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The purpose of this study is to describe how the activity is arranged for a student with learning disablities. I have used an method based on etnografic influences. I made observations in a school for three days I took notes during the observations. I made one interview with the teacher where I used open fomulatet questions. This study is based on activity theory and one of my results is that teachers in primary school did not have the competence to meet all childrens needs. I found that many things in the activity affected the students in it and that the purpose of the activity changed according to the activity in it. Primary school as activity seemed to push the student with learning disabilities towards special school since it was in special school the comptence and the ability to arrange the activity to meet the needs the student had in a better way. / Denna studie handlar om skolan som verksamhet och hur verksamheten arrangeras för att svara upp mot elevers behov. Jag har tittat specifikt på en verksamhet där en elev med inlärningssvårigheter finns och där eleven får stöd av grundsärskolans verksamhet. Jag har använt mig av ett förhållningssätt som inspirerats av etnografin som metod där jag använt intervju och deltagande observationer som verktyg. Eleven når inte kunskapskraven för grundskolan men hör heller inte till verksamheten grundsärskola. Detta gör att eleven står emellan verksamheter. Verksamheten grundskola som ska ge elever det stöd de har behov av men som inte riktigt förmår och verksamheten grundsärskola som eleven inte tillhör där kompetens att möta eleven och resurser att möta eleven finns. Mina frågeställningar handlade om vilka handlingar för att nå målen i verksamheten som synliggörs och vad samverkan mellan grundskola och grundsärskola innebär? Jag har kommit fram till att de handlingar som synliggörs i verksamheten grundskola inte leder eleven mot målen för verksamheten. Grundskolan har gjort sig beroende av grundsärskolans verksamhet för att ge elven det stöd eleven behöver.

Today's classrooms have a significant diversity of learners who are expected to engage in similar academic activities and meet common standards of academic competency irrespective of their individual differences. As a result, for many students, school is a challenging endeavor that elicits emotional responses ranging from low self-efficacy to frustration, stress and anxiety. Research has shown that factors such as students' motivation and teachers' beliefs are important influencers of classroom achievement. These factors determine students' persistence towards their academic goals as well as the standards teachers set. This report reviews the literature on major constructs of motivation and teacher beliefs specifically with different learners, that is second language learners and students with learning disabilities. A proposal of a synthesis model is offered, with the primary objective of depicting the influence of teacher beliefs and student motivation on learning process and performance outcomes among different learners. / text

This study examined the characteristics of 14 English Language Learners classified as having learning disabilities (LD) who were also identified as having speech and language impairments (SI) prior to, at, or after initial identification as LD. Data were collected under the auspices of a longitudinal study, Bilingual Exceptional Students: Effective Practices for Oral Language and Reading Instruction, conducted by multicultural special education faculty at the University of Texas at Austin between 1999 and 2002. Participants were served in bilingual education and bilingual special education programs in a large, central Texas school District. Archival data from students’ cumulative, bilingual and special education records were analyzed to profile student characteristics at the point of their initial LD and SI eligibility determinations. A clinical judgment panel comprised of bilingual special education experts analyzed student data and made independent eligibility recommendations for each participant. These recommendations were compared to the multidisciplinary teams (MDTs’) eligibility decisions. Findings revealed that MDTs based eligibility primary on the presence of an IQ-achievement discrepancy and did not adequately consider factors, other than the presence of LD that could explain student difficulties. When data other than the IQ-achievement discrepancy were considered, the clinical judgment panel classified 4 participants as LD and 9 as having disabilities other than LD; the panel felt that data for one student were insufficient to make an eligibility recommendation. Findings related to identification of SI for this population were limited because students were assessed using a Spanish translation of an English speech and language assessment developed by the district. Test results corroborated parents’ and teachers’ concerns that these students had significant communication problems. Implications for improving practices related to early intervention, referral, assessment, and eligibility determinations for ELLs are presented and suggestions for future research are delineated. / text

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Educational Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση της σχέσης της λεκτικής εργαζόμενης μνήμης και της παραγωγής γραπτού λόγου από μαθητές Δ’ τάξης Δημοτικού είτε με κανονική επίδοση είτε με μαθησιακές δυσκολίες. Στα περισσότερα γνωστικά μοντέλα γραπτής έκφρασης επισημαίνεται ο καθοριστικός ρόλος της εργαζόμενης μνήμης κατά την παραγωγή γραπτού λόγου. Για τον σκοπό της έρευνας δημιουργήθηκαν δύο εξισωμένες ως προς το φύλο και τη χρονολογική ηλικία ομάδες, οι οποίες διέφεραν στη σχολική επίδοση. Κάθε ομάδα αποτελούταν από 27 μαθητές, οι οποίοι συμμετείχαν σε μια σειρά από δοκιμασίες λεκτικής εργαζόμενης μνήμης, ενώ κλήθηκαν να γράψουν και ένα αφηγηματικό κείμενο. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι υπάρχουν στατιστικώς σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων στις δοκιμασίες εργαζόμενης μνήμης και στη γραπτή παραγωγή. Επιπλέον, υπάρχει συνάφεια μεταξύ της εργαζόμενης μνήμης και της γραπτής έκφρασης, ενώ η εργαζόμενη μνήμη επεξηγεί μεγάλα ποσοστά της συνολικής διακύμανσης της παραγωγής γραπτού λόγου. Περαιτέρω έρευνες κρίνονται απαραίτητες για επαλήθευση των αποτελεσμάτων σε μαθητές και άλλων ηλικιών, αλλά και για διερεύνηση της συνεισφοράς της μνήμης στην παραγωγή άλλων κειμενικών ειδών. / The purpose of the present thesis was to examine the relation between verbal working memory and writing ability in students attending fourth grade of elementary school with and without learning disabilities. Most cognitive models of writing suggest a central role for working memory during the writing of a text. For the purpose of the study, two groups of students matched in gender and chronological age, but differ in educational achievement. Each group consisted of 27 participants, who were tested using a series of verbal working memory tasks and wrote a narrative text. The results of the study indicated that there was statistically significant difference between the two groups in verbal working memory tasks and in written production. Furthermore, there were statistically significant correlations between the working memory tests and the students’ writing ability. Also, working memory interpreted a large percentage of the total variance of the written production. Further research is necessary in order to confirm the results in older school students and to investigate the contribution of working memory in the production of different text genres, in addition to narrative ones.

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