Introdução: A doença de Huntington é uma doença neurodegenerativa autossômica dominante causada pela expansão de um segmento repetitivo CAG no gene HTT. Caracteriza-se por transtornos do movimento, em especial coreia, alterações comportamentais e declínio cognitivo. A doença tem um curso progressivo e inexorável. Objetivos: Este estudo tem os seguintes objetivos: (1) revisar de forma sistemática os estudos sobre doença de Huntington na América Latina; (2) determinar a proporção de casos brasileiros com fenótipo doença de Huntington que são portadores da expansão no gene HTT; (3) caracterizar as transmissões CAGexp na coorte HTT e determinar se idade do genitor está associado à piora das instabilidades; (4) descrever a progressão das manifestações neurológicas, IMC e concentrações séricas de carnitina livre, valina, leucina e isoleucina durante o período de seguimento; (5) definir se as progressões desses candidatos a biomarcadores acompanham a piora neurológica e podem superar a sensibilidade da escala UHDRS na descrição da progressão da doença. Métodos: Realizamos uma revisão sistemática dos aspectos genéticos da doença de Huntington na América Latina. Em seguida recrutamos pacientes com o fenótipo doença de Huntington de vários centros do país através da Rede Neurogenética e avaliamos a proporção de diagnósticos confirmados. Nas famílias provenientes de nosso centro e dos hospitais São Paulo (UNIFESP) e Gaffrée e Guinle (UNIRIO), recrutamos indivíduos sintomáticos e em risco para caracterizar as transmissões CAGexp e avaliar fatores que determinam as instabilidades. Nos mesmos centros que avaliamos as transmissões, selecionamos um grupo de indivíduos sintomáticos e em risco para determinar as concentrações séricas de carnitina livre, valina, leucina e isoleucina e as correlacionar com variáveis de gravidade da doença (IMC, escala UHDRS). O comportamento desses potenciais biomarcadores foi avaliado de forma prospectiva em um grupo de indivíduos sintomáticos. Resultados: Constatamos a escassez de estudos sobre aspectos moleculares da doença de Huntington na América Latina e Brasil. Das 104 famílias com fenótipo doença de Huntington recrutadas em diversos centros do Brasil, 93 (89,4%) apresentavam expansão CAG no gene HTT; 4 (3,8%) apresentam o diagnóstico de HDL-2 (Huntington’s disease-like 2); 1 (1%) apresentam expansão CAG no gene ATXN2 (SCA2); e 6 (5,8%) ficaram sem diagnóstico. Um número substancial de portadores foi recrutado e permitiu estimar a prevalência mínima da doença, ao menos no Rio Grande do Sul. Além disso, trinta e duas transmissões de genitor para filho (13 paternas e 19 maternas) foram obtidas nessa coorte. As transmissões paternas foram mais instáveis do que as maternas (p=0.005, Mann- Whitney). As transmissões paternas foram mais frequentemente expansões (69,2% expansões) e as maternas foram mais estáveis (57,9% estáveis) (p=0,004, Fisher). Em 51 pares de irmãos incluídos, a idade do progenitor no momento da concepção não pareceu estar relacionada com aumento da instabilidade do CAGexp. Na avaliação dos potenciais biomarcadores, incluímos 116 indivíduos (74 sintomáticos, 20 portadores assintomáticos e 22 não portadores). No baseline, os níveis (mediana/intervalo interquartil) de valina estavam reduzidos tanto em indivíduos sintomáticos (110 / 88,4-131) como nos portadores assintomáticos (101,25 / 79,6-123,5) em comparação com não portadores (123 / 98.65– 164.25) (p=0.018 e p=0.042, Mann-Whitney). Não houve diferença entre os grupos nos níveis de carnitina e isoleucina+leucina (ns, Kruskal-Wallis). Na avaliação de seguimento em 43 indivíduos sintomáticos (mediana=1,08 anos), o escore motor total da UHDRS aumentou 4,8 pontos (p = 0.001, GEE) e a escala funcional TFC reduziu 0,89 pontos (p <0.0001, GEE). O IMC (p=0,52, GEE) e os níveis de valina (p=0,43, GEE) permaneceram estáveis e os níveis de carnitina (p=0,039, GEE) e isoleucina+leucina (p=0,037, GEE) aumentam durante o seguimento. Conclusão: Os resultados desses estudos conseguiram traçar um perfil mais acurado da doença de Huntington no Brasil, tanto do ponto de vista epidemiológico quanto no comportamento das transmissões CAG nas famílias identificadas. A progressão da doença, medida pela UHDRS, foi semelhante à observada em coortes do Hemisfério Norte. Além disso, verificamos que a carnitina livre e os aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada não são bons biomarcadores de progressão na doença de Huntington. / Introduction: Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by an expansion of a repetitive CAG segment in the HTT gene. Movement disorders (especially chorea), behavioral problems and cognitive decline characterize the disease, which has an inexorable progression. Up to now, there is no disease modifying treatment for Huntington's disease. Objectives: This study aimed to address the following objectives: (1) review, in a systematic manner, studies of Huntington's disease in Latin America; (2) determine the proportion of cases with Huntington's disease phenotype that are carriers of the expansion in the HTT gene; (3) characterize CAGexp transmissions in the HTT cohort and determine a possible association of the age of the parent with further instability of CAGexp; (4) describe the progression of neurological manifestations, BMI and serum concentrations of free carnitine, valine, leucine and isoleucine during a follow-up period; (5) determine whether changes in time of these compounds are correlated with the simultaneous neurological worsening and if they may overcome the sensitivity of the UHDRS scale in describing the progression of the disease. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the genetic aspects of Huntington's disease in Latin America. We then recruit patients with the Huntington's disease phenotype from various centers throughout the country through the Rede Neurogenética and evaluate the proportion of confirmed diagnoses. In families from our center and hospitals São Paulo (UNIFESP) and Gaffrée and Guinle (UNIRIO), we recruit symptomatic and at-risk individuals to characterize CAGexp transmissions and evaluate factors that determine instabilities. In the same centers that evaluated the transmissions, we selected a group of symptomatic and at-risk individuals to determine serum free carnitine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine levels and to correlate them with disease severity variables (BMI, UHDRS scale). The behavior of these potential biomarkers was evaluated prospectively in a group of symptomatic individuals. Results: We found a lack of studies on genetic aspects of Huntington's disease in Latin America and Brazil. Ninety-three (89.4%) out of 104 families with Huntington's disease phenotype recruited in several centers in Brazil had CAG expansion in the HTT gene; 4 (3.8%) had the diagnosis of HDL-2 (Huntington's disease-like 2); 1 (1%) a CAG expansion in the ATXN2 gene (SCA2); and 6 (5.8%) remained undiagnosed. Two hundred and seventy-nine carriers were included in our cohort, allowing to estimate the minimal prevalence of disease in Rio Grande do Sul as 1.85/100,000. Thirty-two transmissions (13 paternal and 19 maternal) were obtained. Parental transmission was more unstable than maternal transmission (p = 0.005, Mann-Whitney). Parental transmission most often expanded (69.2%), and maternal was more often stable (57.9% stable) (p = 0.004, Fisher). In 51 pairs of siblings included, age of the progenitor at conception did not appear to be related to increased instability of CAGexp. A total of 116 individuals (74 symptomatic, 20 asymptomatic carriers and 22 non-carriers) were included in the biomarkers analysis. At baseline, valine (median / interquartile range) levels were reduced in both symptomatic (110 / 88.4-131) and asymptomatic carriers (101.25 / 79.6-123.5) when compared to non-carriers (123 / 98.65- 164.25) (p = 0.018, p = 0.042, Mann-Whitney). There was no difference between groups in their levels of carnitine and isoleucine + leucine (ns, Kruskal-Wallis). In the follow-up evaluation in 43 symptomatic individuals (median = 1.08 years), the total motor score of the UHDRS increased by 4.8 points (p = 0.001, GEE) and the functional TFC scale decreased 0.89 points (p <0.0001, GEE). BMI (p = 0.52, GEE) and valine levels (p = 0.43, GEE) remained stable and levels of carnitine (p = 0.039, GEE) and isoleucine + leucine (p=0.037, GEE) increased during follow-up. Conclusion: The results of these studies drew a more accurate profile of Huntington's disease in Brazil, since they generated both a minimal prevalence in our region and the behavior of CAG transmissions in the Brazilian families. Disease progression as measured by UHDRS was similar to the progression rate observed in cohorts from the North Hemisphere. In addition, we have found that free carnitine and branched-chain amino acids are not suitable to be considered good biomarkers of HD progression.

Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos Latino-Americanos da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Latino-Americanos. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Diana Araújo Pereira. Co-orientadora: Profa. Dra. Andréia Moassab / Submitted by Bruno Oliveira (brunogomesoliveira@gmail.com) on 2017-02-07T16:35:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fase3.pdf: 6767014 bytes, checksum: c06a284d2fed8dc7ca5ffac3f7f53ca5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2017-02-07T17:45:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fase3.pdf: 6767014 bytes, checksum: c06a284d2fed8dc7ca5ffac3f7f53ca5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-07T17:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_fase3.pdf: 6767014 bytes, checksum: c06a284d2fed8dc7ca5ffac3f7f53ca5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-01 / This research work tracks the processes of subordinated inclusion of Latin American visualities in the artistic canon, as well as the conditioning of these practices to colonial/modern categories of the understanding of art. Based in the Latin American section of the exhibition Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950s-1980s, these investigation results point out elements through which hegemonic constructions of the territory defines and influences the (re)production of modern/colonial structures, particularly the field of visual culture. / Esta investigação busca reconhecer a origem de paradigmas da visualidade moderno/coloniais na América Latina e identificar suas reverberações em experiências artísticas contemporâneas. Neste sentido, visa rastrear processos de inclusão subordinada de visualidades latino-americanas no cânone artístico, bem como o condicionamento dessas práticas a categorias eurocentradas de entendimento da arte. Tomando como disparador a seção de arte da América Latina da exposição Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin 1950s-1980s, este texto aponta elementos por meio dos quais se articulam construções hegemônicas do território que influenciam na (re)produção social e estética de estruturas modernas/coloniais de sentido e existência, e em especial, do ver.

nÃo hà / O objetivo dessa dissertaÃÃo à apresentar a singularidade do pensamento polÃtico do revolucionÃrio cubano Josà Martà (1853 â 1895), enfocando os aspectos nacional e internacional de seu projeto polÃtico para a AmÃrica Latina. Vivendo no contexto da expansÃo do domÃnio polÃtico e econÃmico estadunidense, presenciou e documentou em seus artigos para jornais e cartas pessoais, a entrada do continente americano na nova fase do capitalismo: o imperialismo. Destacaremos as peculiaridades das polÃticas estadunidenses para seus vizinhos do Sul e as propostas de emancipaÃÃo para as repÃblicas da Hispano-AmÃrica formuladas por Josà MartÃ. Dessa forma, a Ãnfase recairà sobre seu projeto independentista para Cuba e a definiÃÃo, em seus quadros analÃticos e programas polÃticos, de nuestra AmÃrica e a necessidade urgente de fundÃ-la e defendÃ-la, declarando sua segunda independÃncia. / This dissertation aims to present the singularities of the political thought of the Cuban revolutionary Josà Martà (1853-1895), focusing on the national and international aspects of his political project to Latin America. Having lived in the context of the expansion of the political economical dominance of the United States, Martà witnessed and documented in his personal letters and articles for newspapers the walk of the American continent into the new phase of Capitalism: the Imperialism. We will give special attention to the political peculiarities of the United States policies to its neighbors in the South and the proposals framed by Josà Martà for the emancipation of the Hispano-American republics. In this way, our emphasis will be on his project for the independence of Cuba and the definition, in his analytical frames and political agenda, of Nuestra AmÃrica, and the urgent need to found and defend it, declaring its second independence.

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A study in a multiethnic, urban population found that being of Hispanic ethnicity more than doubled the odds of depression during pregnancy. Given that Latinas make up such a significant and sizable population, mental health professionals must work towards learning to serve them more appropriately and effectively. The following research is of significance to intervention and treatment of depressed Latina women. The study was conducted utilizing a qualitative phenomenology method. Five social workers with past or current experience in working with the topic population were recruited and in-depth interviews were audio-recorded. Information gathered was broken into major themes and subthemes to be later discussed. The main themes identified were: low literacy rates, female roles in Latino culture, additional barriers to consider, acceptance of mental health services and effectiveness of treatment. Research conducted has significance for social work practice in micro settings with treatment and intervention for pregnant depressed Latina women as well as policy-making procedures for macro social work.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among Latinas women. Several barriers persist when accessing health care and utilization of healthcare services such as annual mammograms, leading to a late stage diagnosis or death related to breast cancer illness. The purpose of this study was to examine disparities in breast cancer experiences within Latina communities in the United States. The Health Belief Model served as the foundation of this qualitative grounded theory study. The research questions explored; access to breast care services that encourage early breast cancer detection; breast care diagnostics such as exams, mammograms and biopsies; and views of availability to breast care exams, diagnostics and treatment options improving health outcomes. The participants were females who self-identified as Hispanic and 19 years of age or older and resided in north east part of the United States. Participants must have discovered a breast tumor, engaged in the decision-making process to seek biopsy, and had a breast cancer diagnosis. A total of 12 Latina women were recruited for 60 minutes recorded interviews Later, the interviews were transcribed.. Findings of the study showed the participants perceived the disease as serious leading to death; cultural context, insurance status may not have contributed to susceptibility to the disease. This study benefits Latina women, and other vulnerable female populations in the United States diagnosed with breast cancer. The social change implications of the study can influence program initiatives that seek to improve equitable access to care, breast care services and the quality of life. It provides insight to practice approaches regarding access to care, service utilization, and development of program initiatives.

Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales / América Latina es, por una parte, la región más desigual del mundo en cuanto a distribución del ingreso, la cual coexiste con un alto nivel de legitimación de la desigualdad económica incluso entre los segmentos más pobres. Y, por otra, vivimos en una región crecientemente mediatizada en la que los medios de comunicación juegan un rol central en interpretación de la realidad social entre el individuo y el mundo social. De ahí que el objetivo de la presente investigación sea, precisamente, evaluar la incidencia del «consumo de noticias en los medios de comunicación» sobre «la legitimación de la desigualdad económica» en América Latina. Para ello se analizan las bases de datos de las encuestas Latinobarómetro del año 2011 en un estudio comparado que incluye 18 países de la región. El análisis estadístico realizado permite concluir que, contrario a lo que se hipotetizaba, la incidencia del consumo de noticias políticas en los medios de comunicación es limitada y de baja intensidad. Antes bien, son las variables de «percepción de la situación económica del país», la «percepción de la situación económica personal y familiar» y la «percepción del progreso del país» las que demuestran una mayor incidencia sobre la legitimación de la desigualdad económica en la mayoría de los países latinoamericanos

Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Estudios Latinoamericanos / Esta tesis, titulada Del “Grito de Córdoba” (1918) a la “Primavera Chilena” (2011): Identidad juvenil en los movimientos universitarios latinoamericanos, estudia cinco rebeliones universitarias en la historia latinoamericana de los siglos XX y XXI: el “Grito de Córdoba” de 1918 en Argentina, el movimiento universitario que desde 1952 luchó contra Fulgencio Batista en Cuba, el movimiento mexicano que en 1968 culminó en la matanza de Tlatelolco, el movimiento que crea el “Programa Mínimo de los Estudiantes Colombianos” de 1971 y la llamada “Primavera chilena” de 2011. Considerando estos hitos, nos preguntamos por la existencia de una identidad colectiva en los movimientos universitarios latinoamericanos, la que perduraría por debajo de sus diferencias territoriales y epocales. Postulamos la existencia de esa identidad común, cuyos atributos más notorios, a nuestro juicio, son la voluntad de independencia con respecto a las instituciones y poderes establecidos, la vindicación de la diferencia generacional, la apropiación de las verdades de la democracia y de la justicia social, así como la fugacidad. Es una identidad detectable en diferentes contextos sociohistóricos desde el siglo XX y hasta hoy, generando cambios inmediatos (en la educación superior) y mediatos (en la sociedad en general). Postulamos también que los cambios generados por los movimientos universitarios portadores de dicha identidad han sido efímeros en sí mismos, pero no sus consecuencias transformadoras. Acciones ejecutadas por estos movimientos, por último, devienen hitos de una memoria colectiva.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Historia / Seminario de grado : Evangelización y comunidades andinas / En este trabajo se analizarán dos fuentes, “Nueva corónica y buen gobierno” de Felipe Guamán Poma y “Los Comentarios Reales de los incas” del Inca Garcilaso de la Vega para estudiar el rol que ambos otorgaron a las mujeres en el Tawantinsuyo y determinar cómo el cristianismo afectó su relato. Se busca demostrar que en el incario existía un menor valor simbólico de lo femenino en relación a lo masculino, pero este se vio fomentado y modificado con la imposición del cristianismo al implantar una visión negativa de la mujer sin precedentes en los Andes prehispánicos.

This dissertation investigates the ethnic labor market activities of the Latina/os. This study is important since regardless of their historical and increasing presence in the U.S., Latinos continue to find themselves disproportionately at the bottom of the social hierarchy (Saenz, Morales, and Ayala 2004). Furthermore, due to their lack of access, a significant amount of the members of this group are turning to employment in an ethnic niche. While there is no consensus as to what exactly constitutes an ethnic niche, a distinct characteristic is the co-ethnic nature of the work environments. Special focus is placed on how immigration status/nativity, gender, nativity, and skin color influences job search activities and wage differentials in the ethnic niche. While these factors have been found to impact the mainstream labor market, our knowledge of how these factors operate in a work environment with a dominant presence of co-ethnics is ambiguous. Utilizing data from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality (MCSUI), results show that Latina/os workers in co-ethnic niches receive fewer economic rewards than their ethnic counterparts in the general labor market. Furthermore, within the Latina/o population dark-skinned individuals are more likely to be employed in ethnic niches while the lighter-skinned are more likely to be employed in the general labor market. When examining the stratification factors of immigration/nativity status, gender, and skin color, in addition to social networks, findings show that these stratification factors operate in a similar fashion in ethnic niches as they do in more mainstream labor markets. Thus these findings question the presumably protective work environment of ethnic niches.