Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, I explore how young Lebanese-Canadian women construct health, obesity, and the body within the context of the dominant obesity discourse, which over-emphasizes supposed links between inactivity, nutrition, obesity, and health. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Lebanese-Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 25. The conversational texts were analyzed according to two consecutive methods: a thematic analysis which allowed us to focus on what the participants had to say about health, obesity, and the body followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis which helped us to decipher how the participants spoke about these topics. The findings of this study attest that the young women construct health, obesity, and the body as matters of individual responsibility. They speak about achieving health and avoiding overweight/obesity through disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and proper dietary restrictions. The participants also construct health in close linkage with the physical appearance of the body; moreover, they conflate the “healthy” and “ideal” female body, which they represent as thin. As such, the young women reject “fat” and portray obesity as a disease, a matter of lack of will, and an “abnormal” physical appearance. Finally, the young Lebanese-Canadian women report their involvement in various practices such as restriction of the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake, rare and non-organized forms of physical activity, and problematic practices such as the use of detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise, all in the name of health. Throughout this study, I highlight the participants’ multiple and shifting subjectivities: While the young Lebanese-Canadian women most often construct themselves as free neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (of self-authorship, self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity), they at times construct themselves as “poststructuralist” subjects showing awareness of, and “micro-resistance” to such discourses. The impacts of the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures on the participants’ constructions of health, obesity, and the body comprise an important part of this thesis. The participants accentuate the major importance of beauty and physical appearance—particularly not being fat—in the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures. However, they also attempt to distance themselves from “Lebanese” ways of thinking about health, obesity, and the body, and in doing so they replicate homogeneous representations of Lebanese, Lebanese-Canadian, and Canadian women. I offer practical suggestions to inform health and obesity interventions that target Lebanese-Canadian women and women from ethnic minorities and I discuss future research possibilities that may stem from the present thesis.

Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, I explore how young Lebanese-Canadian women construct health, obesity, and the body within the context of the dominant obesity discourse, which over-emphasizes supposed links between inactivity, nutrition, obesity, and health. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Lebanese-Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 25. The conversational texts were analyzed according to two consecutive methods: a thematic analysis which allowed us to focus on what the participants had to say about health, obesity, and the body followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis which helped us to decipher how the participants spoke about these topics. The findings of this study attest that the young women construct health, obesity, and the body as matters of individual responsibility. They speak about achieving health and avoiding overweight/obesity through disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and proper dietary restrictions. The participants also construct health in close linkage with the physical appearance of the body; moreover, they conflate the “healthy” and “ideal” female body, which they represent as thin. As such, the young women reject “fat” and portray obesity as a disease, a matter of lack of will, and an “abnormal” physical appearance. Finally, the young Lebanese-Canadian women report their involvement in various practices such as restriction of the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake, rare and non-organized forms of physical activity, and problematic practices such as the use of detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise, all in the name of health. Throughout this study, I highlight the participants’ multiple and shifting subjectivities: While the young Lebanese-Canadian women most often construct themselves as free neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (of self-authorship, self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity), they at times construct themselves as “poststructuralist” subjects showing awareness of, and “micro-resistance” to such discourses. The impacts of the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures on the participants’ constructions of health, obesity, and the body comprise an important part of this thesis. The participants accentuate the major importance of beauty and physical appearance—particularly not being fat—in the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures. However, they also attempt to distance themselves from “Lebanese” ways of thinking about health, obesity, and the body, and in doing so they replicate homogeneous representations of Lebanese, Lebanese-Canadian, and Canadian women. I offer practical suggestions to inform health and obesity interventions that target Lebanese-Canadian women and women from ethnic minorities and I discuss future research possibilities that may stem from the present thesis.

This project takes popular organizations in mid-twentieth century Lebanon as its focus. These socio-political groupings were organized at the grassroots, made up of young men, and included scout organizations, social justice movements, student clubs and workers' associations. Employing a cultural history approach, the dissertation examines the cultural productions of these types of groups, ranging from group anthems to uniforms, letters of the rank and file to speeches of leaders. With these primary sources, it captures the cultures that took shape around five main actors in the field of street politics: the Lebanese Communist Party, the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, the Kata'ib Party, the Najjadeh Party and the Progressive Socialist Party. And as these groups condoned and committed acts of sectarian violence in the 1958 War and the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-1990, this dissertation also investigates the distinct cultures that formed around these groups during wartime. In the end, I argue that both inside and outside of moments of conflict, popular organizations cultivate and mobilize multiple, interactive identities to make sense of their actions, sectarian or otherwise. Moreover, I find that a critical site to explore these complex processes is their routine practices grounded in duty, strength and honor. Part I of the dissertation examines identity formation within these five groups, and the physical and symbolic spaces they produced in Beirut during the 1920s-1950s. Informed by Pierre Bourdieu's theories on social life, this historical background shows how organizational attempts to project uniqueness, win over recruits, and make partisan, often sectarian, claims over the whole Lebanese nation created boundaries between these groups. Also, the lives of individuals within these groups, regardless of the group's distinct vision for Lebanon, were colored by cultures of discipline and defense, working to normalize practices linked to violence. In Part II the dissertation takes up the two historical events of social mobilization and conflict in which these groups participated: the 1958 War (where the Kata'ib, once a nationalist scout group, serves as the focus for the investment in sectarianism) and the Two-Year War of 1975-1976 (where the Lebanese National Movement - specifically the Lebanese Communist Party, once a workers' association, and the Progressive Socialist Party, once a social justice movement - serve as the focus for the investment in anti-sectarian frames). First, through investigating the changing positions of these popular organizations throughout these two wars, the dissertation argues that these groups are active agents in producing sectarian violence, adding nuance to past characterizations of conflict in Lebanon. Second, by capturing the quite seamless shift towards practices of violence, it finds that the quotidian and routine also lay at the center of violence. Finally, by analyzing the textual and visual productions of these groups leading up to and during war, the dissertation finds that multiple and interacting identities, such as national, populist (i.e., fulfilling the needs of people and winning their support in a particular locality) and sect are mobilized to perform violence. Accordingly, sectarian violence, as it emerged in the mid-twentieth century, is sectarian because these groups defined it in sectarian (and antisectarian) terms, not because the violence was rooted in immutable sectarian differences. Collectively, “Winning Lebanon: Popular Organizations, Street Politics and the Emergence of Sectarian Violence in the Mid-Twentieth Century” seeks to bring the local level and the cultural into the study of conflict, and add nuance to the understanding of sectarianism and sectarian violence in Lebanon and the broader Middle East.

Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, I explore how young Lebanese-Canadian women construct health, obesity, and the body within the context of the dominant obesity discourse, which over-emphasizes supposed links between inactivity, nutrition, obesity, and health. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Lebanese-Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 25. The conversational texts were analyzed according to two consecutive methods: a thematic analysis which allowed us to focus on what the participants had to say about health, obesity, and the body followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis which helped us to decipher how the participants spoke about these topics. The findings of this study attest that the young women construct health, obesity, and the body as matters of individual responsibility. They speak about achieving health and avoiding overweight/obesity through disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and proper dietary restrictions. The participants also construct health in close linkage with the physical appearance of the body; moreover, they conflate the “healthy” and “ideal” female body, which they represent as thin. As such, the young women reject “fat” and portray obesity as a disease, a matter of lack of will, and an “abnormal” physical appearance. Finally, the young Lebanese-Canadian women report their involvement in various practices such as restriction of the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake, rare and non-organized forms of physical activity, and problematic practices such as the use of detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise, all in the name of health. Throughout this study, I highlight the participants’ multiple and shifting subjectivities: While the young Lebanese-Canadian women most often construct themselves as free neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (of self-authorship, self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity), they at times construct themselves as “poststructuralist” subjects showing awareness of, and “micro-resistance” to such discourses. The impacts of the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures on the participants’ constructions of health, obesity, and the body comprise an important part of this thesis. The participants accentuate the major importance of beauty and physical appearance—particularly not being fat—in the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures. However, they also attempt to distance themselves from “Lebanese” ways of thinking about health, obesity, and the body, and in doing so they replicate homogeneous representations of Lebanese, Lebanese-Canadian, and Canadian women. I offer practical suggestions to inform health and obesity interventions that target Lebanese-Canadian women and women from ethnic minorities and I discuss future research possibilities that may stem from the present thesis.

A une époque où l’informatique a envahi tous les aspects de notre vie quotidienne, il est tout à fait normal de voir le domaine informatique participer aux travaux en sciences humaines et sociales, et notamment en linguistique où le besoin de développer des logiciels informatiques se fait de plus en plus pressant avec le volume grandissant des corpus traités. D’où notre travail de thèse qui consiste en l’élaboration d’un programme EPL qui étudie le parler arabe libanais blanc. En partant d’un corpus élaboré à partir de deux émissions télévisées enregistrées puis transcrites en lettres arabes, ce programme, élaboré avec le logiciel Access, nous a permis d’extraire les mots et les collocations et de procéder à une analyse linguistique aux niveaux lexical, phonétique, syntaxique et collocationnel. Le fonctionnement de l’EPL ainsi que le code de son développement sont décrits en détails dans une partie informatique à part. Des annexes de taille closent la thèse et rassemblent le produit des travaux de toute une équipe de chercheures venant de maintes spécialités. / At a time when computer science has invaded all aspects of our daily life, it is natural to see the computer field participating in human and social sciences work, and more particularly in linguistics where the need to develop computer software is becoming more and more pressing with the growing volume of analyzed corpora. Hence our thesis which consists in elaborating a program EPL that studies the white Lebanese Arabic speech. Starting from a corpus elaborated from two TV programs recorded then transcribed in Arabic letters, the program EPL, developed with Access software, allowed us to extract words and collocations, and to carry out a linguistic analysis on the lexical, phonetic, syntactic and collocational levels. The EPL’s functioning as well as its development code are described in the computer part. Important annexes conclude the thesis and gather the result of the work of a team of researchers coming from different specialties.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T13:15:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:35:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:35:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aims to analyze the Syrian and Lebanese immigration to the city of Piracicaba during the period from 1889 to 1935. According to academic studies of the subject, such migration differed from mainstream ethnic came to Brazil mainly because immigration of Arabs was not subsidized by the state and they had a distinctly urban and commercial insertion. The city of Piracicaba has features that differentiate it within the context of overall economic cities in the state of São Paulo, which had already owned a large sugar development in communion with coffee production, which allowed a great economic development for the city. Thus, the work will explore the process of identity construction Syrian-Lebanese in Piracicaba, demonstrating the stereotypes created and uses the term Turkish. We will also analyze the causes that led the Lebanese and Syrians to opt for Piracicaba, besides trying to reconstruct the daily lives of these immigrants in the municipality in question. The work focuses analysis of issues elucidated from the study of lawsuits involving Syrians and Lebanese, the journal of the municipality and authors of the period who wrote about Arab immigrants. Given these circumstances, the article discusses the discursive mechanisms of identity construction and present trajectories of Syrian and Lebanese immigrants that contrast with the hegemonic discourse of the colony and reverberated by many authors and popular culture / O presente trabalho busca analisar a imigração síria e libanesa para o município de Piracicaba durante o período de 1889 a 1935. De acordo com os estudos acadêmicos do tema, tal fluxo migratório se diferenciou das principais correntes étnicas que vieram para o Brasil, principalmente porque a imigração dos árabes não foi subsidiada pelo Estado e eles tiveram uma inserção marcadamente urbana e comercial. A cidade de Piracicaba possui características que a diferenciam dentro do contexto econômico geral dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, já que teve um amplo desenvolvimento açucareiro em comunhão com a produção cafeeira, o que possibilitou um grande desenvolvimento econômico para a cidade. Assim, o trabalho explorará o processo de construção da identidade sírio-libanesa em Piracicaba, demonstrando os estereótipos criados e os usos do termo turco. Analisaremos também as causas que levaram os libaneses e os sírios a optarem por Piracicaba, além de tentar reconstruir o cotidiano desses imigrantes no município em questão. O trabalho centra a análise das questões elucidadas a partir do estudo de processos judiciais envolvendo sírios e libaneses, de periódico do município e de autores do período que escreveram sobre os imigrantes árabes. Diante dessas circunstancias, o trabalho pretende demonstrar os mecanismos discursivos de construção das identidades e apresentar trajetórias de imigrantes sírios e libaneses que contrastem com o discurso hegemônico da colônia e reverberado por muitos autores e pela cultura popular.

Neste trabalho, disserta-se, por meio da história oral de libaneses que imigraram entre 1950 e 1970, sobre a experiência desses imigrantes na nova terra e sobre suas formas de inserção na cultura local, em São José dos Campos (estado de São Paulo), localizado no Vale do Paraíba. Além da história oral, metodologia fundamental para esta dissertação, recorreu-se a diversas fontes, entre as quais a bibliografia especializada, jornais e fotografias. A pesquisa versa sobre a questão da memória, das lembranças e dos esquecimentos na composição da história do movimento migratório. Realizou-se uma pesquisa sobre o trabalho do imigrante libanês, transcorrendo pela trajetória deste como mascate até o desenvolvimento do estabelecimento comercial e a inserção em alguns setores políticos da sociedade receptora. Também se analisaram os motivos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento econômico da cidade e, consequentemente, do comércio dos libaneses. A presente pesquisa ressalta também a importância da mulher no processo imigratório, inclusive no trabalho e na manutenção do lar, assim como na tradição do país de origem. Apresenta-se, dessa forma, uma fonte de conhecimento marcada especialmente pela história oral, que permite compreender de forma mais apurada a imigração em São José dos Campos. / The objective of this work is, through the oral history of Lebanese immigrants who immigrated between 1950 and 1970 to Brazil, to analyze the experience of these immigrants in the new land and their forms of insertion in the local culture, in the city of São José dos Campos (São Paulo State), at the region of Vale do Paraíba. Different sources were used, besides oral history: books, newspapers and photographs. The research addresses the issues of memory, remembrance and forgetfulness in the composition of the migratory movement. An important approach about the Lebanese immigrant work was also made, passing by the trajectory from peddler until the development of formal commercial centers and the insertion in some political sectors in the local society. The reasons of the economical development of São José dos Campos were also analyzed in this work. This survey also highlights the importance of the woman in the immigration process, including her role in the labor force and in the household maintenance, as well as the keeping of the tradition of the native country. This work presents, this way, a source of knowledge based mainly on the oral history and its methodology - that allows a more accurate understanding of the immigration in São José dos Campos.

Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, I explore how young Lebanese-Canadian women construct health, obesity, and the body within the context of the dominant obesity discourse, which over-emphasizes supposed links between inactivity, nutrition, obesity, and health. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Lebanese-Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 25. The conversational texts were analyzed according to two consecutive methods: a thematic analysis which allowed us to focus on what the participants had to say about health, obesity, and the body followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis which helped us to decipher how the participants spoke about these topics. The findings of this study attest that the young women construct health, obesity, and the body as matters of individual responsibility. They speak about achieving health and avoiding overweight/obesity through disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and proper dietary restrictions. The participants also construct health in close linkage with the physical appearance of the body; moreover, they conflate the “healthy” and “ideal” female body, which they represent as thin. As such, the young women reject “fat” and portray obesity as a disease, a matter of lack of will, and an “abnormal” physical appearance. Finally, the young Lebanese-Canadian women report their involvement in various practices such as restriction of the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake, rare and non-organized forms of physical activity, and problematic practices such as the use of detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise, all in the name of health. Throughout this study, I highlight the participants’ multiple and shifting subjectivities: While the young Lebanese-Canadian women most often construct themselves as free neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (of self-authorship, self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity), they at times construct themselves as “poststructuralist” subjects showing awareness of, and “micro-resistance” to such discourses. The impacts of the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures on the participants’ constructions of health, obesity, and the body comprise an important part of this thesis. The participants accentuate the major importance of beauty and physical appearance—particularly not being fat—in the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures. However, they also attempt to distance themselves from “Lebanese” ways of thinking about health, obesity, and the body, and in doing so they replicate homogeneous representations of Lebanese, Lebanese-Canadian, and Canadian women. I offer practical suggestions to inform health and obesity interventions that target Lebanese-Canadian women and women from ethnic minorities and I discuss future research possibilities that may stem from the present thesis.

La théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté est une théorie philosophique et juridique ancienne qui intéresse toutes les matières du droit. Elle est comparée par Gounot à « la pierre angulaire de tout l’édifice juridique ».Notre étude porte sur sur le principe d’autonomie de la volonté, ses effets et ses limites en droit patrimonial de la famille. Le droit patrimonial de la famille, qui se trouve à l’intersection du droit des contrats, du droit des biens et du droit de la famille, est concerné de près par cette théorie. Si le mouvement actuel du droit tend vers l’octroiement, aux familles et aux individus, de plus de liberté dans la gestion de leurs biens, se pose alors les questions de savoir quelles sont les limites actuelles a cette théorie après les dernières réformes en France, notamment celle du 23 juin 2006 ? Quels sont les composants actuels de l’ordre public familial ? Et que reste-t-il des anciennes limites et prohibitions ?La comparaison, sous l’angle de l’autonomie de la volonté, de deux systèmes juridiques parents mais différents nous offre une vue plus objective des besoins des familles au Liban et en France.Il s’agit à notre sens de ne plus penser et baser les réformes nécessaires dans chacun de ces deux pays sur la théorie de l’autonomie de la volonté ou sur celle de l’utile et du juste, mais plutôt de penser et baser les réformes nécessaires sur les vrais besoins des familles et des individus selon chaque société. / Autonomy of the will – French-Lebanese comparative law – Autonomy of the will in the patrimonial family law – Autonomy of the will's reach – French patrimonial family law – Lebanese patrimonial family law – Donations in Lebanese law – Donations in French law – Estate law – French estate law – Lebanese estate law – estate law for the non-Muslims in Lebanon – estate law for Muslims in Lebanon – Matrimonial regimes law – French matrimonial regimes law – Lebanese matrimonial regimes law – Change of matrimonial regimes – Marriage – Marriage in France – PACS – Concubinage – Marriage in Lebanon – Religious marriage in Lebanon – Civil marriage in Lebanon – Lebanese personal status – the limits of the autonomy of the will – French estate public order – French matrimonial public order – Lebanese estate public order – Lebanese matrimonial public order – Inheritance reserved portion in French law – Inheritance reserved portion in Lebanese law – Prohibition of pacts on future succession in French law - Prohibition of pacts on future succession in Lebanese law – Gradual end residual donations – Banking secrecy in Lebanon – TRUST – Disguise – Life-insurance – Matrimonial benefits – Irrevocable mandate in Lebanese law – Posthumous mandate – Civil real estate company.

Dans notre recherche nous examinons les approches qui permettent de fidéliser les clients. Le marketing relationnel est sollicité, puis le rôle médiateur que joue la valeur perçue sur l’effet fidélisant dans l’approche relationnelle est étudié. Nous prenons pour champ d’étude les dirigeants d’entreprises libanaises, détenteurs de comptes bancaires. Les effets qui découlent de l’orientation relationnelle et du rôle médiateur qu’elle joue sur de ces dirigeants d’entreprises et qui peuvent influer sur leur fidélité sont pris en considération. Nous prenons aussi en compte le fait que le Liban traverse depuis des décennies des crises consécutives, ainsi que l’effet que cela laisse sur les décisions des dirigeants d’entreprises. Nous avons dégagé l’importance du rôle médiateur de la valeur perçue, les effets de la situation de crise, et l’influence des données personnelles des dirigeants d’entreprises sur la fidélisation des clients. Nous proposons dans une étape finale un modèle conceptuel intégrateur qui synthétise tous ces facteurs. Dans une ultime étape nous dégageons les résultats de l’étude et proposons une approche éventuelle pour traiter le problème de fidélisation des dirigeants d’entreprises en ce qui concerne leurs comptes bancaires dans une situation d’instabilité. / In our research we studied the different approaches leading to enhance the loyalty of the consumer. We have scrutinized the relationship marketing and the loyalty effect that can be enhanced by the mediator role of perceived value on the loyalty of the consumer. In our field of study we focused on the leaders of Lebanese enterprises, holding a bank account. We took into consideration the effects of the relationship orientation and the mediator role by which it can have an influence on the fidelity of these leaders. We also took into consideration that, for decades Lebanon has been facing different and consecutive crises, we studied the effects of such a situation upon the decision taking of the leaders of Lebanese enterprises. We showed the importance of the mediator role of the perceived value, the effects of the crises situation, and the influence of the personal data related to these leaders over their decision taking. In a final step we evaluated the results of the study and proposed a possible approach to the problem of loyalty of the enterprises’ leaders in regard of their bank accounts.