microbial morphologies. Through Molecular Biology techniques (PCR/DGGE), it was observed that the support material has allowed growth of some bacterial populations that were not found in the inoculum.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a remoção de alquilbenzeno sulfonado linear (LAS), presente na composição do detergente em pó doméstico e caracterizar os microrganismos do domínio Bacteria do reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado. Para tal foi utilizado um reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado contendo areia como material suporte contendo biofilme maduro. O reator foi operado com TDH de 15 horas. A alimentação consistiu em substrato sintético, com etanol e extrato de levedura, como co-substratos, e detergente em pó comercial. O reator foi operado em 7 etapas diferentes: (I) circuito fechado para adaptação do biofilme maduro a nova água residuária, (II) sistema aberto e a alimentação com substrato sintético, (III) acréscimo de solução redutora de sulfeto de sódio, (IV) nova imobilização e adaptação da biomassa em sistema fechado, (V) circuito aberto e variação da concentração de co-substratos na alimentação em função da estabilização e aumento da eficiência de remoção de DQO, (VI) estabilização da remoção de matéria orgânica,(VII) adição de detergente em pó comercial. Os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos foram monitorados: pH, alcalinidade, ácidos voláteis, sulfato, sulfeto, DQO, sólidos suspensos totais e concentração de LAS afluente e efluente. Remoção de 48% de LAS foi verificada após 231 dias de operação. A presença do surfactante não alterou significativamente a remoção de DQO, cujos valores foram 87,2 ± 5,4% e 85,8 ± 4,9%, antes e depois da adição de LAS, respectivamente. Por meio do balanço de massa verificou-se que 42,4% do LAS adicionado no reator foram removidos por degradação biológica, 0,9% ficaram adsorvidos na biomassa e 4,5% adsorvido na biomassa efluente. Clones relacionados aos Filos Proteobacteria, Synergistetes e Fusobacteria foram obtidos, tanto em amostras do material suporte, quanto do separador de fases do reator, sendo que o Filo Verrucomicrobia foi obtido, somente, em amostras do copo do reator. Os filos Bacteroidetes e Firmicutes foram verificados somente em amostras da areia. / The present research intends to evaluate the removal of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), a component present in the manufacturing of domestic detergent powder and characterize the microorganisms of Bacteria domain of the anaerobic fluidized bed reactor. In this case, an anaerobic fluidized bed reactor was employed, with sand containing mature biofilm as support material. The reactor was operated with a 15 hour HRT. Feeding consisted of synthetic substrate and commercial detergent powder, with ethanol and yeast extract as co-substrates. The reactor was operated in 7 different steps: (I) the circuit was kept closed for adaptation of mature biofilm to the new wastewater, (II) the system was opened and food was provided, consisting only of synthetic substrate, (III) a reducing solution of sodium sulfide was added, (IV) the system was closed for new immobilization and biomass adaptation, (V) the circuit was opened and the concentration of co-substrates of food was altered according to the stabilization and the increase of COD removal efficiency, (VI) there was stabilization of organic matter removal, (VII) commercial detergent powder was added. The following physicochemical parameters were monitored: pH, alkalinity, volatile acids, sulphate, sulphide, COD, total suspended solids and LAS concentration. The removal of 48% of LAS was observed after 231 days of operation. The presence of surfactant did not significantly affect COD removal: its values before and after LAS addition were 87.2 ± 5.4% and 85.8 ± 4.9%, respectively. The mass balance showed that 42.4% of the LAS added to the reactor was removed by biological degradation, 0.9% was adsorbed in the biomass and 4.5% was adsorbed in the effluent biomass. Clones belonging to the Phyla Proteobacteria, Synergistetes and Fusobacteria were obtained, both in the samples in the support material and in the samples in the reactor phases separator. Phylum Verrucomicrobia was found only in samples in the reactor phases separator. Phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were found only in samples of sand.

GMD S.A., empresa de soluciones de tecnología de la información, desarrolla prácticas de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial (RSE) orientadas hacia acciones reactivas de carácter filantrópico y de corto plazo; que difieren de las acciones implementadas por las otras unidades de negocio de la Corporación Graña y Montero. Esta situación es producida por el tipo de negocio de la empresa y la vinculación de esta con sus principales grupo de interés. En tal sentido, será una de las prioridades para GMD S.A. desarrollar la responsabilidad social a nivel interno, así propiciará el bienestar de sus colaboradores y potenciará sus capacidades con el fin de desarrollar su ventaja competitiva a partir de sus propios colaboradores. Sin embargo, por las características de la organización, se evidencia una débil, y en algunos casos nula, participación en acciones de Responsabilidad Social externa, que le permitan desarrollar satisfactoriamente la política corporativa de RSE de Graña y Montero. / Tesis