Humanarzneimittel sind ein unverzichtbarer Bestandteil der modernen Medizin und die jährlichen Verschreibungsmengen in Deutschland steigen stetig an. Nach der Einnahme wird das Arzneimittel im menschlichen Körper je nach Substanz unterschiedlich stark verstoffwechselt und teilweise unverändert, teilweise metabolisiert über Urin und Fäzes wieder ausgeschieden. Bereits 1977 gelang der erste positive Nachweis von Arzneimittelmetaboliten im Abwasser. Seitdem haben zahlreiche Studien diesen Sachverhalt untersucht und eine Vielzahl unterschiedlichster Arzneimittel aus unterschiedlichen Wirkstoffgruppen sowie einige ihrer Metaboliten im Abwasser detektiert. Die Studien zeigen auch, dass die moderne Abwasserbehandlungstechnik nicht dafür geeignet ist, diese Rückstände aus dem Abwasser zu entfernen. Mit dem behandelten Abwasser verlassen die Arzneimittel und Metaboliten die Kläranlage, gelangen von dort in die Oberflächengewässer und konnten sogar im Grund- und vereinzelt auch im Trinkwasser nachgewiesen werden. Einige Untersuchungen belegen, dass es zu negativen Auswirkungen für die aquatische Umwelt kommen kann. So verursacht z. B. der Eintrag von Ethinylestradiol in die aquatische Umwelt Reproduktionsfehler bei Fischen. In Deutschland sind ca. 2 300 Wirkstoffe für den Einsatz in der Humanmedizin zugelassen. Zur Minimierung von Zeit- und Kostenaufwand ist eine Identifikation relevanter Arzneimittel mit hohen Verschreibungsmengen vor der Entwicklung einer Analysenmethode und der Durchführung eines Monitorings unumgänglich. Dies wurde anhand der von der Krankenkasse AOK PLUS zur Verfügung gestellten Verschreibungsdaten für das Einzugsgebiet der Kläranlage Dresden-Kaditz durchgeführt. Nach Möglichkeit sollten außerdem relevante Metaboliten identifiziert und ebenfalls in die Analyse integriert werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Identifikation relevanter Arzneimittel und Metaboliten, die Entwicklung geeigneter Methoden zur Analyse und der Nachweis dieser Rückstände im Abwasser der Stadt Dresden sowie die Bestimmung der Mengen, die über die Kläranlage Dresden-Kaditz in die Elbe entlassen werden. Die Analytik von Abwasserproben mit der Zielstellung der Quantifizierung von Arzneimittelrückständen erfolgt nahezu ausschließlich über die Verwendung von Festphasenextraktion (SPE), Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie (HPLC) und Tandem-Massenspektrometrie (MS/MS) unter Anwendung der Elektrosprayionisation (ESI). Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einer geeigneten SPE-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS-Methode zur Analyse möglichst vieler Analyten in Abwasserproben mittels einer Analysenmethode. Insgesamt konnte eine Untersuchungsmethode für die Analyse von 56 Analyten (49 Arzneimittel und sieben Metaboliten) unter Verwendung von 24 Internen Standards (davon 22 isotopenmarkierte Substanzen) entwickelt und validiert werden. Die Methode wurde erfolgreich zur Untersuchung von Abwasserproben aus der Kläranlage Dresden-Kaditz eingesetzt. Es wurde ein Monitoring über zehn zusammenhängende Tage durchgeführt. Im Zulauf der Kläranlage konnten die höchsten Konzentrationen für Valsartan (29,7 ± 8,1 μg/L), Levetiracetam (12,5 ± 3,2 μg/L), Gabapentin (13,2 ± 3,3 μg/L) und Metoprolol (4,1 ± 1,0 μg/L) gemessen werden. Im Ablauf der Kläranlage wurden die höchsten Konzentrationen für Valsartan (22,1 ± 5,1 μg/L), Gabapentin (12,1 ± 2,6 μg/L) und Metoprolol (4,4 ± 0,9 μg/L) bestimmt. Um festzustellen, wie effektiv die Kläranlage Arzneimittelrückstände aus dem Abwasser entfernt, wurden die mittleren täglichen Frachten von Zu- und Ablauf, die im zehntägigen Monitoringprogamm bestimmt werden konnten, verglichen. Als Grundlage für die Berechnungen dienten die Ergebnisse des zehntägigen Monitoringprogramms. Wie bereits vielfach festgestellt werden konnte, sind Kläranlagen nicht dafür konzipiert worden, derartige Verunreinigungen aus dem Abwasser zu entfernen. Lediglich fünf von 45 Analyten werden mit einer Eliminierungsrate größer 50 % aus dem Abwasser entfernt und nur für Levetiracetam (Antiepileptikum) konnte mit 98,1 % eine nahezu vollständige Elimination aus dem Abwasser festgestellt werden. Für die anderen 40 Substanzen zeigen die Untersuchungen, dass ein wesentlicher Anteil der Fracht die Kläranlage passiert und in die Umwelt gelangt. Dabei verdeutlichen die Beispiele des O-Desmethylvenlafaxins (ODV, Hauptmetabolit des Venlafaxin) und 10,11-Dihydro-10-Hydroxycarbamazepins (MHD, Hauptmetabolit des Oxcarbazepin), wie wichtig es ist, den Metabolismus der Arzneimittel zu berücksichtigen. Beide Metaboliten konnten in allen Messungen mit höheren Konzentrationen als ihre Muttersubstanzen detektiert werden. Dabei ist außerdem festzuhalten, dass sich trotz struktureller Ähnlichkeit Muttersubstanz und Metabolit im Abwasserbehandlungsprozess sehr unterschiedlich verhalten können. Während MHD und Venlafaxin im Vergleich von Zu- und Ablauf eine geringfügige Verringerung der Fracht zeigen, so sind die Werte für Oxcarbazepin und ODV im Ablauf signifikant höher als im Zulauf. Eine Freisetzung der Analyten kann z. B. durch die Rücktransformation der Substanz aus einer glucuronidierten Form resultieren. Eine Ausscheidung als Glucuronid ist sowohl für Oxcarbazepin als auch für ODV bewiesen und die Möglichkeit der Rücktransformation ist aus früheren Studien bekannt. Kläranlagen sind nicht dafür geeignet, Arzneimittel- und Metabolitenrückstände vollständig aus dem Abwasser zu entfernen. Vielmehr gelangt ein Großteil der Rückstände in die aquatische Umwelt. Auch wenn die gefundenen Konzentrationen weit unter den therapeutischen Konzentrationen liegen, wie sie zur Behandlung von Menschen notwendig sind, so wird doch klar, dass im Sinne des vorsorgenden Umweltschutzes der Eintrag von Arzneimitteln in die Umwelt zu verhindern, wenigstens aber zu minimieren ist. Hierfür stehen verschiedene Möglichkeiten, wie z. B. die Erweiterung der Kläranlagen um eine vierte Reinigungsstufe oder die Substitution von Arzneimitteln durch besser abbaubare Verbindungen, zur Verfügung. Gegenwärtig wird noch diskutiert, welche Wege zu beschreiten sind. Vermutlich wird sich die Problematik aber nur durch einen gesamtheitlichen Ansatz mit der Kombination verschiedenster Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten lösen lassen.

Les produits de réaction de Maillard apportent des caractéristiques organoleptiques souhaitables aux aliments (couleur, odeur et le goût), contribuant ainsi à leur acceptabilité par le consommateur. Toutefois, plusieurs effets délétères physiopathologiques (vieillissement, diabètes) ont été attribués aux produits de glycation avancés (AGE). Le but de ce travail a concerné la détermination simultanée par LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF) des carboxyméthyllysine (CML), pentosidine (Pen) et pyrraline (Pyr) dans des échantillons de lait chauffés ou non, après purification et concentration en phase solide (SPE) par échange d'ions. Les échantillons de lait en suite ont été soumis à une hydrolyse acide avec HCl à 37%, une précipitation des protéines avec un mélange méthanol/acétone et une digestion enzymatique des protéines pendant 30 heures à 37°C. Après l'étape d'extraction, les échantillons ont été concentrés/purifiés par SPE avec cartouches échangeuses d'ions puis analysés par LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF). Les cartouches d'échange d'ions ont permis d'obtenir une excellente récupération des AGEs (89%, 95% et 117% pour la CML, Pen et Pyr, respectivement), valeurs bien plus élevées que celles qui ont pu être obtenues avec des cartouches de type C18. La concentration/purification par SPE est une étape qui mérite une attention particulière pour la détermination et quantification des AGEs. Parmi les AGEs analysés, seule la Pyr a pu être retrouvée dans des échantillons de lait et celà à des valeurs comprises 0,021 ng/mg de protéines (lait écrémé) et 8,367 ng/mg (lait stérilisé). / Maillard reaction products provide desirable organoleptic characteristics to foods (color, odor and taste), thus contributing to their acceptability by the consumer. However, several deleterious pathophysiological effects (aging, diabetes) have been attributed to advanced glycation products (AGEs). The aim of this work was to determine the simultaneous determination by LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF) of carboxymethyllysine (CML), pentosidine (Pen) and pyrraline (Pyr) in milk samples heated or non-heated after purification and solid phase concentration (SPE) by ion exchange. Subsequent the milk samples were subjected to acid hydrolysis with 37% HCl, protein precipitation with a methanol / acetone mixture and enzymatic protein digestion for 30 hours at 37°C. Après l'étape d'extraction, les échantillons ont été concentrés/purifiés par SPE avec cartouches échangeuses d'ions puis analysés par LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF). Ion exchange cartridges have resulted in excellent recovery of AGEs (89%, 95% and 117% for the CML, Pen and Pyr, respectively), much higher than those obtained with C18 cartridges. The concentration/purification by SPE is a step that deserves special attention for the determination and quantification of AGEs. Between the AGEs analyzed, only Pyr could be found in milk samples and the values were 0.021 ng/mg protein (skimmed milk) and 8.367 ng/mg (sterilized milk). / Os produtos da reação de Maillard fornecem propriedades organolépticas desejáveis para alimentos (cor, cheiro e sabor), contribuindo assim para a sua aceitação pelos consumidores. No entanto, vários efeitos deletérios fisiopatológicos (envelhecimento, diabetes) são atribuídos aos produtos da glicação avançada (AGEs). O objetivo deste trabalho foi à determinação simultânea por LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF) de carboximetillisine (CML), a pentosidina (PEN) e pirralina (Pyr) em amostras de leite aquecido ou não, após purificação e concentração fase sólida (SPE) por troca iônica. As amostras de leite foram subsequentemente submetidas a uma hidrólise ácida com HCl a 37%, a uma precipitação da proteína com uma mistura de metanol/acetona e uma digestão enzimática durante 30 horas a 37°C. Após a etapa de extração, as amostras foram concentradas/purificado por SPE, com cartuchos de troca iônica e analisadas por LC-MS/ESI (Q-ToF). Os cartuchos de troca iônica permitiram obter uma excelente recuperação dos AGEs (89%, 95% e 117% para CML, Pen e Pyr, respectivamente), sendo valores bem mais elevados do que os que podem ser obtidos com cartuchos de C18. A concentração/purificação por SPE é um etapa que merece uma atenção especial para a determinação e quantificação de AGEs. Entre os AGEs analisados, apenas Pyr foi encontrado nas amostras de leite, sendo observado valores para Pyr entre 0,021 ng/mg de proteína (leite desnatado) e 8367 ng/mg (leite esterilizado).

La protéine kinase TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) a été identifiée chez la levure et les mammifères comme participant à deux complexes protéiques qui servent de carrefour entre la perception des facteurs endogènes et exogènes et la stimulation de la croissance cellulaire. Depuis la découverte de la kinase AtTOR chez Arabidopsis thaliana, des études ont été menées afin de mieux caractériser son rôle chez les plantes et l’influence de son niveau d’expression sur la régulation du métabolisme et du développement.Au cours de ce travail, j’ai contribué à l’étude de cette kinase en étudiant l’influence de l’inactivation de TOR sur la composition du ribosome au niveau protéique et sur le niveau de phosphorylation de ces protéines, ainsi que sur l’organisation du méristème au niveau moléculaire et cytologique Au cours de cette étude, j’ai montré que certaines protéines constitutives du ribosome pourraient être des cibles de l’activité TOR au niveau de leur abondance et/ou de leur état de phosphorylation. Ainsi, l’inactivation de TOR entraine une diminution du niveau de phosphorylation des protéines RPS6 et pourrait influencer l’abondance des protéines acides constitutives du stalk ribosomal, une structure importante dans la régulation de la traduction. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent également que l’activité TOR est nécessaire au maintien du méristème à l’état fonctionnel en régulant les voies importantes contrôlant la division et la différentiation au sein de cette structure. / The TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) kinase has first been identified in yeast and mammals as being part of two different protein complexes that are implicated in the stimulation of cell growth in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Since the discovery of this kinase in Arabidopsis, some studies have been led to characterize its role in plants and the influence of its expression level on the metabolism and development regulation.In this study, I worked on the influence of the TOR inactivation on the composition of the ribosome on its protein composition and on the phosphorylation status of these proteins and also on the organisation of the meristem at a molecular and cellular level.Regarding to the results I have obtained, I showed that TOR may regulate the abundance and/or the phosphorylation status of some proteins involved in the ribosome composition. Hence, TOR inactivation leads to a decrease of the phosphorylation level of RPS6 proteins and could regulate the abundance of acid proteins constitutive of the ribosomal stalk, a structure important for the translation regulation. The results obtained also suggest that TOR activity may be necessary to keep the meristem functional by the regulation of the main important pathways controlling division and differentiation in that structure.

Les antibiotiques sont des polluants présents dans les écosystèmes aquatiques, réceptacles ultimes des substances anthropiques. L’étude de ces composés porte sur leur rémanence dans le milieu ou leurs effets sur des organismes naturels. De nombreux efforts ont été faits à l’échelle mondiale pour l’évaluation de la qualité environnementale des différentes ressources en eau pour la survie des espèces aquatiques mais aussi pour la consommation humaine et le risque sanitaire lié. Dans ce but, l’optimisation des techniques analytiques pour ces composés dans les systèmes aquatiques demeure une nécessité. Notre objectif est de développer des méthodes d’extraction et de détection pour 12 molécules appartenant à la famille des aminoglycosides et de la colistine dans les eaux des stations d’épuration et les eaux hospitalières. L’absence des méthodes d’analyse pour ces composés ainsi que le manque des études permettant leur détection dans l’eau sont les raisons de leur étude. L’Extraction sur Phase Solide (SPE) en mode classique (hors ligne) ou en ligne, suivie d’une analyse par la Chromatographie Liquide couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (LC/MS/MS) est la méthode la plus couramment employée pour ce type d’analyse. Les paramètres sont optimisés et validés afin d’assurer les meilleures conditions utilisées dans les analyses environnementales. Cette technique a été appliquée sur des échantillons réels des eaux des stations d’épuration à Bordeaux et au Liban. / Antibiotics are pollutants present in aquatic ecosystems ultimate receptacles of anthropogenic substances. These compounds are studied as their persistence in the environment or their effects on natural organisms. Numerous efforts have been made worldwide to assess the environmental quality of different water resources for the survival of aquatic species, but also for human consumption and health risk related. Towards goal, the optimization of analytical techniques for these compounds in aquatic systems remains a necessity. Our objective is to develop extraction and detection methods for 12 molecules of aminoglycosides and colistin in sewage treatment plants and hospitals waters. The lack of analytical methods for analysis of these compounds and the deficiency of studies for their detection in water is the reason for their study. Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) in classic mode (offline) or online followed by Liquid Chromatography analysis coupled with Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/ MS) is the most method commonly used for this type of analysis. The parameters are optimized and validated to ensure the best conditions for the environmental analysis. This technique was applied to real samples of wastewater treatment plants in Bordeaux and Lebanon.

Ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) is a β-agonist additive that has been used in many countries as a repartitioning agent, redirecting nutrients in order to increase leanness and decrease lipid deposition in pigs. Countries from the European Union and Asia question their safety, while American countries and Australia allow their controlled use as an additive added to the feed of pigs in the finishing phase. In Brazil, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply together with the national production sector, developed a Program called \"SplitSystem\" to ensure a safe product without RAC in order to meet international sanitary requirements. However, co-products used in animal feed may contain RAC, such as meat and bone meal (MBM), one of the main feed ingredients used in many countries which can partially replace soybean meal to lower costs. As the level of RAC in this protein source has not been established an experiment was under taken to examine the impact on pig tissues of increasing amounts of meat and bone meal (MBM) in four dietary groups: 0, 7, 14 and 21% w/w of MBM-containing RAC (53.5 µg kg-1) in the diet. The purpose was to verify if ractopamine residues remain in pig tissues (muscle, liver, kidneys, and lungs) and how much is eliminated through urine. To address these concerns, gilts were fed RAC via MBM daily, from weaning until slaughter. RAC was determined in muscle, liver, kidneys, and lungs with a limit of detection (LOD) = 0.15, 0.5, 0.5 and 1.0 µg kg-1, respectively), and no RAC residues were quantified above the limit of quantification (LOQ) = 0.5, 2.5, 2.5 and 2.5 µg kg-1, respectively). In urine, RAC concentration remained below 1.35 µg L-1. These values are below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by legislation. Therefore, MBM (53.5 µg kg-1 of RAC) can be used up to 21% in pig diets, however when considering restrictive markets, it is recommended not to use MBM. / O cloridrato de ractopamina (RAC) é um aditivo β-agonista que tem sido usado em muitos países para redirecionar nutrientes a fim de aumentar a deposição de tecido muscular e diminuição de lipídios em suínos. Países da União Européia e Ásia questionam sua segurança, enquanto os países da América e a Austrália permitem seu uso controlado como um aditivo adicionado à ração na fase de terminação em suínos. No Brasil, o Ministério da Agricultura, em conjunto com o setor produtivo nacional, desenvolveu um programa chamado \"SplitSystem\" para garantir um produto seguro sem RAC, a fim de atender aos requisitos sanitários internacionais. No entanto, os co-produtos utilizados na ração animal podem conter RAC, como farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), um dos principais ingredientes utilizados em muitos países para substituir parcialmente o farelo de soja, a fim de reduzir os custos de produção. Como o nível de RAC nessa fonte de proteína não foi estabelecido, um experimento foi conduzido para examinar o impacto sobre os tecidos suínos que receberam níveis crescentes de FCO, divididos em quatro grupos: 0, 7, 14 e 21% de FCO contendo 53,5 µg kg-1 de RAC, na dieta dos animais. O objetivo foi verificar se resíduos de RAC permanecem nos tecidos suínos (lombo, fígado, rim e pulmão) e o quanto é eliminado através da urina. Para atender a essas preocupações, as leitoas foram alimentadas com RAC via FCO diariamente, desde o desmame até o abate. A RAC foi determinada em lombos, rins, fígados e pulmões com um limite de detecção (LOD) = 0,15; 0,5; 0,5 e 1,0 µg kg-1, respectivamente, e nenhum resíduo de RAC foi quantificado acima do limite de quantificação (LOQ) = 0,5; 2,5; 2,5 e 2,5 µg kg-1, respectivamente. Na urina, a concentração de RAC permaneceu abaixo de 1,35 µg L-1. Estes valores são inferiores aos limites máximos residuais (LMRs) estabelecidos pela legislação. Concluindo que a FCO (53.5 µg kg-1 de RAC) pode ser utilizada com até 21% em rações para suínos, entretanto, ao considerar mercados restritivos, recomenda-se não usar a FCO.

O interesse por técnicas analíticas que ofereçam a sensibilidade adequada, que sejam econômicas, ambientalmente corretas e capazes de processar rapidamente um grande número de amostras de diferentes complexidades é cada vez maior. Nesse aspecto, a utilização da LC no modo multidimensional é alternativa promissora, especialmente quando estratégias de extração e pré-concentração em fase sólida acopladas de forma on-line com a separação são exploradas, tanto em escala convencional quanto em escala miniaturizada. A ocorrência ambiental de contaminantes emergentes (EDCs) e seus impactos nas formas de vida aquática e terrestre têm sido motivo de preocupação. A quantificação desses analitos no ambiente exige métodos com limites de detecção (LDs) muito baixos, fazendo das estratégias column switching, com a inerente pré-concentração on-line, pertinentes para satisfazer as exigências na determinação desses compostos. Nesse cenário, o desenvolvimento e avaliação de estratégias column switching para determinação de contaminantes emergentes em amostras de interesse ambiental como aplicação modelo no estudo comparativo entre as escalas convencional e miniaturizada se faz impactante. Várias estratégias abrangendo column switching capilar e convencional foram investigadas. Colunas extratoras preenchidas com fases comerciais foram avaliadas, e tiveram seu desempenho testado no acoplamento com diversas colunas analíticas. Métodos em column switching capilar e convencional foram desenvolvidos e validados, tendo sido avaliadas as principais figuras de mérito. Os LQs atingidos em CS-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS variaram de 0,001 ng mL-1 (BP e BzP) a 0,1 ng mL-1 (E3, E2 e EE2); para o método CS-cLC-ESI-MS/MS, os LQs foram maiores, variando entre 0,008 ng mL-1 (BP e BzP) a 0,8 ng mL-1 (E3, E2 e EE2). A linearidade dos métodos foi atestada avaliando-se os gráficos de resíduos, coeficiente de determinação e aplicando-se ponderações quando pertinente. A exatidão e a precisão foram investigadas, apresentando valores dentro dos critérios de aceitação. Por fim, os métodos foram aplicados em amostras ambientais aquosas coletadas em São Carlos - SP, mostrando que os métodos são adequados ao fim a que se destinam. / The interest in analytical techniques that offer adequate sensitivity, that are economical, environmentally friendly and capable of rapidly processing many samples of different complexities is increasing. In this regard, the use of LC in the multidimensional mode is a promising alternative, especially when solid phase extraction and preconcentration strategies coupled online with the separation are explored, both on a conventional scale and on a miniaturized scale. The environmental occurrence of emerging pollutants (EDCs) and their impacts on aquatic and terrestrial life forms have been of concern. Quantification of these analytes in the environment requires methods with very low detection limits (LDs), making column switching strategies with the inherent preconcentration online relevant to satisfy the requirements in determining these compounds. In this scenario, the development and evaluation of column switching strategies for the determination of emerging contaminants in samples of environmental interest as an application model in the comparative study between conventional and miniaturized scales is striking. Several strategies covering capillary and conventional column switching were investigated. Extraction columns filled with commercial phases were evaluated, and their performance was tested in the coupling with several analytical columns. Methods in capillary and conventional column switching modes were developed and validated, and the main figures of merit were evaluated. The LQs reached in CS-UHPLC-ESI-MS / MS ranged from 0.001 ng mL-1 (BP and BzP) to 0.1 ng mL-1 (E3, E2 and EE2); for the CS-cLC-ESI-MS / MS method, the LQs were higher, ranging from 0.008 ng mL-1 (BP and BzP) to 0.8 ng mL-1 (E3, E2 and EE2). The linearity of the methods was attested by evaluating the residual plots, coefficient of determination and applying weighted calibration when needed. Accuracy and precision were investigated, presenting values within the acceptance criteria. Finally, the methods were applied in samples collected in São Carlos - SP, showing that the methods are suitable for the purpose.

Ce projet porte sur l’étude de plusieurs plantes d’intérêt de la Lorraine afin d’extraire par voie sèche et d’analyser des substances bioactives pour une valorisation de la flore locale. Un procédé de broyage et de tamisage de matériel végétal en de fines particules est utilisé afin de concentrer les composés bioactifs dans les poudres résultantes. Les poudres présentent des tailles de particules allant de 20 µm à 500 µm. Les propriétés phytochimiques de chaque classe granulométrique sont comparées à celle des parties de plantes non tamisées. Ces activités sont liées aux métabolites secondaires notamment les polyphénols et les dérivés terpéniques, qui sont caractérisés et quantifiés par des analyses LC-MS et GC-MS. Au cours de ce travail ont été développés : - la validation d’une nouvelle technique de séparation différentielle en fonction de la granulométrie des poudres par comparaison avec des extraits de plantes non tamisées ; - le dosage des différents constituants chimiques par des méthodes spectrométriques (UV/Visible), la caractérisation par des techniques analytiques telles que la LC-MS et GC-MS ; - l’évaluation du potentiel antioxydant/anti-radicalaire et anti-acétylcholinestérase réalisée par voie chimique in vitro en fonction des classes granulométriques. Cette étude démontre l’intérêt que présente ce nouveau procédé d’extraction différentiel des composés bioactifs issue de matrices végétales. Un enrichissement en produits actifs est observé au niveau de certaines classes granulométriques. Au niveau des activités antioxydantes pour toutes les plantes et de l’activité anti-acétylcholinestérase dans le cas du saule blanc, on observe des variations significatives en fonction de la taille de particules des échantillons des poudres superfines. L’étude de l’activité anti-acétylcholinestérase a été complétée par une modélisation in silico afin de mettre en évidence l’interaction entre les composés et les sites actifs de l’enzyme acétylcholinestérase / This project focuses on the study of 12 plants coming from Lorraine region. The study aims to improve the exploitation of local flora using a dry extraction process. A milling and a sieving process up to fine particles of plant material is used to concentrate the bioactive compounds in the resulting powders. The powders were classified according to the particle size which were ranging from 20 µm to 500 µm. The phytochemical properties of each particle size fraction are compared to non-sieved plant parts. These activities are linked to secondary metabolites including polyphenols and terpene derivatives, which are characterized and quantified by LC-MS and GC-MS analyses. It was developed in this work a new validation technique of differential separation depending on the particle size of the powders compared with extracts of non-sieved plant parts. The quantification of chemical compound classes was done by UV-Visible methods and their identification was conducted using LC-PDA/MS and GC-MS characterization technics. The evaluations of the antioxidant activity and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity is carried out in vitro according to the particle sizes. This study demonstrates the usefulness of this new differential extraction process of bioactive compounds from vegetal matrices. The Enhancing of the concentration of the active products is observed according to the particle sizes. In silico modeling study of anti-acetylcholinesterase activity is employed to highlight the interactions between the active sites and some anticipated active compounds in the extract

Este estudo apresenta o desenvolvimento da metodologia de extração em fase sólida e separação em cromatográfica líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas em sequencia, SPE-LC-MS/MS, para a determinação de 21 (vinte e um) fármacos pertencentes a diferentes classes terapeuticas, 1 (uma) droga de abuso e seu principal metabólito, em amostras de água superficial. A separação cromatográfica foi otimizada estudando o desempenho de fases estacionárias e fases móvies. A quantificação dos compostos selecionados foi realizada com a ionização por eletronebulização (electrospray ionization- ESI) e o espectrômetro de massas operando no modo de Monitoramento de Múltiplas Reações (Multiplas Reaction Monitoring- MRM). A validação da metodologia proposta foi realizada utilizando os parâmetros de seletividade, efeito de matriz, faixa de trabalho, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e quantificação (LQ), precisão, exatidão, recuperação e robustez. A validação da metodologia permitiu a sua aplicação na avaliação da distribuição dos 23 compostos selecionados, nas águas da represa Guarapiranga, um dos principais sistemas produtor de água potável da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). A presença desses poluentes nos ambientes aquáticos é proveniente da liberação direta do esgoto urbano das habitações do seu entorno, como consequência do precário sistema de saneamento básico. As águas da represa Guarapiranga foram avaliadas em 14 (quatorze) locais estrategicamente escolhidos e amostradas durante 3 (três) campanhas de coleta de amostra (agosto de 2011, setembro de 2012 e abril de 2013). Nessas amostras foram quantificados acetaminofeno (9,6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8,5 177 ng L-1), benzoilegonina (7,9 139 ng L-1), cafeína (27 27386 ng L-1), carbamazepina (12 358 ng L-1), clortalidona (9,4 35 ng L-1), cocaína (12,8 2650 ng L-1), diclofenaco (8 35 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartana (6,7 114 ng L-1) e valsartana (9,7 - 47 ng L-1). O ponto de coleta denominado de GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) foi a região que apresentou os valores mais elevados quanto ao nível de concentração dos compostos avaliados e ao índice de risco integrado de poluição química aquática (Integrated Risk Index of Chemical Aquatic Pollution IRICAP). O estudo também foi realizado em amostras de água de reservatórios das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) 5 e 6 do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso e a ocupação do solo influenciam diretamente na qualidade da água dos reservatórios, evidenciando a necessidade de implementar melhorias no sistema de coleta de esgoto e de ocupação irregular para evitar a contaminação e o descarte inadequado em ambientes aquáticos. / This study presents the development of the methodology of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry, SPE-LC-MS/MS, for the determination of 21 (twenty one) pharmaceuticals belonging to different therapeutic groups, 1 (one) illicit drug and its major metabolite, in surface water samples. The chromatographic separation was optimized by studying the performance of different stationary and mobile phases. Quantitation of selected compounds was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) and the mass spectrometer operating in a multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The validation of the proposed methodology was performed using the parameters of selectivity, matrix effect, dynamic range, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery and robustness. The validation of methodology allowed to apply the methodology in the evaluation of the distribution of the 23 (twenty one) selected compounds, in Guarapiranga Dam waters, an of the major producer system of drinking water of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP). The presence of these pollutants in aquatic environments is from the direct release of urban sewage from the homes of your surroundings, as a result of poor sanitation system. The waters of Guarapiranga dam were evaluated in 14 (fourteen) locations strategically chosen and sampled in 3 (three) campaigns of sample collection (August 2011, September 2012 and April 2013). In these samples were quantified acetaminophen (9.6 - 254 ng L-1), atenolol (8.5 - 177 ng L-1), benzoylegonine (7.9 - 139 ng L-1), caffeine (27 - 27386 ng L-1) carbamazepine (12 - 358 ng L-1), chlorthalidone (9.4 - 35 ng L-1), cocaine (12.8 - 2560 ng L-1), diclofenac (8 - 36 ng L-1), enalapril (20 ng L-1), losartan (6.7 - 114 ng L-1) and valsartan (9.7 - 47 ng L-1). The sample siting GU103-12 (23°4188.5S 46°4467.3W) was the region with the highest values in the level of concentration of the target compounds and the integrated risk index of chemical aquatic pollution (IRICAP). The study was also conducted on water samples from reservoirs of the UGRHI (Unit of Water Resources Management) 5 and 6, State o São Paulo. The results showed that the use and occupation of land directly influence the reservoir water quality highlighting the need to implement improvements in sewage collection system and illegal occupation to prevent contamination and the improper disposal in aquatic environments.

A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença crônica, progressiva e neurodegenerativa causada pela morte dos neurônios motores. O diagnóstico destes pacientes pode levar até 12 meses para acontecer, sendo que estes vão à óbito entre 3-5 anos do início dos sintomas. Há, porém, grande variabilidade de quadro clínico, com alguns pacientes falecendo com menos de 1 ano do início dos primeiros sinais, e outros que sobrevivem por décadas. A identificação da ELA8, causada por uma mutação missense no gene VAPB (c.C166T, p.P56S), tem contribuído significativamente com o conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares por trás da ELA. A literatura recente tem evidenciado que a diminuição dos níveis de VAPB está presente em modelos celulares e murinos da doença, e também em amostras de pacientes, sugerindo que esta proteína teria papel central na doença e uma contribuição significativa para a morte dos neurônios motores. O presente trabalho buscou três objetivos principais: (1) o diagnóstico molecular através de um painel de sequenciamento de nova geração que inclui os genes SOD1, FUS, TARDBP, SETX, SPG11, FIG4 e VAPB; (2) a avaliação dos níveis de RNAm de VAPA, VAPB e EPHA4 em pacientes de ELA8, controles familiares e outros pacientes de ELA, com o intuito de investigar possíveis papéis destes genes na doença; e por fim, (3) o desenvolvimento de um ensaio quantitativo para as proteínas VAPA, VAPB e VAPC baseado em cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em tandem (LC-MS/MS), para a posterior avaliação de VAPB como possível biomarcador em ELA, e de suas isoformas VAPA e VAPC como modificadores da doença. Para a análise genômica, foram avaliados 67 pacientes, sendo que 31 (ou 46%) apresentaram a mutação c.C166T em VAPB; 4 pacientes (6%) em SOD1, sendo que um destes apresentou uma mutação também em FIG4; 1 paciente (1.5%) foi identificado uma mutação patogênica em FUS; outro, duas mutações deletérias em trans em SPG11. Os níveis de RNAm de VAPB, VAPA e EPHA4 não são estatisticamente distintos entre pacientes e controles; porém, os níveis de EPHA4 estavam significativamente elevados em dois pacientes de início bulbar da doença. Para o desenvolvimento do método quantitativo por LC-MS/MS, foram escolhidos 8 peptídeos inequívocos para análise, estabelecidos dos parâmetros de corrida, e desenvolvidos dois padrões internos (linhagens SILAC e VAPB recombinante) para a quantificação. Esta ferramenta desenvolvida poderá auxiliar não apenas os estudos moleculares que envolvem os mecanismos por trás ELA8, responsável por uma elevada taxa dos casos familiais brasileiros, mas também poderá determinar o potencial de VAPB como biomarcador para Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by the death of motor neurons. Diagnosis can take up to 12 months, with no molecular marker to expedite this process. In this scenario, patients die within 3 to 5 years of symptom onset, although a large clinical variability is seen, with severe patients dying less than one year after onset, and others surviving for decades. The identification of ALS8, caused by a missense mutation in the VAPB gene (c.C166T; p.P56S), has contributed significantly to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind ALS. Recent literature has evidenced that the decrease of VAPB levels is present in cellular and murine models, and also in patient samples, suggesting a central role in motor neuron death in ALS. The present work sought three main objectives: (1) a molecular diagnosis through a NGS sequencing panel including the SOD1, FUS, TARDBP, SETX, SPG11, FIG4 and VAPB genes; (2) analyze the expression levels of VAPA, VAPB and EPHA4 in patients, family controls and other forms of ALS, in order to investigate their possible roles in ALS8; and (3) the development of a targeted quantitative mass spectrometry based assay, gold standard in protein quantification due to its precision and sensitivity, for the VAPA, VAPB and VAPC proteins, seeking the analysis of VAPB as a potential biomarker in ALS and of its isoform\'s potential roles as modifiers in the disease. The genomic analyses revealed that out of 67 patients, 31 presented the ALS8 mutation in VAPB, 4 patients (6%) presented a mutation in SOD1, with one patient carrying a second mutation in FIG4; 1 (1.5%) patient was identified with a pathogenic mutation in FUS; and another presented two pathogenic mutations in trans in the SPG11 gene. Thus, we were able to diagnose over half of the patients included in this study with a panel of only 7 genes. VAPB, VAPA and EPHA4 mRNA levels are not statistically different between patients and controls; however, EPHA4 was shown to be highly elevated in two bulbar-onset non-ALS8 patients. For the development of the LC-MS/MS targeted assay, 8 surrogate peptides were chosen for analysis, run parameters were established, and two internal standards for quantification were developed (SILAC cell lines and recombinant VAPB). This tool will prove to be useful not only towards elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind ALS8, one of the most prevalent forms of familial ALS in Brazil, but also to determine VAPB\'s potential as a biomarker for ALS

Este projeto teve como objetivo principal realizar um estudo proteômico diferencial aplicado às amostras de casca do caule de plantas cítricas sadias e infectadas pela morte súbita dos citros. Subsequentemente, a identificação de proteínas diferentemente expressas será de grande importância, uma vez que estas poderão servir não somente como candidatos a biomarcadores para a doenças, mas também auxiliarão no melhor compreensão da doença. À partir dos géis bidimensionais obtidos para amostras de porta-enxerto (limão cravo e limão volkameriano) e copa (laranja valência) foi possível verificar que existem dois conjuntos de proteínas sensivelmente sub-expressas em plantas doentes. Um desses conjuntos, constituído por 13 spots, apresenta valores de pI entre 4,5 e 5,2 e MM aproximadamente igual a 30 kDa. No outro conjunto, esse composto por 9 spots, valores de pI variando entre 6,1 e 9,6 e MM em torno de 20 kDa são observados. Por meio das técnicas de MALDI-TOF-TOF e LC-ESI-MS/MS, inúmeros spots foram inequivocamente identificados, incluindo os spots correspondentes às regiões diferentemente expressas. Os 13 spots correspondentes a região com valores de pI entre 4,5 e 5,2 e MM ~ 30 kDa foram todos identificados como sendo constituídos por três isoformas de quitinases. Por outro lado, os spots referentes a região com pI entre 6,1 e 9,6 e MM ~ 20 kDa foram identificados como proteína putativa similar a miraculina 2. A justificativa para o fato de diversos spots terem recebido a mesma identificação é atribuída às inúmeras e diferentes modificações pós-traducionais, comumente verificadas em plantas. Entretando, o aspecto mais relevante relacionado a essas identificações é o fato de que ambas as proteínas são conhecidas marcadoras de resistência de defesa em plantas e assim sendo, a priori, espera-se-ia que estivessem sendo super expressas em plantas doentes. Porém, um comportamento inverso foi verificado, o que reforça as evidências de que as quitinases não agem apenas como marcadores de defesa em plantas, possuindo assim outras funções. Além disso, no total, outras 19 proteínas puderam ser identificadas. / The main goal of this project was to perform a differential proteomic analysis of bark tissues of healthy and CSD (citrus sudden death)- affected citrus plants. Subsequently, the identification of differently expressed proteins will be of great importance since they can be used not only as biomarkers for CSD but also as basic information for improving the knowledge about the disease. According to the 2D gels, obtained for bark tissues of both rootstock (rangpur lime and volkamerian lemon) and scion samples, there are two sets of proteins remarkably under expressed in CSD-affected samples. One of these sets is composed by 13 proteins, which presents MW around 30 kDa and pI ranging from 4.5 to 5.2. The other set includes 9 proteins with pI ranging from 6.1 to 9.6 and MW around 20 kDa. By using two mass spectrometry approaches (MALDI-TOF-TOF and LC-ESI-MS/MS), several proteins have been unequivocally identified, including the differentially expressed ones. Thirteen spots have been identified as a mixture of three chitinase isoforms. These spots are relative to the region with pI ranging from 4.5 to 5.2 and MW ~ 30 kDa. On the other hand, the 9 spots referent to the region with MW ~ 20 kDa and pI between 6.1 and 9.6 were identified as putative miraculin-like 2 protein. Several spots have been identified as the same protein most probably due to the occurrence of different post-translational modifications. The most valuable point regarding the identity of these proteins is the fact that they are well-known plant pathogen-related proteins and then they should be over expressed in affected plants. However, the opposite behavior was verified, which may indicate that chitinases and putative miraculin-like 2 protein perform unknown functions, besides the established ones. In addition, other 19 constitutive proteins have been identified.