In the last two decades or so, hybrid structures from dissimilar materials and/or sheet gauges have been developed to achieve weight reduction while maintaining or even improving structural performance such as stiffness, crash and impact behavior. In particular, welded and brazed sheet materials in the form of tailor blanks (TBs) are being increasingly used or considered for future applications in different applications such as automotive, aerospace and marine constructions as they offer attractive combination of strength and performance in applications where weight reduction is desirable. However, technical problems are often encountered during forming of TBs from dissimilar base sheet materials with different thickness and/or strength. These include weld line movement and non-uniform deformation. Additionally, there are premature weld failures due to the presence of softening zone (as in TBs made from advanced high strength steels), and brazed interface failure due to insufficient bonding and wetting (as in TBs made from steel and aluminum). These areas of forming of TBs need to be scientifically studied to advance the use of dissimilar materials. The current research involves an understanding of deformation and forming behavior of steel-to-steel tailor welded blanks (TWBs) made from advanced high strength steel (AHSS) such as dual phase (DP780) steel. The research also involves a study of deformation behavior of steel-to-aluminum tailor brazed blanks (TBBs). TWBs have been successfully joined using a relatively new welding techniques such as defocused fiber laser welding. TBBs, on the other hand, have been successfully produced by fiber Laser/MIG hybrid brazing and Cold Metal Transfer brazing (CMT). In addition, the formability of TWBs of different gauges and/or strengths was tested by using a new, simple and reproducible method of formability testing using a double-layer blank method. This method was devised and assessed for testing various steel combinations in different strain paths such that the weld line stayed in position with respect to forming tools and is subjected to the same stress and strain state as the parent material in the weld and its vicinity. Moreover, results from conventional stretch forming tests, single-layer blank, and the double-layer method were compared at the macroscopic level (such as weld line movement, forming limit etc.) as well as at the microscopic level (such as failure location within the weld and failure mode) to isolate the advantages of the proposed double-layer method. With regard to TBBs made by fiber Laser/MIG and CMT brazing methods, a fundamental knowledge and understanding of the local deformation behavior and material plastic ow in and around the brazed steel-aluminum interfaces were obtained by conducting miniature tensile mechanical tests that focus on continuous observation of the brazed region under a high magnification optical microscope to assess the ductility of the brazed joint and its capacity to carry the load during a material shaping process. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / In the last two decades or so, hybrid structures from dissimilar materials and/or sheet gauges have been developed to achieve weight reduction while maintaining or even improving structural performance such as stiffness, crash and impact behavior. In particular, welded and brazed sheet materials in the form of tailor blanks (TBs) are being increasingly used or considered for future applications in different applications such as automotive, aerospace and marine constructions as they offer attractive combination of strength and performance in applications where weight reduction is desirable. However, technical problems are often encountered during forming of TBs from dissimilar base sheet materials with different thickness and/or strength. These include weld line movement and non-uniform deformation. Additionally, there are premature weld failures due to the presence of softening zone (as in TBs made from advanced high strength steels), and brazed interface failure due to insufficient bonding and wetting (as in TBs made from steel and aluminum). These areas of forming of TBs need to be scientifically studied to advance the use of dissimilar materials.

Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av Kongsberg Automotive AB, en underleverantör inom fordonsindustrin som bland annat tillverkar växelspaksystem till både manuella och automatväxlade fordon. Fordonsbranschen kantas av ständig utveckling med innovativa lösningar, vilket under de senaste åren har resulterat i att elektroniken har fått en större roll i produkterna. Ifall elektroniken skadas kan det få förödande konsekvenser för produktens funktion. Det medför högre krav på säker inkapsling. För att motverka läckage och intrång av skadliga partiklar används ofta någon form av tätning.    Produkten som har studerats i detta examensarbete är en aktuator, vars funktion är att omvandla elektroniska signaler från växelspaken till mekaniska rörelser som interagerar med växellådan. Produkten innehåller tre tätningar som samverkar för att uppfylla inkapslingskraven under fordonets hela livstid. Dessa tre tätningar består av en statisk tätning av typen FIPG, en dynamisk o-ring och en ventil tätning av Gore-Tex membran.  Syftet med examensarbetet är att studera och utvärdera olika tätningskoncept som uppfyller de krav på inkapsling som ställs. Kongsberg önskar att utforska om det finns bättre alternativ till de tätningar som används i nuläget, särskilt vid en framtida ökad produktionsvolym. För att kunna utföra arbetet har en omfattande litteraturstudie genomförts. Den har bestått av faktainsamling, konkurrensanalys, intervjuer och observationer både på och utanför företaget. Detta mynnade ut i en Pughs matris där de olika tätningskoncepten ställdes mot den befintliga lösningen, FIPG och o-ring. Kriterier såsom kostnad, produktionsvänlighet, monteringsvänlighet, arbetsmiljö, processtid, livslängd samt behov av omkonstruktion har tagits fram till matrisen med hjälp av DFX-verktyg och intervjuer. En Pughs matris har utförts för både den statiska och dynamiska tätningen. Samma kriterier användes i båda fallen. Utifrån matrisen utnämndes lasersvetsning som den mest lämpliga metoden för den statiska tätningen. Anledningen till att den rekommenderas är bland annat dess låga kostnad vid höga volymer, den snabba processtiden samt dess långa livslängd. För den dynamiska tätningen rekommenderas Kongsberg Automotive att fortsätta med den befintliga lösningen, o-ringar. Detta på grund av dess låga kostnad för en tillräcklig livslängd. För att implementera den nya statiska tätningen krävs omkonstruktion av produkten. För en lyckad fogning ställs en del krav på flänsarna, bland annat en låg skevningstendens och en viss ytfinhet. Dessutom behöver flänsarna få en ny utformning som möjliggör fogning. Metoden bygger på att en del är lasertransparent och släpper igenom laserstrålen till den undre delen, som är laserabsorbent och smälter materialet vid fogen. Studien leder till ett grundligt underlag för Kongsberg Automotive, som kan underlätta vid beslut gällande tätningskonstruktionen. / This thesis is performed in association with Kongsberg Automotive AB, a subcontractor within the automotive industry who specializes in gear shifters for both manual and automatic transmission vehicles. The automotive industry is highly dynamic and constantly searching for innovative improvements. In recent years, this has led to an increase in the importance of electronics within a product. In case of an electronic failure, this can lead to devastating consequences for the function of a product. This leads to higher demands for safe encapsulation. Some sort of sealing is often used to reduce the risk of leakage and penetration of foreign particles. The product that has been studied in this project is an actuator. The function of an actuator is to convert electronic signals from the gear shifter to mechanical movements that interacts with the gearbox. The product consists of three sealing solutions that works together to meet the requirements for encapsulation during the vehicles lifetime. These solutions include a static gasket in form of a FIPG, a dynamic o-ring seal and a Gore-Tex vent membrane. The purpose of this thesis is to study and evaluate different sealing solutions that fulfills the demands of encapsulation according to the specification. Kongsberg Automotive wishes to explore if there are better sealing alternatives than the ones used today, particularly in regards to a potential increase in volume in the near future. In order to perform the project, an extensive literature study has been conducted. It was based on collection of facts, benchmarking, interviews and observations both within and outside of the company. This resulted in a Pugh matrix where the different sealing concepts where evaluated against the current solution, FIPG and dynamic o-rings. Criteria such as cost, production and assembly friendliness, work environment, processing time, life expectancy and the need of redesign were developed based on DFX-tools and interviews. The Pugh matrix were performed for both the static and the dynamic seal, using the same criteria in both cases. Based on the matrix, laser welding were chosen to be the most suitable seal for the static application. A few of the reasons were its low cost for high volume productions, the fast processing time and high function. For the dynamic seal, Kongsberg is recommended to continue using the current o-ring solution due to its low cost. To implement the recommended static sealing, redesign of the product is required. To achieve a successful joint, there are increased requirements for the flange surfaces, such as warpage and surface finish. In addition to this, the flanges needs a new design that enables joining. Laser welding is based on the material properties of the flanges. One part needs to be laser transparent to let the laser beam through, while the other part has to be laser absorbent to melt the material by the joint. This study results in a foundation for Kongsberg Automotive, to facilitate decision-making in regards to sealing design.

Les études sur les procédés de soudage et sur la fiabilité des structures assemblées apparaissent actuellement comme un domaine de recherche actif, ouvert et complexe, car elles nécessitent de combiner de nombreuses connaissances dans différents domaines de la physique, de la mécanique et des procédés. La distribution des contraintes résiduelles joue un rôle important dans la vie des structures en favorisant la rupture par fatigue ou par fissuration. Ainsi, une meilleure compréhension des contraintes résiduelles évite l'utilisation de facteurs de sécurité plus élevés et, par conséquent permet de mieux optimiser le cycle de vie des structures soudées. A travers ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au soudage par laser d’un acier dual phase DP600, soudé en configuration par recouvrement, dont l’application est l’utilisation dans le domaine automobile. Cette thèse présente deux volets : un volet expérimental et un volet numérique.L’étude expérimentale nous a permis d’une part d’appréhender les conséquences métallurgiques et mécaniques du procédé laser sur l’acier DP600 et d’autre part d’utiliser et de valider les résultats numériques des modèles développés. L’étude numérique a eu pour objectif de prédire l’histoire thermique, métallurgique et l’évolution des caractéristiques mécaniques des tôles soudées par faisceau laser. Nous avons développé, sur un code de calcul par élémentsfinis Abaqus, trois modèles numériques. Le modèle thermomécanique, nous a permis de simuler la distribution spatio-temporelle de la température. Dans ce cas, le chargement appliqué est dépendant des paramètres du procédé etdes caractéristiques du faisceau laser et est associé à des conditions aux limites. Pour le modèle mécanique, nous avonsconsidéré un comportement élasto-plastique avec un chargement thermique transitoire, résultat du modèle thermique.Le deuxième modèle thermo-métallurgique nous a permis de simuler les phénomènes d’austénisation pendant la phase de chauffage (modèle de Waeckel) et de prendre en compte les fractions volumiques des phases martensitiques générées par les transformations de phases austénite–martensite lors du refroidissement (modèle de Koistinen-Marburger). Enfin, dans la dernière partie de simulation, nous avons réalisé le couplage thermo-metallo-mécanique. Les résultats obtenus dans la partie précédente, ont été implémentés dans deux modèles mécaniques : le modèle mécanique classique et le modèle mécanique avec prise en compte de la déformation liée aux effets de dilatation métallurgique. Cet effet a été intégré à travers le coefficient de dilatation thermique des phases ferritiques et martensitiques et des fractions volumiques obtenues à partir du modèle thermo-métallurgique. Les résultats ont montré que la répartition des contraintes résiduelles dans la zone de fusion et dans la zone affectée thermiquement sous l’effet de la déformation thermo-métallurgique donne des valeurs supérieures à celles estimées par le modèle élasto-plastique classique. / Studies on welding processes and the reliability of assembled structures currently appear as an area of active research, open and complex as they need to combine knowledge in many different fields of physics, mechanics and processes. The distribution of residual stress plays an important role in the life of welded structures by promoting fatigue failure or cracking. Thus, a better understanding of residual stress avoids the use of higher safety factors and therefore helps to optimize the life cycle of welded structures. Through this work, we are interested in laser welding of steel DP600 dual phase welded overlap configuration, the application is the use in the automotive field. This thesis has two components: an experimental and a numerical part. The experimental study allowed us, firstly to understand the metallurgical and mechanical effects of laser welding on steel DP600 and secondly to use and validate the numerical results of the developed models. The numerical study aimed to predict the thermal history, and metallurgical changes in mechanical properties of laser beam welded sheets. We have developed three numerical models by using a finite element code inside Abaqus. The thermomechanical model allowed us to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of temperature. In this case, the applied load is dependent on the processing parameters and characteristics of the laser beam and is associated with boundary conditions. For the mechanical model, we considered an elastoplastic behavior with a transient thermal loading result of the thermal model. The second thermo-metallurgical m odel allowed us to simulate the phenomena austenitizing during the heating phase (Waeckel model) and take into account the volume fraction of martensitic phase transformations generated by the austenite-martensite transformation during cooling (Koistinen-Marburger model). Finally, in the last part of simulation, we have achieved the metallothermo- mechanical coupling. The results obtained in the previous section have been implemented in two mechanical models: the classical mechanics model and the mechanical model taking intoaccount the deformation due to the effects of metallurgical expansion. This effect has been built through the coefficient ofthermal expansion of ferritic and martensitic phases and volume fractions obtained from the thermo-metallurgical model. The results showed that the distribution of residual stresses in the fusion zone and the heat affected as a result of the eformation thermometallurgical field gives values higher than those estimated by the classical elastic-plastic model.

Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du FUI « MicroConnect », porté par la société Axon’Cable, dont l’objectif principal, est la conception et le développement d’un procédé de mise en forme automatisé, permettant d’élaborer un nouveau type de connecteurs twist-pin novateurs et très performants. Ces connecteurs, robustes, répondent aux exigences d’environnements sévères et trouvent leurs applications dans de nombreux domaines tels que l'électronique aéronautique, les équipements avioniques, les systèmes militaires... L’un des éléments essentiels des connecteurs est le contact, qui permet de faire transiter le courant électrique d’un système à un autre. Chaque connecteur peut compter des dizaines, voire des centaines de contacts.De par l’enchaînement des procédés utilisés pour concevoir ces contacts, les propriétés électriques et mécaniques initiales peuvent être modifiées. L’utilisation de la simulation numérique s’avère donc indispensable pour maitriser l’influence de ces procédés sur le produit final. La démarche adoptée dans ce travail a consisté à modéliser numériquement les différentes étapes de fabrication des contacts (pliage, soudage laser et sertissage) avec le logiciel Abaqus afin de déterminer les contraintes résiduelles issues de ces différents procédés de mise en forme. Les modèles sont validés en les confrontant à des investigations expérimentales réalisées. Pour finir, une optimisation du sertissage a été réalisée pour mettre en évidence les configurations géométriques des outillages permettant au produit développé de répondre aux essais d’arrachement prévus par les normes de validation imposées. / This PhD thesis is part of the FUI "MicroConnect" project, carried out by Axon'Cable Group, whose main objective is the design and development of an automated forming process to manufacture a new type of innovative and high-performance twist-pin connectors. These connectors are used in many fields such as aeronautical electronics, avionics, military systems because of their strength and their hability to be used in very demanding environments... An essential element of the connectors is the contact, as it makes the transfer of the electric current from a system to another. Each connector can have tens or even hundreds.Due to the sequence of the processes used to produce these contacts, their initial properties can be modified. The use of numerical simulation is therefore essential to master the influence of these processes on the final product. The approach adopted in this work consisted in modelling the different steps of the contact fabrication (bending, laser welding and crimping) on the Abaqus software in order to determine the residual stresses resulting from these operations. These models are validated by comparing them with experimental investigations carried out. Finally, an optimization of the crimping is done to highlight the geometrical configurations of the tools allowing the developed product to respond to the tearing tests provided by the validation standards.

Os aços de alta resistência e baixa liga (ARBL) são amplamente empregados nas indústrias automotiva, petrolífera e naval por apresentarem boas propriedades mecânicas e boa soldabilidade. A seleção do processo de soldagem utilizado para a fabricação de componentes depende de vários fatores, entre eles a qualidade do cordão de solda e a capacidade de produção, ambas obtidas ao se utilizar a soldagem a laser, processo que vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado nas indústrias. As propriedades dos cordões de solda são afetadas pelo processo de soldagem e pelos parâmetros do processo, e o conhecimento do desempenho mecânico do cordão de solda é essencial para garantir a confiabilidade da união soldada. A caracterização mecânica de cordões de solda é complexa devido aos diversos fatores que podem afetá-lo, como as alterações metalúrgicas, diferentes propriedades mecânicas nas regiões do cordão de solda, presença de descontinuidades, tensão residual e complexo estado de tensão devido à geometria da junta. O presente trabalho obteve uniões entre chapas de aço ARBL pelo processo a laser em duas condições diferentes: com alto aporte térmico e baixo aporte térmico. A utilização de diferentes aportes térmicos gerou cordões de solda com microestruturas distintas, e avaliou-se, deste modo, o comportamento mecânico associando-o à microestrutura gerada. Para a avaliação da microestrutura utilizou-se da microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, e para a caracterização mecânica empregou-se a aferição da dureza, ensaio de tração, ensaio de tenacidade à fratura, avaliada pelo CTOD, e ensaio de propagação da trinca por fadiga. Devido às alterações metalúrgicas causadas pelos diferentes aportes térmicos verificou-se diferente comportamento mecânico entre os cordões de solda em função da microestrutura obtida. / High-strength low-alloy steels (HSLA) are widely used in the automotive and oil industries due to their good mechanical properties and good weldability. The selection of the welding process used to manufacture components depends on several factors, including the quality of the weld bead and the production capacity, both obtained when using laser welding, a process, which is being increasingly used in the industries. The weld beads properties are affected by the welding process and by its parameters, and the knowledge of the weld bead mechanical performance is essential to ensure the reliability of the welded joint. The weld beads mechanical characterization is complex due to various factors that may affect it, such as metallurgical changes, different mechanical properties in the regions of the weld bead, presence of discontinuities, residual stress and complex state of tension due to the geometry of the joint. The present work obtained the joining of HSLA steel sheets by laser process in two different conditions, with high heat input and low heat input. The use of different heat inputs produced weld beads with different microstructures; therefore, the welded joints were evaluated according to their mechanical behavior, relating it with the microstructural generated. For the microstructure evaluation, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used, and for the mechanical characterization hardness determination, tensile test, fracture toughness test (evaluated by CTOD) and fatigue crack propagation were performed. Due to the metallurgical changes caused by the different heat inputs, a different mechanical behavior was observed between the weld beads as a function of the microstructure obtained.

Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

Inconel 718 (IN 718) is widely used in applications, such as aircraft and power turbine components. Recently, fiber laser welding has become an attractive joining technique in industry for fabrication and repair of service-damaged components. However, a major limitation in the laser welding of IN 718 is that liquation cracking occurs. In the present work, autogenous fiber laser welding of IN 718 was used to study the effects of welding parameters and different pre-weld heat treatments on liquation cracking. Contrary to previous studies, a dual effect of heat input on cracking is observed. A rarely reported effect of heat input is attributed to process instability. Liquation cracking increases with pre-weld heat treatment temperatures that increase grain size and/or, possibly, intregranular boron segregation. The study shows that pre-weld heat treatment at 950oC can be used for repair welding of IN 718 without significant loss in cracking resistance.

Scania Ferruform AB is an independent affiliate of the truck- and bus manufacturer Scania AB which produces rear axle housings among other chassis components for said vehicles. The banjo part, i.e. the base of the rear axle housings undergoes processes which have issues both in terms of exceeded technical life span and insufficient production capacity. These three processes consist of both milling and welding operations. In order to resolve these issues the discussion of future investments arise. As this is discussed, the question whether alternative technologies could be of interest, specifically the performance of welding- and cutting operations with the use of laser technologies. By reviewing state-of-the-art literature, studying the present production conditions and interviewing experts within academia as well as parties active in developing and supplying industrial laser systems it has been shown that a laser arc hybrid welding technique would be the most suitable replacement, while laser nitrogen cutting would be the most suitable cutting technique. This project presents the theoretical outcome of implementing laser arc hybrid welding as a replacement to the present and conventional gas metal arc welding, as well as the possibility of using laser nitrogen cutting as a replacement to a set of milling processes. The study has shown that by implementing these technologies in a manner which also alters the balance in performed operations achieves a cycle time below the future goal for each production section. Cycle time values, quantities and costs are expressed with an indexed value of t, n and k respectively due to confidentiality. The first investment scenario results in an annual saving of consumption costs by 4 738k SEK, with a total investment cost of 112 743k SEK and 6,9 years pay-off time. The second scenario results in an annual saving of consumption costs by 5 018k SEK, with a total investment cost of 114 843k SEK and 5,2 years pay-off time. The third scenario is similar to the second in terms of the manufacturing processes, but it is the alternative of the lowest investment cost. This scenario would result in the same sum of annual savings as the second scenario, but with an investment cost of 89 843k SEK and 0,2 years pay-off time.

Submitted by Deivid Ferreira Da Silva (deividferreira@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-10-03T04:44:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Doutorado Deivid Ferreira da Silva.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-10-05T12:48:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_df_dr_guara.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T12:48:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_df_dr_guara.pdf: 10141229 bytes, checksum: 7567992adf30e9e3b21fc1984e079772 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar a resistência mecânica da união de aços dissimilares, o aço Maraging 300 com o aço 300M-ESR pelos processos de soldagens autógenas a Plasma (Plasma Arc Welding – PAW) e a Laser (Laser Beam Welding – LBW). As juntas foram submetidas à avaliação da resistência mecânica através de ensaios de tração e de dureza Vickers (HV) no cordão de solda e zona termicamente afetada. Foram também realizadas análises químicas e metalográficas das juntas soldadas, correlacionando a microestrutura com as propriedades observadas. Em ambos os processos foram aplicados tratamentos térmicos antes e após as soldagens, com o objetivo de endurecer os materiais e procurando aproximar a dureza de ambos os aços e da zona fundida (ZF) e zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA). Foram realizados vários testes com tempos e temperaturas para se definir quais eram os melhores tratamentos térmicos adotados para a equalização das propriedades mecânicas. Os tratamentos térmicos aplicados após a solda mostraram-se convenientes para o nivelamento dos valores das durezas, somente exibindo poucas perdas nas ZTAs dos aços Maraging. Com a aplicação destes tratamentos também foi possível notar uma equalização nas resistências à tração, em torno de 1300 MPa e aumentos consideráveis das mesmas, comparado com a mesma condição sem tratamento. As soldas mostraram-se eficientes para a união das chapas, porém, em algumas situações da soldagem a Laser, apresentou pequenas falhas, presença de poros, nos cordões das soldas, com isso contribuindo para a diminuição do limite da resistência à tração. / The objective of this work is to evaluate and compare the mechanical strength of welded joints made of the dissimilar steels such as Maraging 300 steel with 300M-ESR steel by the autogenous Plasma Arc Welding (PAW) and Laser welding process (LBW). The joints were submitted to the mechanical strength evaluation by tensile test and hardness Vickers (HV) at the weld bead and thermally affected zone. Chemical analysis and metallographic analysis of the welded joints were also performed, correlating the microstructure observed with the properties. In both processes, heat treatments were applied before and after welding, with the objective of at harden the materials and seeking to approximate the hardness of both steels and the fusion zone and heat affected zone. Several tests were carried using different times and temperatures to determine which ones were the best heat treatments to be adopted aiming the equalization of mechanical properties. The heat treatments applied after welding proved to be convenient for the leveling of the hardness values, only showing few losses in the HAZs of the Maraging steels. Applying of these treatments, it was also possible to note the equalization of tensile strengths, around 1300 MPa and considerable increases of the same, compared to the same condition without treatment. The welds showed to be efficient for the joining of the plates, however, in some situations the Laser welding presented small flaws, such as presence of pores, in the weld beads, causing to the reduction of the tensile strength limit.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-07-23T11:12:14Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T11:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP