No description available.

Submitted by THIARA SILVESTRE NASCIMENTO null (thiarasilvestre@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T19:18:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 THIARA SILVESTRE - DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1576942 bytes, checksum: f8370b6dd4489f713ce0f11f8c4a44e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-04T19:26:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_ts_me_bot.pdf: 1576942 bytes, checksum: f8370b6dd4489f713ce0f11f8c4a44e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T19:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_ts_me_bot.pdf: 1576942 bytes, checksum: f8370b6dd4489f713ce0f11f8c4a44e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A irrigação localizada tem sua importância dentro da agricultura brasileira principalmente pelo baixo consumo de água, em função da crise hídrica que o pais vem enfrentando nos últimos anos, mas também pelo menor gasto em energia e elevada uniformidade de distribuição de água. Porém um dos problemas enfrentados quando este sistema é colocado subsuperficialmente. O entupimento dos emissores, ocasionado pelas partículas do solo ou intrusão radicular objetivou avaliar diferentes gramaturas de geotêxtil na cobertura dos gotejadores instalados subsuperficalmente como uma lâmina física para impedir ou minimizar o entupimento dos emissores no cultivo de gramas cultivadas. Os gotejadores receberam cobertura com diferentes gramaturas de geotêxtil, como uma barreira física para impedir ou minimizar o grau de entupimento. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no Departamento de Solos e Recursos Ambientais da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, município de Botucatu - SP. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), com oito tratamentos: T1 sem geotêxtil, T2 geotêxtil não tecido agulhado em polipropileno (N26.1), T3 geotêxtil não tecido agulhado em polipropileno (N30.1) e T4 geotêxtil não tecido agulhado em polipropileno (N40.1), com cinco repetições, e duas gramíneas, totalizando 40 unidades experimentais em vasos de 25 litros. Observou-se que as espécies de gramas cultivadas não apresentaram resultados significativos, ao analisar as imagens pelo WinRhizo, em número de raízes, comprimento e volume entre espécies e tratamentos aos 30, 60, 90 e 120 (DAP). A massa fresca avaliada das aparas apresentaram resultados significativos entre tratamentos e não entre espécies, sendo a gramatura N.30 superior aos demais resultados. A intrusão radicular considera nulo, pois não houve nenhuma raiz aderida nos emissores. / Local irrigation is important in Brazilian agriculture, mainly because of the low water consumption, due to the water crisis that the country has been experiencing in recent years, but also due to the lower energy expenditure and high uniformity of water distribution. But one of the problems faced when this system is placed subsurface. Emitter clogging, caused by soil particles or root intrusion, aimed to evaluate different geotextile weights in the coverage of drippers installed subsuperfically as a physical blade to prevent or minimize the clogging of the emitters in the cultivation of cultivated grams. The drippers were coated with different geotextile weights as a physical barrier to prevent or minimize the degree of clogging. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Soils and Environmental Resources of the Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, municipality of Botucatu - SP. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (DBC), with eight treatments: T1 without geotextile, T2 polypropylene nonwoven geotextile (N26.1), T3 polypropylene nonwoven geotextile (N30.1) and T4 nonwoven geotextile needle in polypropylene (N40.1), with five replicates, and two grasses, totaling 40 experimental units in 25-liter pots. It wasobserved that the species of grams cultivated did not present significant results, when analyzing the images by WinRhizo, in number of roots, length and volume between species and treatments at 30, 60, 90 and 120 (DAP). The fresh mass evaluated from the chips showed significant results between treatments and not between species, being the weight N.30 higher than the other results. Root intrusion considers null, since there was no root attached to the emitters.

Lawn is a homogenized element of modern urban green space. Due to historical and cultural characteristics of Swedish urban planning, lawns are the main common typology in Uppsala (77.3%). Despite the strong attachment of Uppsala people to green carpets, the multibillion lawn industry is highly costly in terms of maintenance and management. It is also a source of pollution due to excessive mowing regime. In this research, social, cultural and regulatory motives behind establishment and management of Uppsala lawns among different stakeholders were researched and discussed through a transdisciplinary approach. In the light of three pillars of sustainability, I had a closer look at management and establishment of lawns in Uppsala municipality and Uppsala’s housing corporation. It was found out that social and recreational aspects of lawns are very much appreciated among all respondents. However, economical and environmental aspects of lawns are barley discussed among planners, managers and politicians and they are under the veil of social values. This research also found out that there is a strong attachment of general public to lawns. It can be explained by lacking of ecological knowledge and environmental understanding about the real role of lawns in urban biodiversity. One of the goals of my research was to find sustainable alternative solutions to the conventional lawns that can be implemented on city and neighbourhood scale as well as to educate public and professionals about importance of lawn’s biodiversity. / LAWN project

Orientador: Adriano Sakai Okamoto / Resumo: Uma das principias doenças transmitida por alimento é a salmonelose, causada pela bactéria Salmonella spp., ela está presente em vários aviários, e com o aumento da produção avícola, se disseminou nos aviários, tornando-se um problema pertinente e de grande importância na saúde pública e animal. Com isso medidas de controle foram instituídas, entre elas o uso de antimicrobiano, causando diversas discussões, principalmente em relação a resistência bacteriana á antimicrobianos utilizados na medicina humana, onde medidas alternativas estão sendo desenvolvidas para evitar o uso dos antimicrobianos. Dessa forma o objetivo do projeto foi avaliar a capacidade dos Lactobacillus spp., isolados na inibição da Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), pelo mecanismo de quorum sensing in vitro e in vivo. Foram colhidos de suabes cloacal de frangos de corte que passaram por provas fenotípica e molecular. Esses isolados foram submetidos ao teste de inibição em placa para avaliar a capacidade de inibição da SH. Em seguida foram produzidos os filtrados, a partir dos Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC), separadamente, com contato com a SH. Esses isolados foram cultivados com os filtrados, separadamente e em seguida submetidos novamente ao teste de inibição em placa. Dessa maneira, foi possível medir e comparar os halos de inibição, para a verificação da ocorrência da comunicação bacteriana entre os Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC) e os isolados. Foi realizada a análise estatística selecionando um Lactobacillus spp. isolado d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: One of the main food-borne diseases is salmonellosis, caused by the bacterium Salmonella spp., It is present in several aviaries, and with the increase of poultry production, it has spread in aviaries, becoming a relevant problem and of great importance in health public and animal. With this, control measures were instituted, including the use of antimicrobial, causing several discussions, mainly regarding bacterial resistance to antimicrobials used in human medicine, where alternative measures are being developed to avoid the use of antimicrobials. Thus, the objective of the project was to evaluate the ability of Lactobacillus spp., isolated in the inhibition of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH), by in vitro and in vivo quorum sensing mechanism. They were harvested from cloacal swabs of chickens that underwent phenotypic and molecular tests. These isolates were subjected to plaque inhibition test to assess the inhibitory capacity of SH. Filtrates were then produced from Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC), separately, with SH. These isolates were cultured with the filtrates separately and then replate inhibited. In this way, it was possible to measure and compare inhibition halos to verify the occurrence of bacterial communication between Lactobacillus sp. (ATCC) and the isolates. Statistical analysis was performed by selecting a Lactobacillus spp. isolated from chickens and a filtrate which obtained better results in the in vitro test. The in vivo test was divided into four treatments, Lacto... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

As much of the growing population of North America is accommodated within cities or on their fringes, one needs to understand how these people are managing their private outdoor space. Within the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada a randomly selected set of residential occupancies were surveyed in 1994 and 2004 about their yard landscaping and maintenance practices. Parallel mail-out questionnaires were delivered to more than 1,000 randomly selected addresses in both 1994 and 2004. Approximately 30 percent of surveyed occupancies completed the questionnaire in both years. Over one-third of respondents from both 1994 and 2004 were matched together based on individual, household, or address information. The matched respondent results were used to validate similarities and identify any inconsistencies between survey years. In general, matched respondent trends did not differ substantially from the overall study trends. <br /><br /> This study found that much of the outdoor space on residential properties consists of turfgrass lawn. Lawns were the dominant form of landscaping in both 1994 and 2004. Although respondents' attitudes towards lawns shifted slightly in favour of more gardens in the 2004 survey compared to 1994, respondents' actual landscaping styles and behaviours did not follow suit. Regardless of minor differences in attitudes between survey years, turfgrass was reported to be present in more than 85 percent of respondents' yards. On average, lawns were estimated to cover more than half of respondents' total private outdoor space in both 1994 and 2004. Likewise, more than 60 percent of respondents in both survey years indicated that their yard reflected a monoculture lawn. When compared with five other styles of landscaping, the monoculture lawn was found attractive and well-liked by approximately half the respondents in both survey years. In addition to the prevalence and preference for lawns, lawns were seen as practical to maintain as: the majority of respondents had a lawnmower ? mostly gas-powered; respondents were willing to spend almost $200 a year to water their lawn, on average; the application of chemicals, particularly fertilizers, was common with approximately half the respondents; and more than 40 percent of respondents were willing to pay lawn-care professionals to look after their yards. Lawns were also perceived to be the landscaping style most acceptable to neighbours. Thus, given the ubiquitousness of lawns in urban residential environments, the presence of lawns not only represents the yard design preferences of homeowners, but is part of deeply entrenched societal norms. <br /><br /> With assistance from the media and advertisements, these implicit societal norms were found to influence household attitudes and preferences towards what is dubbed 'lawn-scaping'. As confirmation of these subtle norms, more than 60 percent of respondents in both survey years agreed that 'a yard has to have a lawn'. However, these landscaping norms are also explicitly established in municipal property regulations and lot-maintenance by-laws. Hence, the lawn landscape is implicitly linked with social norms and explicitly articulated in legal agreements, making it the unquestioned standard of landscaping styles. It is concluded that a change in local policies and regulations, along with greater education and awareness, will lay the foundation for more alternative styles of landscaping within urban residential areas.

As much of the growing population of North America is accommodated within cities or on their fringes, one needs to understand how these people are managing their private outdoor space. Within the cities of Kitchener and Waterloo, Ontario, Canada a randomly selected set of residential occupancies were surveyed in 1994 and 2004 about their yard landscaping and maintenance practices. Parallel mail-out questionnaires were delivered to more than 1,000 randomly selected addresses in both 1994 and 2004. Approximately 30 percent of surveyed occupancies completed the questionnaire in both years. Over one-third of respondents from both 1994 and 2004 were matched together based on individual, household, or address information. The matched respondent results were used to validate similarities and identify any inconsistencies between survey years. In general, matched respondent trends did not differ substantially from the overall study trends. <br /><br /> This study found that much of the outdoor space on residential properties consists of turfgrass lawn. Lawns were the dominant form of landscaping in both 1994 and 2004. Although respondents' attitudes towards lawns shifted slightly in favour of more gardens in the 2004 survey compared to 1994, respondents' actual landscaping styles and behaviours did not follow suit. Regardless of minor differences in attitudes between survey years, turfgrass was reported to be present in more than 85 percent of respondents' yards. On average, lawns were estimated to cover more than half of respondents' total private outdoor space in both 1994 and 2004. Likewise, more than 60 percent of respondents in both survey years indicated that their yard reflected a monoculture lawn. When compared with five other styles of landscaping, the monoculture lawn was found attractive and well-liked by approximately half the respondents in both survey years. In addition to the prevalence and preference for lawns, lawns were seen as practical to maintain as: the majority of respondents had a lawnmower ? mostly gas-powered; respondents were willing to spend almost $200 a year to water their lawn, on average; the application of chemicals, particularly fertilizers, was common with approximately half the respondents; and more than 40 percent of respondents were willing to pay lawn-care professionals to look after their yards. Lawns were also perceived to be the landscaping style most acceptable to neighbours. Thus, given the ubiquitousness of lawns in urban residential environments, the presence of lawns not only represents the yard design preferences of homeowners, but is part of deeply entrenched societal norms. <br /><br /> With assistance from the media and advertisements, these implicit societal norms were found to influence household attitudes and preferences towards what is dubbed 'lawn-scaping'. As confirmation of these subtle norms, more than 60 percent of respondents in both survey years agreed that 'a yard has to have a lawn'. However, these landscaping norms are also explicitly established in municipal property regulations and lot-maintenance by-laws. Hence, the lawn landscape is implicitly linked with social norms and explicitly articulated in legal agreements, making it the unquestioned standard of landscaping styles. It is concluded that a change in local policies and regulations, along with greater education and awareness, will lay the foundation for more alternative styles of landscaping within urban residential areas.

Atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gas emissions are now higher than ever before, with severe implications for both humans and ecosystems around the world. To mitigate climate change, large and sustained reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are required. The management of lawns entail frequent maintenance activities, such as mowing, irrigation and fertilisation, which require energy and cause greenhouse gas emissions. Lawns cover a significant part of urban areas worldwide, with functions such as air quality improvement, flood mitigation and the potential to sequester carbon and consequently reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. The existing knowledge about the environmental impact from lawn management is limited and more research is needed to determine related climate effects. The objective of the study was to evaluate energy use and carbon footprint from urban lawn systems with different intensities through a life cycle perspective. The lawns included in the study consisted of utility lawns and meadow lawns, with management under responsibility of Uppsala municipality, and the two golf courses Upsala GK and Sigtuna GK, divided into the lawn types greens, tees, fairways and roughs. The energy use and carbon footprint was determined by an inventory of the existing lawn management practices through interviews with greenkeepers at the golf courses, stakeholder at Uppsala municipality and lawn caretakers. Additional information for the inventory was received from literature and databases. Based on the inventory, calculations of the energy use and carbon footprint throughout the life cycle was made. The results showed that greens had the largest carbon footprint and energy use per hectare followed by tees, fairways, roughs, utility lawns and meadow lawns. The energy use was the highest for the golf courses, with 16.5 GJ ha-1 year-1 for Upsala GK and 13.0 GJ ha-1 year-1 for Sigtuna GK. Lower energy use was determined for the utility lawns and meadow lawns, where 3.0 and 0.5 GJ ha-1 year-1 were required for the lawn management, respectively. The carbon footprint of the golf courses was 1.33 Mg CO2- equivalents (CO2e) ha-1year-1 for Upsala GK and 0.94 Mg CO2e ha-1 year-1 for Sigtuna GK, which was larger compared to the utility lawns of 0.2 Mg CO2e ha-1 year-1 and meadow lawns of 0.03 Mg CO2e ha-1 year-1. Mowing, irrigation and manufacturing of fertiliser were the management activities consuming most energy. The activities with largest carbon footprint were mowing, manufacturing of fertiliser and soil emissions from application of fertilisers. This study was a part of a multidisciplinary research programme, where the results will be used to determine the net emission balance when the carbon sequestration potential of the lawns has been concluded. Suggested improvements at the golf courses were to reduce the applied amounts of nitrogen fertiliser and improve the documentation of used resources. Increasing the usage of hybrid and electrical mowers was recommended for both the municipality as well as the golf courses to reduce the energy use and the carbon footprint. / Halterna av växthusgaser i atmosfären är högre än någonsin, vilket medför stora konsekvenser för både människor och ekosystem runt om i världen. För att motverka klimatförändringar måste åtgärder för att minska växthusgaserna i atmosfären genomföras. Gräsytor kräver kontinuerlig skötsel, såsom klippning, bevattning och gödsling, vilket är energikrävande och ger upphov till utsläpp av växthusgaser. En stor del av världens städer består av gräsytor som bidrar med positiva effekter till samhället genom att bland annat förbättra luftkvaliteten, dämpa översvämningar och lagra in kol i marken och på så sätt reducera atmosfärens koldioxidhalt. Den nuvarande kunskapen om miljöpåverkan från gräsyteskötsel är bristfällig och fler studier behövs för att bestämma ytornas klimatpåverkan. Syftet med studien var att bestämma energianvändning och klimatavtryck ur ett livscykelperspektiv för gräsytor med varierande skötselintensitet. De valda ytorna var bruksgräsmattor och slåttermarker som sköts av Uppsala kommun samt de två golfklubbarna Upsala GK och Sigtuna GK, vars ytor delades upp i green, tee, fairway och ruff. Energianvändningen och klimatavtrycket bestämdes genom en inventering av nuvarande skötselåtgärder. Detta gjordes genom intervjuer med greenkeepers på golfklubbarna, ansvariga på Uppsala kommun samt ansvariga för gräsyteskötsel på entreprenadföretag upphandlade av kommunen. Dessutom inhämtades information från litteraturen och databaser. Baserat på inventeringen utfördes beräkningar på energianvändning och klimatavtryck ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Resultatet visade att greener hade den högsta energianvändningen och det största klimatavtrycket, som i fallande storleksordning följdes av tee, fairway, ruff, bruksgräsmattor och slåttermarker. Greenerna bidrog med 20 % av golfbanornas totala klimatavtryck, trots att de bara utgör 3 % av golfbanans totala area. Den totala energianvändningen var störst för golfbanorna, med 16.5 GJ ha-1 år-1 för Upsala GK och 13.0 GJ ha-1 år-1 för Sigtuna GK. Den lägsta energianvändningen resulterade från bruksgräsmattor och slåttermarker där 3.0 och 0.5 GJ ha-1 år-1 krävdes för respektive gräsyta. Även för klimatavtrycket så var det större för golfbanorna med 1.33 Mg CO2- ekvivalenter (CO2e) ha-1 år-1 för Upsala GK och 0.94 Mg CO2e ha-1 år-1 för Sigtuna GK, jämfört med bruksgräsmattorna vars klimatavtryck var 0.2 Mg CO2e ha-1 år-1 och slåttermarkerna med 0.03 Mg CO2e ha-1 år-1. Klippning, bevattning och produktion av gödningsmedel var de skötselåtgärder som hade högst energiförbrukning. De skötselåtgärder med det största klimatavtrycket var klippning, produktion av gödningsmedel samt de emissioner som uppstod till följd av gödslingen. Detta projekt var en del av ett multidisciplinärt forskningsprogram där resultaten kommer att användas för att bestämma nettoutsläppsbalanser för gräsytorna när potentialen att lagra kol i marken har bestämts. Förslagna åtgärder för golfbanorna var att reducera gödselgivorna av kväve och öka dokumentationen av använda resurser. Det rekommenderades att öka användandet av hybrider och elektriska maskiner både inom kommunens gräsyteskötsel och på golfbanorna.

The City of Tampa, Florida has instituted water restrictions over the past decade that have been primarily aimed at mitigating non-essential usage of water resources by limiting domestic lawn irrigation. The mandatory restrictions are enforced by the issuance of citations to violators, which is intended to promote compliance and deter from subsequent violations. This thesis provides a thorough investigation of historical water restriction with relation to compliance in order to determine which factors might be related to high rates of water usage within key Tampa communities. The objectives are to: (1) develop a GIS data set that can be used to quantitatively map and analyze domestic water usage at the parcel level; (2) examine the relationships between domestic water usage and key environmental and recreational factors, such as rainfall, seasonality, and usage of swimming pools; and (3) map the enforcement of residential lawn irrigation policy non-compliance to determine spatial relationships within the communities and test the effectiveness of current enforcement practices. The key factor that provided the most significant relationship to water usage within the communities was the amount of average monthly rainfall, with each community's water consumption having a significant negative correlation with precipitation. Water usage increased in each examined community after transitioning to more stringent water usage restrictions, with cited restriction violators increasing usage to a greater magnitude than their uncited counterparts. This may primarily be attributed to contradictions between local policy and community binding directives.

Over the past couple of decades, there has been an increased interest in evaluating the environmental impacts of some turfgrass management practices. Two independent studies were conducted to examine different questions of turfgrass management impacts and sustainability. The first study examined the inputs and outputs of four different turfgrass home lawn systems. Two of these systems were designated as high maintenance and were composed of either a pure stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) or tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). The other two systems were designated as low maintenance and were composed of either a pure stand of zoyisagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) or a mixed species endemic polystand. Soil samples were taken yearly from each plot and analyzed to determine total carbon content. Results from this study indicated carbon and nitrogen pools were not significantly different between the four systems but depth of sampling was significant. For the second study, various formulated surfactants were examined to determine if they could enhance the fungicidal activity of a protein washed and concentrated from tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum L.) that has been shown to be effective in combating foliar-infecting turfgrass diseases in previous studies. Since previous studies indicated the protein was most effective at high concentrations when applied every seven days, it was hypothesized a surfactant may allow the protein to perform as well for a longer period of time or at lower concentrations. The efficacy of the protein against a root infecting pathogen (Ophiosphaerella korrae) was also examined. Results from this study indicated a water based surfactant may allow solutions of the protein applied every 14 days to perform similarly to solutions of the protein alone applied every 7 days without a surfactant against Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett. Also, the protein did appear to be somewhat effective in combating the root infecting pathogen tested in this study when applied on a schedule similar to current commercial fungicide recommendations.

2 pp. / Describes how to select the appropriate lawn mower to properly mow the species of grass at the correct height for high, medium, or low maintenance levels.