This thesis examines the construction of legal arguments in the English ecclesiastical courts, 1193-1300. The primary source materials used are the records of the thirteenth-century provincial Court of Canterbury, the earliest extensive collection of English ecclesiastical court records. The thesis is divided into two sections: 1) the development and use of Romano- canonical procedure in the Court of Canterbury, and 2) the construction of arguments based on procedure, issues of fact, and issues of law, as well as the citation of legal sources. As yet, very little work has been done on the practical aspects of litigation and legal representation in the ecclesiastical courts before the fourteenth century. By combining a broad overview of procedure with a detailed analysis of select documents and cases, this thesis will provide a more in-depth study of legal argument in the ecclesiastical courts than has previously been available. In the thirteenth century, the ecclesiastical courts were operating within an extensive framework of written law, which made the litigants dependent on both the eloquence of their argument and on their ability to cite their sources and offer proofs. The increased complexity of arguments and the appearance of explicit canon and civil law citations at the end of the thirteenth century were almost certainly a result of the development of the roles of advocates in the church courts. This study will use the surviving records from Canterbury to provide a detailed picture of litigation in the period, in particular with regard to the way in which litigants constructed their arguments and accessed representation, and the manner in which legal experts made use of their education when practising in the church courts. This will allow us to further investigate how litigants were able to understand and make effective use of a changing legal system.

L’essor de la finance islamique moderne va poser logiquement la question de la résolution des litiges. En effet, le recours à la justice étatique aboutit à des impacts négatifs sur la réalisation des objectifs de la finance islamique et sur le développement de ce secteur d’activité. Dans cette optique, l’application de la législation nationale par le juge étatique aboutit à la requalification des contrats de financement islamique en des contrats de financement conventionnel. En outre, ce recours au juge étatique conduit à la neutralisation de la Charia en tant que droit applicable. Tout cela conduit à la dénaturation de la finance islamique. Cette dénaturation est une source de contradictions. On sait bien que les institutions financières islamiques reposent sur une obligation fondamentale, selon laquelle toutes les opérations financières effectuées doivent être conformes à la Charia. De plus, les personnes ayant recours à la finance islamique visent principalement à exercer des activités financières en toute conformité avec leurs principes religieux et éthiques issus de la législation islamique. L’étude a également montré que les modes amiables de règlement des litiges contribuent à prendre en considération la particularité de la finance islamique. Cependant, cette prise en compte reste insuffisante. En effet, ces modes ne présentent pas un mécanisme complet, homogène et cohérent de règlement des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique. Leur contribution à la construction d’un système juridique propre à la finance islamique est très limitée. De ce fait, ils ne peuvent pas participer efficacement à la promotion de l’industrie financière islamique. De plus, ils souffrent d’un défaut majeur au niveau de la force de la solution proposée : l’efficacité de cette solution dépend en principe de la bonne volonté des parties. Face à ce dysfonctionnement de la justice étatique et des modes amiables, la solution a été recherchée du côté de l'arbitrage. En effet, l’arbitrage connaît une expansion spectaculaire dans le monde actuel au point de devenir le mode normal de règlement des litiges. Cet essor exceptionnel de l’arbitrage se constate notamment dans la vie économique et financière. A l’heure actuelle, cette vie est devenue inconcevable sans l’arbitrage. En matière de finance islamique, l’arbitrage en tant que mécanisme reposant sur la liberté et la volonté apparaît comme la meilleure voie permettant la prise en considération de la spécificité de cette activité, l’application de la Charia dans le domaine de la résolution des litiges. C’est pourquoi, ce mode alternatif de règlement des litiges s’adapte parfaitement aux exigences des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique et pourrait contribuer à la promotion de ce secteur d’activité. Grâce aux avantages qu’il offre aux opérateurs de la finance islamique, l’arbitrage s’affirme comme la justice naturelle des litiges relatifs à la finance islamique. Pour renforcer le rôle de l’arbitrage dans le domaine de la finance islamique, un projet de réforme a été présenté. Ce projet vise à moderniser l’arbitrage dans toutes ses étapes. Dans cette optique, l’accent a été mis sur la convention d’arbitrage, le statut de l’arbitre, le droit applicable et la sentence arbitrale. Tout cela a été achevé par l’élaboration d’un projet de charte éthique de l’arbitrage en matière de finance islamique. Une fois modernisé et renouvelé, l’arbitrage peut devenir un pilier essentiel de l’industrie financière islamique, en participant efficacement à la promotion de cette activité. Avec une justice équitable, pratique, efficace, conforme à la Charia et adaptée, la finance islamique se trouve renforcée et consolidée / AbstractThe rise of modern Islamic finance will logically raise the issue of dispute resolution. Indeed, recourse to state justice leads to negative impacts on the achievement of the objectives of Islamic finance and on the development of this sector of activity. In this context, the application of national legislation by the state judge results in the reclassification of Islamic financing contracts into conventional financing contracts. In addition, this recourse to the State Judge leads to the neutralization of Shariah as an applicable law. All this leads to the denaturation of Islamic finance. This denaturing is a source of contradictions. It is well known that Islamic financial institutions are based on a fundamental obligation that all financial transactions must conform to Sharia law. In addition, people who use Islamic finance primarily aim to conduct financial activities in accordance with their religious and ethical principles derived from Islamic legislation. The study also showed that amicable dispute resolution modes help to take into account the peculiarity of Islamic finance. However, this consideration remains insufficient. Indeed, these modes do not present a complete, homogeneous and coherent mechanism for resolving disputes relating to Islamic finance. Their contribution to the construction of a legal system specific to Islamic finance is very limited. As a result, they can not participate effectively in promoting the Islamic financial industry. In addition, they suffer from a major flaw in the strength of the proposed solution: the effectiveness of this solution depends in principle on the good will of the parties. Faced with this dysfunction of state justice and amicable modes, the solution was sought on the side of arbitration. Indeed, arbitration is expanding dramatically in today's world to the point of becoming the normal mode of dispute resolution. This exceptional growth of arbitration can be seen in particular in economic and financial life. At present, this life has become inconceivable without arbitration. In the area of Islamic finance, arbitration as a mechanism based on freedom and will appears as the best way to take into account the specificity of this activity, the application of Shari'a in the field of the resolution of litigation. For this reason, this alternative dispute resolution method is perfectly suited to the demands of Islamic finance litigation and could contribute to the promotion of this sector of activity. Thanks to the advantages it offers to operators of Islamic finance, arbitration is asserting itself as the natural justice of disputes relating to Islamic finance. To strengthen the role of arbitration in the field of Islamic finance, a reform project was presented. This project aims to modernize arbitration in all its stages. From this perspective, the focus was on the arbitration agreement, the status of the arbitrator, the applicable law and the arbitration award. All this has been completed by the elaboration of a draft ethical charter of arbitration on Islamic finance. Once modernized and renewed, arbitration can become an essential pillar of the Islamic financial industry, effectively participating in the promotion of this activity. With fair, practical, effective, Sharia-compliant and responsive justice, Islamic finance is strengthened and consolidated

Submitted by PPG Direito (ppgdir@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-07T17:41:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXEI_ALMEIDA_CHAPPER_TES.pdf: 1664039 bytes, checksum: f61f37f3b3abea51e74ddbab966a9285 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2018-03-08T17:00:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXEI_ALMEIDA_CHAPPER_TES.pdf: 1664039 bytes, checksum: f61f37f3b3abea51e74ddbab966a9285 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-08T17:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXEI_ALMEIDA_CHAPPER_TES.pdf: 1664039 bytes, checksum: f61f37f3b3abea51e74ddbab966a9285 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-05 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Linking the law to the guarantee of freedom is the central point of this thesis. When judging special appeals the Superior Labor Court (TST) does not meet the double degree of jurisdiction. These special appeals aim at the harmonization of national jurisprudence. These are extraordinary legal remedies, without review of the evidence ? already produced and valued by the ordinary courts. The labor special appeal system, inaugurated with Law 13.015 of 2014, is investigated in this research. The hypothesis of recognition of binding precedents, at least in the form of mandatory judicial paradigms, is combined with the examination of the subsidiary and supplementary application of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015 to the labor procedure. Uniformising case law is no longer just mandatory. Now, it is a legal imposition that has its own means of execution. In the labor field, the objective is to restrict the admission of special appeals to the TST. Especially when it is demonstrated that there are current and conflicting decisions on the same legal issue in the same Regional Labor Court (TRT). This systematics confirms the relevance of the Superior Labor Court as a guideline of the Labor Court in general. Prevailing theses and precedents of the Regional Labor Courts are also valued by the new systematics. Especially, because they become the first parameter to point jurisprudential divergence apt to the claim of special appeals. In this context of a wide normative renewal, the theoretical conformation of the binding precedents gains practical importance for the fulfillment of the duties set by the procedural legislation: unity, stability, integrity and coherence. This thesis proposes to articulate those duties as a means of linking to the judicial precedent as a legal norm to be observed and followed in Brazil. Current problems such as mass demands, repetitive cases, and the unpredictability of judicial decisions in front of normative vagueness that provoke inevitable interpretative divergences in the application of Law are highlighted in this research. The hypotheses tested aim to strengthen the Judiciary as an institution aimed at securing and developing the democratic model, holding credibility due to the social effectiveness of its decisions in line with the current legal system. The efficiency of judicial provision requires a distinction in the treatment of specific causes and respect for the complexity of the questions put to judicial review, always in accordance with the Constitution. Decisions that are responsible, impartial, fully grounded, debated in a contradictory manner, and aimed at the effective realization of Labor Law in a society that has among its foundations the social value of work together with free initiative. To improve practice, one must formulate and test new theories. This is the main line of the study. / La vinculaci?n del Derecho con la garant?a de la libertad es el tema central de esta tesis. A juzgar recursos de revista, y embargos de la SDI, el Tribunal Superior del Trabajo no cumple con los dos niveles de jurisdicci?n. Estos recursos est?n dirigidos a la normalizaci?n de la jurisprudencia nacional. Son caracter?sticas de jur?dico extraordinario sin revisi?n de la evidencia ? producida y valorada por los tribunales ordinarios. La sistem?tica de apelaci?n que se abri? con la Ley 13.015 del a?o 2014 se estudia en esta investigaci?n. La hip?tesis del reconocimiento de precedente vinculante, al menos en la forma de paradigmas judiciales de obligado cumplimiento, se combina con el examen de la aplicaci?n filial y supletoria del C?digo de Procedimiento Civil de 2015 para el proceso del trabajo. Estandarizar las decisiones ya no es s?lo necesariamente posible. Ahora bien, es un requisito legal que ha poseer medios de ejecuci?n. El objetivo es restringir la admisi?n de los recursos de revista. Especialmente cuando se demuestra que hay decisiones actuales y contradictorias sobre la misma cuesti?n jur?dica del mismo Tribunal Regional del Trabajo. Este sistema confirma la relevancia de la Corte Superior de Trabajo como gu?a de los Tribunales y Jueces de Trabajo. Tambi?n valora las teor?as y visiones generales del Tribunal Regional del Trabajo. Sobre todo porque convertirse en el primer par?metro a punto de mostrar divergencia jurisprudencial capaz de recurso de revista. En este amplio contexto de renovaci?n de las normas, la conformaci?n te?rica de los precedentes gana importancia pr?ctica para el cuidado de los deberes se?alados por la ley de procedimiento: la unidad, la estabilidad, la integridad y la coherencia. Se propone la articulaci?n de estos deberes como un medio de vincular el precedente judicial como una norma jur?dica que se deber? observar y seguir en Brasil. Cabe destacar problemas actuales como casos repetitivos, masivos y la imprevisibilidad de las resoluciones judiciales en raz?n de vaguezas normativas que causan diferencias interpretativas inevitables en la aplicaci?n de la ley. Las hip?tesis probadas est?n destinadas a reforzar el Poder Judicial como instituci?n dirigida a garantizar y desarrollar el modelo democr?tico, con la celebraci?n de credibilidad debido a la eficacia social de sus decisiones de acuerdo con el sistema legal existente. La eficiencia de los servicios judiciales requiere distinci?n en el tratamiento de las causas espec?ficas y el respeto por la complejidad de las preguntas formuladas a revisi?n judicial, siempre de acuerdo con la Constituci?n. Decisiones responsables, imparciales, totalmente fundamentadas, discutidas en contradictorio, y dirigidas a la realizaci?n efectiva de la legislaci?n laboral en una sociedad que tiene entre sus fundamentos el valor social del trabajo junto con la libertad de empresa. Para mejorar la pr?ctica deben se formular y probar nuevas teor?as. Esta es la l?nea de este est?dio. / Vincular o Direito com a garantia da liberdade da pessoa humana ? a quest?o central da tese. Ao julgar recursos de revista, e de embargos ? Se??o de Diss?dios Individuais, o Tribunal Superior do Trabalho n?o atende ao duplo grau de jurisdi??o. Tais recursos visam ? uniformiza??o da jurisprud?ncia nacional. S?o recursos de natureza jur?dica extraordin?ria, sem reexame da prova ? produzida e valorada pelas inst?ncias ordin?rias. A sistem?tica recursal trabalhista, inaugurada com a Lei 13.015 de 2014, ? investigada nesta pesquisa. A hip?tese do reconhecimento de precedentes vinculantes, pelo menos na forma de paradigmas judiciais obrigat?rios, ? combinada com o exame da aplica??o subsidi?ria e supletiva do C?digo de Processo Civil de 2015 ao processo do trabalho. Uniformizar a jurisprud?ncia deixa de ser apenas obrigatoriamente poss?vel. Agora, ? uma imposi??o legal que det?m meios pr?prios de efetiva??o. No ?mbito trabalhista, o objetivo ? restringir a admiss?o dos recursos de revista. Sobretudo, quando ficar demonstrado que h? decis?es atuais e conflitantes sobre a mesma quest?o jur?dica no mesmo Tribunal Regional do Trabalho. Essa sistem?tica confirma a relev?ncia do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho enquanto guia de orienta??o da Justi?a do Trabalho. Valorizam-se tamb?m teses prevalecentes e s?mulas dos Tribunais Regionais do Trabalho. Especialmente, porque se tornam o primeiro par?metro para apontar diverg?ncia jurisprudencial apta ao cabimento do recurso de revista. Neste contexto de ampla renova??o normativa, a conforma??o te?rica dos precedentes ganha import?ncia pr?tica para o atendimento dos deveres tra?ados pela legisla??o processual: unidade, estabilidade, integridade e coer?ncia. Prop?e-se a articula??o argumentativa como meio de vincula??o ao precedente judicial como norma jur?dica a ser observada e seguida no Brasil. Salientam-se problemas atuais como demandas em massa, casos repetitivos e a imprevisibilidade das decis?es judiciais diante de vaguezas normativas que provocam inevit?veis diverg?ncias interpretativas na aplica??o do Direito. As hip?teses testadas visam ao fortalecimento do Poder Judici?rio como institui??o direcionada a assegurar e desenvolver o modelo democr?tico, detendo credibilidade em raz?o da efetividade social de suas decis?es em sintonia com o sistema jur?dico vigente. A efici?ncia da presta??o jurisdicional exige distin??o no tratamento das causas concretas e respeito pela complexidade das quest?es postas ? aprecia??o judicial, sempre em conformidade com a Constitui??o. Decis?es respons?veis, imparciais, integralmente fundamentadas, debatidas em contradit?rio, e voltadas ? efetiva realiza??o do Direito do Trabalho num Estado Democr?tico de Direito que tem entre seus fundamentos o valor social do trabalho e da livre iniciativa. Para melhorar a pr?tica, deve-se formular e testar novas teorias. Esta ? a linha mestra que direciona e d? raz?o a este estudo.

Choses in action are valuable assets. This has compelled (and been facilitated by) the development of legal devices such as equitable assignment to allow holders of choses to deal with them, inter vivos. This thesis makes two claims. First, equitable assignments are best conceived as a composite of a bare trust and an atypical agency where the assignee is authorised to invoke the assignor's entitlements against the obligor to the chose assigned, as the assignee pleases. On this conception, equitable assignments merely entail generation of a new set of jural relations as between assignor and assignee. Though these affect how the jural relations between assignor and obligor are to be discharged, those jural relations are left intact and unchanged, unless the requirements for 'statutory' assignments have been satisfied. Second, 'statutory' assignments are regulatory in effect. Where a debt or other chose in action has been validly equitably assigned and the requirements in s 136(1) Law of Property Act 1925 are satisfied, the specific entitlements set out in sections 136(1)(a), (b) and (c) will be passed from the assignor and transferred to the assignee. But that is only true with regards entitlements falling within those provisions, and the set of entitlements listed therein is not exhaustive. The composite model of equitable assignment, and the clarification of the nature of 'statutory' assignment, reduces confusion over their operation and effects. Accordingly, this thesis tempers the urge towards legislative reform of the law of assignment: reform may not be needed since the law is not incoherent, though it is certainly complex. And if targeted law reform to simplify the law on assignment be thought desirable, it is as well to know what one is reforming.

En procédure civile, la connaissance des actes du procès par les parties est essentielle ; des garanties importantes y sont attachées, à commencer par le respect du principe du contradictoire. Une difficulté se pose, toutefois : il est malaisé de déterminer si une partie a eu connaissance de l’acte qui lui a été communiqué. Toute la question est alors de savoir comment le droit s’accommode de cette difficulté. À cette fin, deux modèles contraires peuvent être dégagés. Dans le premier, formaliste, il est fait le choix de favoriser la connaissance des actes du procès par les parties en amont, pour pouvoir se désintéresser de leur connaissance effective en aval, tous les moyens ayant été mis en oeuvre pour y parvenir. Dans le second, réaliste, on se désintéresse de la façon dont les actes du procès sont portés à la connaissance des parties, mais, par la suite, on prête beaucoup d’intérêt à la connaissance que les parties en ont réellement eue. L’étude révèle que le droit du procès civil reposait initialement sur un modèle à dominante formaliste, mais que ce modèle a évolué, particulièrement au cours des dix dernières années. Sous l’influence des soucis contemporains de rationalisation des coûts de la justice et de protection accrue des droits fondamentaux des parties, le formalisme du droit du procès civil s’est tempéré. Faudrait-il qu’il le soit davantage ? Ce travail ne plaide ni pour la subversion du modèle classique, ni pour son rétablissement. Plutôt, c’est une évolution nuancée du droit qui est suggérée, proposant d’exalter le formalisme lorsque la sécurité juridique l’exige, sans renoncer à tirer profit de règles l’atténuant quand cela s’impose. / In civil law procedures, the parties’ knowledge of the acts of the trial is essential; it guarantees that certain principles, such as the adversarial principle, will be respected. However, a difficulty arises: it is hard to determine whether a party has in fact become aware of the act which was communicated to him. The question is to determine whether the law can accept such a difficulty. To this end, two divergent models can be provided. In the formalistic one, the choice is made to favor the knowledge of the acts of the trial beforehand, in order to be able to become disinterested in their actual knowledge afterwards, all the means having been implemented to carry this out. In the realistic one, the way in which the acts of the trial are brought to the parties' attention is neglected, but thereafter, there is a resurgent focus on the knowledge the parties have genuinely had. The study reveals that the law of civil trial was initially based on a predominantly formalistic model, but this model has evolved, especially during the last decade. Under the influence of contemporary concerns in order to rationalize justice costs and increase the protection of the parties' fundamental rights, the formalism of civil lawsuit has been tempered. Should it be even more moderate? This work neither pleads for the subversion of the classical model nor for its reinstatement. Instead, it is a nuanced evolution of the law which is suggested. It suggests to promote formalism when legal certainty requires it, without sacrificing the benefit of lightening the rules when it is necessary.