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Národní bezpečnostní systém v Libanonu Jan Kužvart Abstract Diploma thesis "The National Security System of the Republic of Lebanon" (the LSS) deals with the system which keeps order and stability in Lebanon. The thesis also focuses on the possibility of its reform (i.e. security sector reform, SSR). The LSS contains army and other various security apparatus institutions and superior control bodies. It also includes external actors who are participating in SSR (for example the EU and the USA) or actors who are helping the Lebanese state to maintain security inside of its territory (e.g. UNIFIL). The LSS has strong normative dimension as well. It comprehends the unwritten rules of the game, the Lebanese foreign relations and fundamental Lebanese constitutional documents. The thesis delineates objects which the LSS is supposed to protect (i.e. Lebanon and its citizens) and threats which the LSS faces.

The purpose of this study was to trace the historical development of the American University of Beirut and its educational contributions in Lebanon and the Middle East from 1920 to 1967. Through their activities in the Levant in the early nineteenth century, the American missionaries virtually laid the foundations of the Syrian Protestant College, later known as the American University of Beirut. Though religion was the cornerstone in the founding of the University, under the pressure of the local environment, its secular character was to be substituted for the religious one. The establishment of the University in 1866 marked the beginning of the system of higher education in the Arab world. As the first established institution of higher learning, the University played a significant role in raising the level of literacy throughout the region. Despite the difficult times that the University faced throughout its history, it survived and continued its dedicated mission to serve the people of Lebanon and the entire area. For the University, the first 50 years under Ottoman rule was a period of surviving and maintaining its existence. With the freedom it came to enjoy during the French Mandate and later during independence, the University moved into a period of advancing and expanding. By the 1960s the University had become a prestigious institution and captured the support of most people and governments in the area. The study's six chapters describe the historical setting of Lebanon and the origins of its religious groups, the historical background of the American University of Beirut, the educational activities of the University during the French Mandate, and its educational activities under independent Lebanon. The thesis showed that the University had a significant role in the education of the Lebanese and the peoples of the area, and that it has significantly contributed to the development of Lebanon and the Middle East.

This study presents the thesis that religious cleavages in Lebanon have been the major factor behind most of the country's problems since the achievement of independence in 1943. The coming of the Palestinians in 1948 and in the 1970s upset Lebanon's delicate sociopolitical balance between Christians and Muslims in favor of the latter. The study's four chapters describe the origins of Lebanon's religious groups, the arrival of the Palestinians, Lebanon's emergence as the sole Palestinian guerrilla base, and the outbreak and aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975-1976. Finally, suggestions are made for the resolution of the continuing Christian-Muslim conflict, notably the alternatives of federalism and confederalism as possible future political arrangements for Lebanon.

Neste trabalho, disserta-se, por meio da história oral de libaneses que imigraram entre 1950 e 1970, sobre a experiência desses imigrantes na nova terra e sobre suas formas de inserção na cultura local, em São José dos Campos (estado de São Paulo), localizado no Vale do Paraíba. Além da história oral, metodologia fundamental para esta dissertação, recorreu-se a diversas fontes, entre as quais a bibliografia especializada, jornais e fotografias. A pesquisa versa sobre a questão da memória, das lembranças e dos esquecimentos na composição da história do movimento migratório. Realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre o trabalho do imigrante libanês, transcorrendo pela trajetória deste como mascate até o desenvolvimento do estabelecimento comercial e a inserção em alguns setores políticos da sociedade receptora. Também se analisaram os motivos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento econômico da cidade e, consequentemente, do comércio dos libaneses. A presente pesquisa ressalta também a importância da mulher no processo imigratório, inclusive no trabalho e na manutenção do lar, assim como na tradição do país de origem. Apresenta-se, dessa forma, uma fonte de conhecimento marcada especialmente pela história oral, que permite compreender de forma mais apurada a imigração em São José dos Campos. / The objective of this work is, through the oral history of Lebanese immigrants who immigrated between 1950 and 1970 to Brazil, to analyze the experience of these immigrants in the new land and their forms of insertion in the local culture, in the city of São José dos Campos (São Paulo State), at the region of Vale do Paraíba. Different sources were used, besides oral history: books, newspapers and photographs. The research addresses the issues of memory, remembrance and forgetfulness in the composition of the migratory movement. An important approach about the Lebanese immigrant work was also made, passing by the trajectory from peddler until the development of formal commercial centers and the insertion in some political sectors in the local society. The reasons of the economical development of São José dos Campos were also analyzed in this work. This survey also highlights the importance of the woman in the immigration process, including her role in the labor force and in the household maintenance, as well as the keeping of the tradition of the native country. This work presents, this way, a source of knowledge based mainly on the oral history and its methodology - that allows a more accurate understanding of the immigration in São José dos Campos.

O modelo consociativo de democracia parlamentar reflete a necessidade de prevenção de conflitos comunais em sociedades segmentadas e visa proporcionar-lhes estabilidade democrática. O Líbano e suas 18 seitas oficiais foi considerado por Arend Lijphart como um caso de sociedade multiétnica profundamente dividida por clivagens sobrepostas, país no qual o consociativismo e a capacidade de acomodação das elites seriam viáveis. No entanto, o país tem enfrentado rupturas institucionais constantes e intensificação de tensões sectárias mesmo após o fim da guerra civil (1975-1990). As crises de governança em 2005 e 2008, o vácuo presidencial de Maio de 2014 à Outubro de 2016 e as persistentes crises de energia, água e lixo são exemplos de tais eventos. Além disso, o Líbano tem um Estado nação frágil e inoperante, abrindo uma lacuna em termos de defesa militar, promoção de serviços sociais e provisão de bens públicos. Ao mesmo tempo, contudo, as crises sugerem não demonstrações de falta de governança, mas ajustes de representação para inclusão de elites não tradicionais no poder (como é o caso da xiita e sua obtenção do poder de veto através da figura do Hezbollah em 2008). E, sobretudo, o sistema confessional teve continuidade histórica significativa ao longo dos séculos XX e XXI. Em razão desta falta de consenso na literatura, será objetivo do presente trabalho indicar e refletir sobre os limites, decorrências e contribuições do consociativismo à realidade libanesa em sua modalidade confessional. Através do estudo de caso proposto apontaremos de que modo, de forma problemática, falta na literatura consociativa o entendimento de que a institucionalização rigorosa das diferenças religiosas não promove mais democracia e representatividade, mas, ao contrário, enfraquece o Estado nacional e engendra práticas de clientelismo sectário. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de revisão teórica do modelo de Lijphart de modo a afastar do mesmo arranjos consociativos altamente institucionalizados tais como os do tipo confessional. Na medida em que tal prescrição está ausente na teoria consociativa clássica, identificamos uma anomalia no modelo original de Lijphart que precisa ser revista e sanada. / The consociational model of parliamentary democracy reflects the need to prevent communal conflicts in segmented societies and aims to provide them with democratic stability. Lebanon and its 18 official sects was considered by Arend Lijphart as a case of multi-ethnic and deeply divided society, a country where consociationalism and elites\' compromising would be feasible. However, the country has been facing constant institutional disruption and intensification of sectarian tensions even after the end of the civil war (1975-1990). Governance crisis in 2005 and 2008, presidential vacuum from May 2014 to October 2016 and the persistent energy, water and waste disposal crisis are examples of such events. In addition, Lebanon has a fragile and ineffective nation state, deficient in terms of its military defense, promotion of social services and provision of public goods. At the same time, however, these crisis suggest not lack of governance demonstrations, but representation and power adjustments to include non-traditional elites (as it is the case for the Shia sect and its veto power obtainment through Hezbollah in 2008). Utmost, the confessional system has had significant historical continuity throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Due to the literatures lack of consensus revolving this issue, the present work intends to present and reflect over consociativisms limits, consequences and contributions to the Lebanese reality in its confessional form. Through the here proposed case study, it will be problematically pointed out that the consociational literature misses the point by not understanding that the rigorous institutionalization of religious differences does not promote more democracy and representation; but, rather, weakens the national state and engenders clientelist sectarianism. The results obtained reinforce the need for Lijpharts model theoretical revision in order to except from it highly institutionalized consociational arrangements (such as the confessional one). To the extent that such prescription is absent in classic consociational theory, we have identified an anomaly in Lijpharts original model that needs to be reviewed and amended.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:29:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Terezinha Maluly Pacheco.pdf: 3158750 bytes, checksum: ab507a68f9120308be5baa3d898077fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:29:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera Terezinha Maluly Pacheco.pdf: 3158750 bytes, checksum: ab507a68f9120308be5baa3d898077fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-12 / This work was developed focusing on the resilience process in the context of the Syrian-Lebanese immigration in the environment of Sao Paulo city. Immigration is a social and cultural phenomenon variable in time and space. The interference of immigration in the geographical area of destination and the interrelationships from this fact were studied. The dissertation was based on the systematic review of literature on resilience and Syrian-Lebanese immigration. In addition, two families of Syrian-Lebanese immigrants (first and second generation), residents of Sao Paulo city, have participated to the study, by means of interviews carried out with them. It was used the History of Life methodology. With the help of the memory of interviewers, this procedure allows to build up versions of the past and of their stories. These narratives have greatly contributed to the research process, which has been enriched with the presentation of photos and documents during interviews. The reports of these immigrants regarding their experience in another country have demonstrated that the adaptation process took place in a positive enriching way, but at the same time with difficulties. These reports also pointed out that the family support network and cultural structure in which they live in helped them to make the process of inclusion. The process of resilience developed by these immigrants enabled the transformation of people, awakening up their potential and enabling them to resume the meaning of life. The research involved the rescue of life stories through open interviews and photographs / Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida contemplando o processo de resiliência no contexto da imigração sírio-libanesa no ambiente da cidade de São Paulo. A imigração é um fenômeno social e cultural variável no tempo e espaço. Na presente dissertação foram estudadas suas interferências no espaço geográfico do local de destino, bem como, nas inter-relações provenientes desse fato. A dissertação teve como base a revisão sistemática de literatura em resiliência e imigração sírio-libanesa. Contou com a participação de duas famílias de imigrantes sírio-libanesas moradoras na cidade de São Paulo, tendo sido entrevistadas a primeira e segunda geração. Utilizou-se como metodologia a História de Vida. Este procedimento objetiva, com o auxílio da memória dos informantes, construir versões sobre o passado que as narrativas permitem elaborar. Essas narrativas contribuíram muito para o processo de pesquisa, que foi enriquecida com a apresentação de fotos e documentos durante as entrevistas. Os relatos desses imigrantes referentes a sua vivência em um outro país vêm demonstrar que o processo de adaptação ocorreu de modo positivo, enriquecedor, ao mesmo tempo com dificuldades. Esses relatos também ressaltam que as estruturas da rede de apoio familiar e da cultura na qual foram inseridos auxiliaram suas vidas na confecção do tecido de inclusão. O processo de resiliência desenvolvido por esses imigrantes possibilitou a transformação dessas pessoas, despertando suas potencialidades e permitindo retomar o sentido da vida. A pesquisa realizada envolveu o resgate de histórias de vida, através de entrevistas abertas e fotografias