Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:28:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Um dos mais críticos problemas encontrados na união de materiais distintos é a formação de tensões residuais, que ocorre principalmente pelo fato desses materiais possuírem coeficientes de expansão térmica e condutividades térmicas diferentes. Neste trabalho foi estudada a técnica de soldagem laser entre o aço carbono AISI 1010 e o aço inoxidável AISI 304. Os materiais foram unidos por solda autógena de topo com um laser de Nd:YAG contínuo. O principal objetivo do estudo foi a identificação da influência dos parâmetros de soldagem, pela análise das tensões residuais na zona termicamente afetada (ZTA). Foi executado um planejamento fatorial de três fatores a dois níveis com uma réplica, em que foram variadas a potência, a velocidade de soldagem e a posição focal do feixe laser. Na superfície da amostra foram realizadas medidas de tensão residual pela técnica de difração de raios X, para estudar sua variação em função dos parâmetros investigados. O método do furo cego foi também utilizado para avaliar a tensão residual ao longo da profundidade das amostras até a profundidade de 1 mm. Além das medidas de tensão residual, os cordões de solda foram avaliados por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura (MEV), que tiveram como objetivos determinar a geometria do cordão e mudanças na microestrutura, também foram feitas medidas de microdureza Vickers para se avaliar a extensão da ZTA. Para se avaliar as propriedades mecânicas da união foram realizados ensaios de tração e fadiga. O software MINITAB 15 foi utilizado para a análise das tensões residuais nas diferentes profundidades da ZTA obtidas pelo método do furo cego. Foi utilizada também a regressão estatística baseada nas diferentes influências da entrada e combinação dos fatores na tensão residual geradas nessa união. Os resultados indicam que o desenvolvimento de modelos pode prever as respostas satisfatoriamente e fornecer aos usuários um guia para definir os melhores parâmetros de união. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 04673.pdf: 4338286 bytes, checksum: 9b40b59ddc2764691461410ae0194329 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-10-07T12:39:18Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-07T12:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem de chapas de Tântalo e Monel 400 com 100 m de espessura. Foram realizadas soldas em um laser de Nd:YAG operando em modo pulsado e em um Laser de Fibra operando em modo contínuo. Em seguida a microestrutura das amostras foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e foram realizados ensaio de microdureza Vickers. As amostras que apresentaram melhores resultados foram submetidas a ensaios de tração e a ensaios de corrosão. Após análise dos resultados observou-se que a soldagem a laser apresenta muitos benefícios em relação a outros processos convencionais para chapas finas. A soldagem no modo pulsado apresentou maior relação de aspecto se comparado a soldagem em modo contínuo. A soldagem em modo contínuo apresentou uma velocidade de soldagem muito superior ao modo pulsado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem no modo pulsado apresenta maior aplicabilidade para chapas finas, devido à necessidade um controle preciso sobre a intensidade aplicada. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Afin de proposer un outil permettant d'étudier les phénomènes hydrodynamiques dans le bain de fusion et le capillaire de vapeur lors du soudage laser, un modèle thermohydraulique prenant en compte les trois phases en présence (vapeur métallique, bain liquide et solide) a été développé à l'aide du code de calcul Comsol Multiphysics. Pour suivre l'évolution de ces trois phases, les équations couplées de la chaleur et de Navier-Stokes sont résolues et le suivi de l'interface liquide-vapeur est traité à l'aide de la méthode level set. Les réflexions multiples du laser sont calculées avec une nouvelle méthode consistant à décrire le laser sous sa forme ondulatoire. Le modèle est d’abord appliqué à un cas de tir laser statique, cas pouvant être résolu en 2D axisymétrique permettant de réaliser les développements et une première validation. L'influence de certains paramètres, comme la puissance laser est étudiée et les mécanismes conduisant à l'apparition de porosité résiduelle sont mis en évidence. Ensuite, ces mêmes équations sont utilisées en 3D pour décrire de la façon la plus complète possible une ligne de fusion. Toute la phase de création du capillaire est analysée puis les températures et les vitesses calculées sont comparées à des mesures expérimentales. Les températures en phase solide sont obtenues grâce à des thermocouples de 25µm, les températures en surface du bain liquide par pyrométrie et enfin, les vitesses à la surface du bain son obtenues grâce à une caméra rapide. Ces comparaisons permettent de montrer la cohérence du modèle, son comportement physique à décrire les écoulements, les formes de zones fondues et la dynamique du capillaire de vapeur. / To provide a tool able to study hydrodynamics phenomena in the melt pool and the vapor capillary during laser welding of tailored blanks, a heat and fluid flow model taking into account the three phases present is proposed. The metal vapor, the liquid phase and the solid base are modeled using the code Comsol Multiphysics. In order to study the evolution of these three phases, coupled equations of heat transfer and Navier-Stokes equations are solved and the liquid-vapor interface is tracked using the level set method. Multiple reflections of the laser are calculated with a new method by describing the laser in its wave form by solving Maxwell's equations. This manuscript presents the results of the model, first, in a case of a static laser shot solved in axisymmetric 2D to achieve the development and initial validation. The influence of parameters such as laser power is studied and the mechanisms leading to the appearance of residual porosities is highlighted. Then, these equations are used in three dimensions to describe the most complete as possible, a fusion line with an opened vapor capillary. All the creation phase of the capillary is analyzed. Calculated temperatures and velocities are compared to experimental measurements. Temperatures in the solid phase are obtained with thermocouples of 25µm, the surface temperature of the melt pool are obtained by pyrometry and finally velocities at the surface of the melt pool are obtained with a high speed camera. These comparisons show the consistency of the model to describe the physical flows, the molten zones shapes and the complete behavior of the vapor capillary.

When joining steel to aluminium there is a reaction between iron and aluminium which results in the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMC). These compounds are usually the reason for the poor mechanical strength of the dissimilar metallic joints. The research on dissimilar metal joining is vast but is mainly focused on the automotive industry and therefore, the material in use is very thin, usually less than 1 mm. For materials with thicker sections the present solution is a transition joint made by explosion welding which permits joining of steel to aluminium and avoids the formation of IMCs. However, this solution brings additional costs and extra processing time to join the materials. The main goals of this project are to understand the mechanism of formation of the IMCs, control the formation of the IMCs, and understand their effects on the mechanical properties of the dissimilar Fe-Al joints during laser welding. Laser welding permits accurate and precise control of the welding thermal cycle and thereby the underpinning mechanism of IMC formation can be easily understood along with the factors which control the strength of the joints. The further goal of this project is to find an appropriate interlayer to restrict the Fe-Al reaction. The first stage of the work was focused on the formation and growth of the Fe-Al IMCs during laser welding. The understanding of how the processing conditions affect the IMC growth provides an opportunity to act and avoid its formation and thereby, to optimize the strength of the dissimilar metal joints. The results showed that even with a negligible amount of energy it was not possible to prevent the IMC formation which was composed of both Fe2Al5 and FeAl3 phases. The IMC growth increases exponentially with the applied specific point energy. However, for higher power densities the growth is more accentuated. The strength of the Fe-Al lap-joints was found to be not only dependent on the IMC layer thickness but also on the bonding area. In order to obtain sound joints it is necessary to achieve a balance between these two factors. The thermal model developed for the laser welding process in this joint configuration showed that for the same level of energy it is more efficient to use higher power densities than longer interaction iv times. Even though a thicker IMC layer is formed under this condition due to higher temperature there is also more melting of aluminium which creates a larger bonding area between the steel and the aluminium. The joint strength is thus improved ... [cont.].

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o assentamento passivo de supra-estruturas de próteses fixas implanto-suportadas de três elementos, fundidas em titânio comercialmente puro e em ligas à base de Ni-Cr e Co-Cr. Para esta análise foi utilizado o método de Sheffield (EISENMAN, 1997), e as leituras foram realizadas num microscópio óptico comparador (Nikon, Japão). Foram utilizados dois implantes de hexágono interno Master Conect AR (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese, Brasil). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e também ao teste complementar de Tukey-Kramer. A análise dos dados permitiu concluir que: as interfaces, quando os três grupos foram analisados em monobloco e com os dois parafusos apertados, foram mais satisfatórias para o grupo fundido em liga de Ni-Cr (25,00 ± 7,92μm), apesar deste grupo não ser estatisticamente diferente dos outros dois (Co-Cr: 54,23 ± 37,10μm e Ti cp: 48,41 ± 26,69μm). No teste do parafuso único os três grupos também foram estatisticamente iguais, com os seguintes resultados, no lado parafusado: Co-Cr: 35,01 ± 27,76μm, Ni-Cr: 20,13 ± 7,97μm, e Ti cp: 22,28 ± 17,29μm, e no lado contrário: Co-Cr: 118,64 ± 91,48μm, Ni-Cr: 70,66 ± 20,88μm, e Ti cp: 118,56 ± 51,35μm. Neste mesmo estudo também se realizou a secção das peças e posterior soldagem a laser. A soldagem foi conduzida na máquina Desktop Laser (Dentaurum, Alemanha). A análise do assentamento passivo foi novamente realizada pelo método de Sheffield e as leituras foram feitas no microscópio óptico comparador (Nikon). O procedimento de separação das peças em monobloco e posterior soldagem a laser resultou em diminuição estatisticamente significante nos níveis de desajuste quando analisadas as peças com os dois parafusos apertados para o grupo fundido em liga de Co-Cr (21,49 ± 9,08μm). Para os outros dois grupos, liga de Ni-Cr (13,10 ± 1,81μm) e Ti cp (17,70 ± 11,70μm), os resultados não apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes, apesar de apresentarem menores níveis de desajuste marginal. No teste do parafuso único e leitura no lado oposto, apenas o grupo fundido em liga de Ni-Cr (19,81 ± 7,36μm) não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado à fundição em monobloco. Os grupos em liga de Co-Cr (41,02 ± 26,15μm) e em Ti cp (40,42 ± 27,14μm) apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes após a soldagem a laser. Na leitura no lado apertado os três grupos foram estatisticamente iguais. A simulação dos ciclos de queima da cerâmica não provocou alterações significativas nas interfaces analisadas sob todas as condições de leitura e aperto dos parafusos. Os grupos fundidos em ligas de Co-Cr e em Ti cp, quando analisados com apenas um parafuso apertado e as leituras realizadas no lado oposto, apresentaram diminuição dos níveis de ajuste, sendo 26,42 ± 8,67μm, após a simulação, quando era 41,02 ± 26,15μm após soldagem a laser para o primeiro e, 40,42 ± 27,14μm e 28,05 ± 20,89μm, antes e após a simulação, para o segundo, porém sem diferenças estatisticamente significantes. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precision of fit of three-element implant-retained and supported frameworks, cast in Ni-Cr- and Co-Cr alloys and commercially pure titanium (Cp Ti). The Sheffield´s test (EISENMAN, 1997) was used to analyze the marginal interfaces, and the readings executed in an optic microscope (Nikon, Japan). Two Master Conect AR (Conexão Sistemas de Prótese, Brazil) internal-hexagon implant systems were used. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with complementary Tukey-Kramer’s test. Data analysis showed that: the interfaces, when analyzed as a one-piece casting and with both screws tightened, were better for the group cast in Ni-Cr alloy (25.00 ± 7.92μm), though not statistically different from the two other groups (Co-Cr: 54.23 ± 37.10μm e Cp Ti: 48.41 ± 26.69μm). In the single screw tightened test the three groups showed no statistical difference, with the following results, on the tightened side: Co-Cr: 35.01 ± 27.76μm, Ni-Cr: 20.13 ± 7.97μm, and Cp Ti: 22.28 ± 17.29μm, and on the opposite side: Co-Cr: 118.64 ± 91.48μm, Ni-Cr: 70.66 ± 20.88μm, and Cp Ti: 118.56 ± 51.35μm. On this same study, the one-piece castings were sectioned and laser welded. The laser welding was executed with the Desktop Laser (Dentaurum, Germany) machine. The Sheffield´s test was used to analyze the passive fit, and the readings executed in an optic microscope (Nikon). The procedure of sectioning the one-piece castings and its later laser welding presented statistically significant lower levels of misfit when the castings were analyzed with both screws tightened for the group cast in Co-Cr alloy (21.49 ± 9.08μm). For the other two groups, Ni-Cr alloy (13.10 ± 1.81μm) and Cp Ti (17.70 ± 11.70μm), results presented no statistically significant differences, though showed lower levels of marginal fit. In the single screw tightened test and readings made on the opposite side, only the group cast on Ni-Cr alloy (19.81 ± 7.36μm) didn’t present statistically significant lower levels of misfit when compared to single-piece castings. The Co-Cr alloy (41.02 ± 26.15μm) and the Cp Ti (40.42 ± 27.14μm) groups showed statistically significant differences after laser welding. The reading on the screwed side detected that the three groups were statistically the same. Simulation of the porcelain firing cycles did not develop any significant differences on the analyzed interfaces under all readings and screw tightening conditions. The groups cast in Co-Cr alloy and Cp Ti, when analyzed with only one screw tightened and the readings executed on the opposite side, presented lower levels of misfit, being 26.42 ± 8.67μm, after simulation, when was 41.02 ± 26.15μm after laser welding for the first and, 40.42 ± 27.14μm and 28.05 ± 20.89μm, before and after, for the second, though not showing any statistically significant differences.

In the thesis, the influence of the shape of the beam wobbling geometry and the spot vibration frequency on the properties of the heterogeneous weld of X12Cr13 martensitic stainless steel with carbon steel S355MC in laser oscillation welding is investigated. Macroscopic control was performed on the samples, which were focused on weld size and heat affected areas, weld defects, weld shape and cant / drop face and weld joint root. Subsequent microscopic inspection determined both the weld metal structure and the heat affected area and base material. The last was a Vickers microhardness test. Based on the experiment, it was found that the spot process frequency is an important process parameter.

This thesis deals with usage of hybrid technology Laser-TIG for welding of boron enhanced steel 22MnB5. This thesis evaluates the influence of preheating using technology of TIG arc welding to a weld quality in comparison with laser welds. In practical part of thesis there were 1,8 mm metal sheets of 22MnB5 welded. This metal sheet specimens were welded by using constant parameters of laser with varying parameters of TIG technology. There were 12 specimens of sheet metal created including 3 specimens using only laser and 9 specimens using Laser-TIG hybrid technology while varying magnitude of current (I=20 A, 40 A a 60 A). Welds created this way were evaluated by tensile test and strength limits compared. Then metalografic survey was carried out examining macro and microstructure. Results of metalografic survey were confronted with Vickers hardness test.

No description available.

Diploma theses is focused on welding experiment of maraging steel by use Yb-YAG laser. Experimet is based on testing of combination steel 11321 and maraging steel. Domex420MC, Domex720MC a QSE380. In theoretical part there are described laser technology of welding, weld defect, maraging steel and inspection of welded joints. In experimental part there are porposed test and made mechanical test of weld as transverse tensile test, bend tests, Erichsen cupping test, Vickers hardness test and makroscopic and microscopic examination of welds. In conclusion there are analysis of the experiment results.