Hållbarhet är ett ständigt förändringsarbete i och med sin komplexitet. För att kunna ta sig an denna komplexitet krävs det åtgärder för att bevara denna planet och dess framtid. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) är en icke lagstadgad handling och en av flera hållbara åtgärder som företag frivilligt använder sig av för att bevisa sitt ansvar och påverkan i samhället. Därmed blir det av betydelse att utveckla nya tillvägagångssätt som bidrar till en hållbar utveckling och en bättre framtid. Tidigare forskning återger att ett ökat intresse av kombinationen mellan ledarskap och CSR tillkommit på senare tid. Vidare menar forskare att ledaren har den största påverkan på medarbetarna samt deras engagemang. I enlighet med tidigare forskning är det av betydelse att utveckla kunskapen kring ledarskapsstilar och dess bidrag till anställdas engagemang gentemot företagets CSR arbete.  Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur ledarskapsstilar bidrar till anställdas engagemang inom företagets CSR arbete. Således avser studien att bidra med den kunskapsutveckling som är nödvändig för att implementera rätt ledarskapsstil för ett ökat engagemang hos anställda till företagets CSR arbete. För att uppnå syftet undersöktes totalt tio företag från Paper Province företagskluster, detta utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Intervjuerna var semistrukturerade bestående av tio respondenter och utgjorde studiens empiriska material. Studien visar att det inte är den specifika ledarskapsstilen som bidrar till ett ökat engagemang hos de anställda. Istället är det egenskaperna ledaren besitter samt dennes handlingar, som i sin tur bidrar till anställdas engagemang inom företagets CSR arbete. Vidare identifierar studien att ledarna besitter tre starka egenskaper: Att agera som en förebild, ha tydliga mål och värderingar samt förståelse för medmänniskan och arbetsprocesser. Genom att identifiera ledaregenskaperna och tillsätta rätt ledarskap för att öka medarbetarnas engagemang till företagets CSR arbete kan resursförbrukning, kvalité av varor eller tjänster utvecklas på ett hållbart sätt som gynnar framtida generationer. Ledare kan då på ett begripligt sätt forma en stark organisationskultur med hållbara mål och riktlinjer för olika processer inom organisationen. Därmed kan företag, som vill engagera medarbetarna, leta efter ledare med specifika egenskaper istället för att leta efter en specifik ledarstil i hopp om att öka medarbetarnas engagemang till företagets CSR arbete. / Sustainability is a constant process of change due to its complexity. In order to be able to deal with this complexity, is necessary to take actions to preserve this planet and its future. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a non-statutory approach and one of the several sustainable measures that companies voluntarily use to prove their responsibility and influence in the society. Hence, it becomes important to develop approaches that contribute to sustainable development and a better future. Previous research shows that an increased interest in the combination between leadership and CSR has emerged recently. Furthermore, researchers believe that the leader has the greatest impact on employees and their commitment. In accordance to previous research, it is important to develop the knowledge about leadership styles and its contribution to employees' commitment towards the company's CSR work. The aim of this study is to clarify how leadership styles contribute to employee engagement within the company's CSR work. Hence, the study intends to contribute with developing knowledge, necessary to implement the right leadership style for an increased commitment of employees towards the company's CSR work. To fulfill the purpose, a total of ten companies from the Paper Province business cluster were examined on the basis of a qualitative research approach. The interviews were semi-structured consisting ten respondents and established the empirical material of the study. The study shows that it is not the specific leadership style that contributes to an increased employee engagement. Instead, it is the qualities the leader acquires as well as the actions, which in turn, contributes to employee involvement towards the company's CSR work. Furthermore, the study identifies that leaders possess three strong qualities: To act as a role model, have clear goals and values ​​and an understanding for fellow human beings and work processes. By identifying leadership qualities and appointing the right leadership, it could increase employee engagement, resource consumption, quality of goods or services which in turn benefits future generations as well. These leaders can then, shape a strong organizational culture with sustainable goals and guidelines for various processes within the organization, as the study demonstrates. Hence, companies that want to engage employees can look for leaders with specific characteristics instead of looking for a specific leadership style in hopes of increasing employee engagement towards the company's CSR work.

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Studiens syfte är att framlägga de vanligaste konflikterna kommunikativt som uppstår ibyggnadsproduktion mellan arbetsledare, yrkesarbetare och underentreprenörer. Studien taräven upp hur dessa konflikter ska förebyggas samt hantering så det ej återupprepar sig påsamma byggarbetsplats eller nästkommande. Vidare ska studien visa på hur arbetsledare skahantera konflikter som redan har inträffat. Studien exponerar huruvida de olikaledarskapsstilarna implementeras av en arbetsledare för att uppnå en god arbetsmiljö med enbra laganda mellan yrkesarbetare och underentreprenörer. Effekten av detta arbete skulle medhög sannolikhet resultera i bättre kommunikation och en effektivare produktion.I form av en kvalitativ studie besvaras frågeställningarna genom litteraturstudie ochsemistrukturerade intervjuer. En omfattning av 10 stycken kandidater kommer att representeraintervjudelen hos det valda företaget.Det valda företaget där denna studie har utförts är Svenska Entreprenad & Förvaltnings AB(SEFAB). Där upplever ledningen att yrkesarbetare i produktion saknar motivation, därförskall konflikter analyseras. Detta för att uppnå en god arbetsmiljö vilket med hög sannolikhetleder till högre motivation hos medarbetarna.I analysen framkommer den vanligaste orsaken till kommunikativ konflikt, vilket beskrivsvara renhållningen. Hanteringen av denna konflikt föredrar respondenterna att arbetsledarenanvänder sig av en demokratisk ledarstil där alla känner sig delaktiga i beslut. Vidaresammanfattas hantering och förebyggande åtgärder till att hålla en öppen dialog med samtligasamt diskutera problemet. / The purpose of the study is to present the most common conflicts communicatively that arisein house-building production between supervisors, workers and subcontractors. The studyalso addresses how these conflicts should be prevented as well as management so that it doesnot repeat itself at the same construction site or next. In succession, the study will show howsupervisors should handle conflicts that have already erupted. The study exposes whether thedifferent leadership styles are implemented by a supervisor to achieve a good workenvironment with a good team spirit between workers and subcontractors. This work willhopefully lead to better communication and more efficient production in succession.In the form of a qualitative study, the questions will be answered through a literature studyand semi-structured interviews. A total of 10 candidates will represent the interview section atthe selected company.The company selected for this study is Svenska Entreprenad & Förvaltnings AB (SEFAB).There, management feels that workers in the production has lack of motivation, thereforeconflicts must be analyzed in order to achieve a good work environment which hopefullyleads to high motivation among the employees.The analysis shows the most common cause of communicative conflict, which is described asthe cleansing. Handling this conflict, respondents prefer that the supervisor use a democraticleadership style where everyone feels involved in decisions. Furthermore, management andpreventative measures are summarized to keep an open dialogue with everyone and discussthe problem.

Project success rate declined from 62% in 2012 to 60% in 2015 despite advances in methods and tools. Project managers need emotional intelligence and leadership style to reduce the risk of project failure. Successful projects are assets to the organization and to the whole community. The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership, transactional leadership, passive avoidance leadership, emotional intelligence, and project manager performance. Project managers from different industries in the states of Virginia and Maryland, and the District of Columbia were administered the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Self-Report of Emotional Intelligence, and Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales questionnaires. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated the full model (nine predictors) significantly predict project manager performance, F(9, 92) = 8.330, p = .002, R2 = .449. The R2 value (.449) indicated approximately 45% of the variance in project manager performance was accounted for by the linear combination of the predictor variables. Inspirational motivation was the only significant contributor to the model (t = 3.213, Ã? = 3.959, p = .002). The result indicated that project manager performance tends to increase as inspirational motivation increases. The results of this study may have implications for positive social change include the potential for business leaders to enhance project manager performance through employing inspirational, motivational, and charismatic leadership techniques. Business leaders who improve project managers' performance increase the propensity of organizational success. Successful organizations are sources of economic growth which reduces poverty and improves the quality of life.

This applied dissertation was a study of the relationship between leader-member exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) in a federal government organization in Washington, DC. As a result of the organization’s business and leadership challenges, understanding the relationship between a leader and a follower and extra-role behaviors may help to understand how high-quality relationships are developed with staff members that are productive and motivate staff to extend their efforts beyond normal expectations. Productive high-quality relationships demonstrate loyalty, consideration, and affect towards the organization and its leaders. Understanding the relationship between LMX and OCB in a federal government organization may help to produce greater awareness of the factors that lead to high-quality leader-member relationships. Knowing the characteristics of high-quality relationships may promote extra-role behaviors enabling increased job satisfaction and greater results. Federal organizations find that many employees have low job satisfaction. In addition, only 38% of federal workers believe leaders generate high levels of commitment. The researcher employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design that included surveys and interviews. The sample study was composed of 50 paired dyads from 433 employees of the target federal agency selected using convenience sampling. Survey instruments were used for demographics, LMX, and OCB to gather data. The results from the LMX and OCB instruments were used to formulate interview questions for a select group from the core sample represented by the top and bottom 5% of raw survey score totals. The targeted federal organization should benefit from this study. The results showed how differences in the quality of the relationship between a leader and a follower related to OCB, or extra-role behaviors and led to recommendations on leader-subordinate relationships.

Title: The influence of female representation on the performance of parliament: Key lessons from Rwanda. Level: Final assignment for Master’s Degree in Business Administration. Authors: Mirembe Joseline & Hujie Njie Supervisor: Dr. Maria Fregidou-Malama Examiner: Dr. Ehsanul Huda Chowdhury Date: 2018–June Aim: The aim of this research is to investigate how the presence of female representation in the parliament influences its performance. The focus is to understand the stereotyping of female in the parliament and how it affects its performance. In this regard, the focus is on the innovation, social diversity and leadership styles of women and their influence on performance. Method: To achieve the aim, qualitative method has been adapted through having 10 interviews with both female and male parliamentarians from Rwandan Parliament, Secondary data extracted from books and articles was also used. In this study to combine different theories to provide external knowledge about the topic. The data obtained from primary and secondary were used to analyze and discuss the findings. Result & Conclusions: This study confirms that female participation in the parliament influences its performance especially in gender policy bills and issues to developing poor people in the society. Given their number, they developed confidence in decision making. Also the study reveals that social diversity, innovation as well as leadership styles of women in the parliament boosted the performance. This later helped in collaborating with other institutions and provided capacity-building activities to the public. However, there is still a gap in childcare agenda and working hours as female members of the parliament work beyond working hours. Contribution: This study contributes to existing literature as it examines the ways gender equality can be used as a tool to increase and stimulate discussions before making important decisions. It also shows how organizations can use gender equality as a strategic advantage. Our work gives other parliaments, organizations and countries an insight on how to improve their performance through gender balancing. This study can be used by organizations to gain insight on the way women in general operate when they are in high positions and how it can be used as an advantage. Suggestions for future research: Further research can be conducted to analyze how women can be motivated to progress their career development. Other researchers could research strategies for female to be appointed in high positions.

The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenological study was to examine the leadership styles and characteristics of leadership of 11 female presidents in the Tennessee Colleges of Applied Technology system. The administrators’ perceptions of successful leadership, desirable outcomes of institutional leadership, and improvements resulting from perceived successful leadership styles that guided each participant’s work as a technical college president were examined. Using the research questions guiding this study, data were collected from individual, in-depth interviews with each female, technical college president. The analysis of the interviews identified the leadership styles of democratic, situational and participative as being the most common among the female presidents. Also, the leadership characteristics of communication and vision were identified as being the most common leadership characteristics. These results may benefit women in evaluating effective leadership styles and characteristics that were displayed by successful technical college presidents.

Research question: How has digitalisation impacted the characteristics of leadership styles? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to obtain a deeper understanding of how digitalisation impacts leadership style characteristics. The theoretical goals are to better define digital leadership and investigate how the characteristics of the autocratic, democratic, transformational, laissez-faire leadership styles have changed due to digitalisation. The practical goals are to further understand how digitalisation has made the managers lead their employees and give recommendations on what should be considered in the digital environment. Both the theoretical contributions and practical implications are meant to dissipate the digital fog around leadership styles as much as possible. Method: This study has a deductive approach as articles and previous theories are presented and discussed which are later used in the analysis of the results. The authors use a qualitative data collection method, hence, conducting 12 semi-structured interviews with managers from various industries. The interviews occurred in either German or Swedish and were later translated into English, also, 4 interviews were face-to-face while 8 were through internet-mediated channels. The interviews were then coded and analysed through the lens of the four themes that have been established throughout the paper. Conclusion: The research found that the four leadership style characteristics have changed due to digitalisation but also contributed to the development of the digital leadership style. Avoiding digital social events in companies and the managers keeping a balance between too much control and exaggerated freedom of the employees are some practical implications. Hence, the digital fog was lighted and clearness for digital leadership was given.

The success of numerous organisations nowadays, especially in the IT sector, is closely connected with project success. Project managers can influence and determine how a project is run and its overall success, as it has been well established throughout the literature. Psychological safety has also been found to affect different organisational aspects, including project success. Nevertheless, there needs to be more research regarding this topic in the leadership literature, especially in the information technology and systems domain. This study investigates how different leadership styles, and their behavioural characteristics can affect team members' psychological safety in IT project teams. Thus, the study was formulated around the following research questions: “What are the most commonly used leadership styles in IT Project Management?” and “How do the different leadership styles impact employees' psychological safety?”. In order to gain a better understanding and utilise each method’s advantages (qualitative and quantitative), a mixed-method approach has been chosen, with the use of a survey to gather empirical data. Throughout the study, we obtained 47 responses regarding the questionnaire from members of IT project teams, and 9 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the project managers/team leadersfrom those respective teams. The results indicated that IT project teams are led mainly by individuals who present characteristics of agile and democratic elements in their style. Furthermore, these leadership styles have also been found to favour team psychological safety by promoting a climate that values trust and cooperation. The study contributes to the existing literature in the fields of project management and psychological safety and provides practical implications for leaders and organisations within the IT sector. Since the study was limited to only a few IT project teams and organisations, it can serve as a starting point for future research that could further investigate the relationship between leadership and psychological safety and help practitioners better capitalise on the benefits of effective leadership.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to explore the leadership traits of the school health coordinators (SHCs) for the state of Tennessee and to determine if self-perceptions of the SHC leadership traits coincide with supervisor and colleague perceptions of SHC leadership traits. The health challenges facing young Americans today are different from those of past decades and child health is a major federal and state policy platform. SHCs work at the nexus of 2 highly regulated and political entities: healthcare and education. Thus, it is critical for SHCs to possess strong leadership traits to navigate through the issues and politics that are inherent in this challenging career. By obtaining information regarding the leadership traits of current SHCs, this research provides insight into best practices and continuing education for current and future leaders. The study population consisted of all SHCs, superintendents, principals, and Healthy School Council members in the state of Tennessee, totaling approximately 3,900. Thirty-nine districts out of 221 provided full responses where the SHC, at least one supervisor, and at least 1 colleague responded to the Leadership Traits Questionnaire (LTQ). Permission to use the LTQ was granted by Peter Northouse, the developer of the questionnaire (Appendix A). Findings indicated that SHC self-reported perceptions of the leadership traits were significantly higher than colleagues' perceptions of the SHCs leadership traits. There were no significant differences between SHCs' perceptions and supervisors' perceptions of the SHC leadership traits. Lastly, within the SHC group only there were no significant differences in the perceptions of self-reported leadership traits between city and county SHCs, years of experience, or number of memberships in professional organizations.